3. Photography
• the art or process of producing images
by the action of radiant energy and
especially light on a sensitive
surface (Merriam-Webster)
• From Greek ‘photos’ (light) and
‘graphos’ (drawing)
6. 1. Lens
• The lens is one of the most vital parts of a
camera. The light enters through the lens, and
this is where the photo process begins. Lenses
can be either fixed permanently to the body
or interchangeable. They can also vary in focal
length, aperture, and other details.
7. 2. Viewfinder
• The viewfinder can be found on all DSLRs and
some models of digital compacts. On DSLRs, it
will be the main visual source for image-
taking, but many of today’s digital compacts
have replaced the typical viewfinder with an
LCD screen.
8. 3. Body
• The body is the main portion of the camera,
and bodies can be a number of different
shapes and sizes. DSLRs tend to be larger
bodied and a bit heavier, while there are other
consumer cameras that are a conveniently
smaller size and even able to fit into a pocket.
9. 4. Shutter Release
• The shutter release button is the mechanism
that “releases” the shutter and therefore
enables the ability to capture the image. The
length of time the shutter is left open or
“exposed” is determined by the shutter speed.
10. 5. Aperture
• The aperture affects the image’s exposure by changing
the diameter of the lens opening, which controls the
amount of light reaching the image sensor. Some
digital compacts will have a fixed aperture lens, but
most of today’s compact cameras have at least a small
aperture range. This range will be expressed in f/stops.
For DSLRs, the lens will vary on f/stop limits, but it is
usually easily defined by reading the side of the
lens. There will be a set of numbers stating the f/stop
or f/stop range, ex: f/2.8 or f/3.5-5.6. This will be your
lowest settings available with that lens.
11. 6. Image Sensor
• The image sensor converts the optical image
to an electronic signal, which is then sent to
your memory card. There are two main types
of image sensors that are used in most digital
cameras: CMOS and CCD. Both forms of the
sensor accomplish the same task, but each
has a different method of performance.
12. 7. Memory Card
• The memory card stores all of the image
information, and they range in size and speed
capacity. The main types of memory cards
available are CF and SD cards, and cameras
vary on which type that they require.
13. 8. LCD Screen
• The LCD screen is found on the back of the
body and can vary in size. On digital compact
cameras, the LCD has typically begun to
replace the viewfinder completely. On DSLRs,
the LCD is mainly for viewing photos after
shooting, but some cameras do have a “live
mode” as well.
14. 9. Flash
• The on-board flash will be available on all
cameras except some professional grade
DSLRs. It can sometimes be useful to provide a
bit of extra light during dim, low light
situations.
15. 10. User Controls
• The controls on each camera will vary
depending on the model and type. Your basic
digital compacts may only have auto settings
that can be used for different environments,
while a DSLR will have numerous controls for
auto and manual shooting along with custom
settings.
16. How a Digital Camera Works
• Just before you click the action button on the digital camera, you
might want to adjust the brightness or sharpness of the picture so
simply turn the diopter adjustment dial to have a good picture as a
result.
• When you click the action button on digital camera, the light strikes
a digital sensor array instead of a piece of film.
• The digital sensor is a computer chip which is used in place of a
piece of film.
• The digital sensor is made of millions of tiny sensor points known as
pixels.
17. How a Digital Camera Works
• These pixels are arranged in an array with rows and
columns like in a wall calendar.
• The pixels become excited when image strikes the sensor.
The image then passes through color filters.
• The sensor converts the image from light waves into an
analog signal.
• The analog signal is converted to a pure digital signal by the
digital converter.
• The signal will pass through a series of filters, during which
white balance and color adjustments occur.
18. How a Digital Camera Works
• Next the image size is adjusted by dumping unnecessary
pixels, and this is important for effective storage.
• Now the camera has a nice compressed & filtered digital
image.
• After the process, the image is transferred into a temporary
storage inside the camera which is the buffer memory.
• When the buffer memory is full, the image is stored in the
memory card.
• The size of the buffer memory is important, since it will tell
how many images you can take and store.
21. Use of Aperture
• Typical F stop numbers are: F1.4, F.1.8, F2, F2.8,
F4, F5.6, F8, F11, F16, F22
• As they get smaller, the opening in the lens gets
larger. And vice versa.
• As we create small apertures, the depth of field
increases. Depth of field is the range of the scene
that stays sharp and focused. As we set large
apertures the depth of field decreases.
• The amount of light entering the camera also gets
affected. Small apertures bring less light into the
camera. Large apertures bring more.
22. Use of Aperture
• Therefore small apertures are useful for
landscape photographers because they can keep
vast extensions of space focused and sharp.
However because less light is entering the
camera, there is more danger of camera shake
producing blurry images. That’s why landscape
photographers tend to use a tripod to keep the
camera firmly in place during the long exposures
that they need to use to capture enough light
when they use small apertures.
23. Use of Aperture
• Large apertures are useful for portrait
photography, where you want to focus on the
face of the subject and blur the background to
avoid it becoming a distraction. The small depth
of field means that you can keep in focus the
head of the person and blur all the rest behind
the subject. Because by using a large aperture
you are also bringing more light into the camera,
large apertures are also easier to use without a
tripod.
24.
25.
26. Shutter Speed
• Shutter speed is the amount of time which
the shutter is open to allow the film/sensor to
be exposed to light. This speed is generally
measured in fractions of a second such as
1/250. The faster the shutter opens and
closes, the less light strikes the film or digital
sensor.
27. Depth of Field
• Depth of field describes how much of an
image is in focus from front to back. Depth of
field is controlled by the aperture as well as
the lens magnification. Some images, such as
portraits, have traditionally used mostly small
depth of field in order to blur the background.
Other images, such as landscapes,
traditionally use much larger depth of field in
order for the entire vista to be in focus.
28.
29. Focal Point
• Interesting photographs have interesting
things in them – they need a visual point of
interest (a focal point).
• How are you going to enhance your focal
point?
30. Focal Point
• Position – Place it in a prominent position – you might want
to start with the rule of thirds for some ideas.
• Focus – Learn to use Depth of Field to blur out other
aspects in front or behind your focal point.
• Blur – If you really want to get tricky you might want to play
with slower shutter speeds if your main subject is still and
things around it are moving
• .Size – making your focal point large is not the only way to
make it prominent – but it definitely can help.
31. Focal Point
• Color – using contrasting colors can also be a
way of setting your point of interest apart
from it’s surroundings.
• Shape – similarly contrasting shapes and
textures can make a subject stand out –
especially patterns that are repeated around a
subject.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. Shooting Modes
• Auto
• Program (P)
• Aperture Priority Mode (A or AV)
• Shutter Priority Mode (S or TV)
• Manual Mode (M)
40. Rule of Thirds
• The rule of thirds is a powerful compositional
technique for making photos more interesting
and dynamic. It's also perhaps one of the most
well known.
• The basic principle behind the rule of thirds is
to imagine breaking an image down into thirds
(both horizontally and vertically) so that you
have 9 parts.
