The document expresses gratitude to various individuals for support during a project on caffeine, detailing its properties, uses, and effects. It discusses caffeine as a prevalent psychoactive stimulant found in tea and coffee, highlighting its health implications and physiological impacts. Various extraction methods of caffeine and its chemical composition are also explored, alongside potential adverse effects and the public perception of caffeine consumption.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry Teacher
Mrs. Latha for her guidance, support throughout the duration of the project. We
completed the project successfully by her motivation and her extended support for us.
As well as I would like to thank our Correspondent Dr.R. Kishore Kumar, our
Principal Mrs. Shanthi Samueland Vice Principal Mr. Xavier who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this mini project, which also helped me in doing a lot of Researchand
I came to know about so many new things when I was doing the project.
Finally I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

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CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. WHAT’S CAFFIENE? 4
3. USES OF CAFFIENE. 6
4. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAFFINE 8
5. CHEMISTRY OF CAFFEINE 11
6. PROCEDURE 14
7. OBSERVATION 15
8. CONCLUSION 16
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

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INTRODUCTION
Tea is the most commonly and widely used soft beverage in the household. It acts as a stimulant for
central nervous system and skeletal muscles. That is why tea removes fatigue, tiredness and headache.
It also increases the capacity of thinking. It is also used for lowering body temperature. The principal
constituent of tea, which is responsible for all these properties, is the alkaloid-caffeine. The amount of
caffeine in tea leavers varies from sample to sample.
Tea contains more caffeine than coffee by dry weight. A typical serving, however, contains much less,
since less of the product is used as compared to an equivalent serving of coffee. Also contributing to
caffeine content are growing conditions, processing techniques, and other variables. Thus, teas contain
varying amounts of caffeine. Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of
theophylline than coffee. Preparation and many other factors have a significant impact on tea, and
color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. Teas like the pale Japanese green tea, gyokuro, for
example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like Lapsang Souchong, which has very
little.
Originally it was thought that caffeine is responsible for the taste and flavor of tea. But pure caffeine
has been found to be a tasteless while substance. Therefore, the taste and flavor of tea is due to some
other substance present in it. There is a little doubt that the popularity of the xanthenes beverages
depends on their stimulant action, although most people are unaware of any stimulations, The degree
to which an individual is stimulated by given amount of caffeine varies from individual to individual.
For example, some people boast their ability to drink several cups of coffee in evening and yet sleep
like a long, on the other hand there are people who are so sensitive to caffeine that even a single cup
of coffee will cause a response boarding on the toxic.
The xanthene beverages also create a medical problem. They are dietary of a stimulant of the CNS.
Often the physicians face the question whether to deny caffeine-containing beverages to patients or
not. In fact children are more susceptible than adults to excitation by xanthenes.
For this reason, tea and coffee should be excluded from their diet. Even cocoa is of doubtful value. It
has a high tannin content may be high as 50 mg per cup. After all our main stress is on the presence of
caffeine in xanthene beverages and so in this project we will study and observe the quantity of caffeine
varying in different samples of tea leaves

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WHAT’S CAFFIENE?
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is the
world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is
legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. There are several known mechanisms of action
to explain the effects of caffeine. The most prominent is that it reversibly blocks the action of adenosine
on its receptor and consequently prevents the onset of drowsiness induced by adenosine. Caffeine also
stimulates certain portions of the autonomic nervous system.
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically
related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
It is found in the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia and South
America and helps to protect them against predator insects and to prevent germination of nearby seeds.
The most well-known source of caffeine is the coffee bean, a misnomer for the seed of Cofee plants.
Beverages containing caffeine are ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve
performance. To make these drinks, caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water, a
process called infusion. Caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cola, are very popular; as
of 2014, 85% of American adults consumed some form of caffeine daily, consuming 164 mg on
average.
Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the
premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of
prematurity. Caffeine citrate is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. It may confer a modest
protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Some people experience sleep

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disruption or anxiety if they consume caffeine, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk
during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit consumption
to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce a mild form of drug
dependence – associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability –
when an individual stop using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects
of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e.,
these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use).
Caffeine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as
safe" (GRAS). Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult, are much higher than typical doses of
under 500 milligrams per day. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what
"bean" (seed) is used and how it is prepared (e.g., drip, percolation, or espresso). Thus, it requires
roughly 50–100 ordinary cups of coffee to reach a lethal dose. However, pure powdered caffeine,
which is available as a dietary supplement, can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts.

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USES OF CAFFEINE
1. Medical:
a. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants for both prevention and treatment. It
may improve weight gain during therapy and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as
well as reduce language and cognitive delay. On the other hand, subtle long-term side
effects are possible.
b. Apnea of prematurity as a primary treatment, but not prevention.
c. Orthostatic hypotension treatment.
2. Enhancing performance
a. Cognitive
Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that reduces fatigue and
drowsiness. At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on learning and
memory, but it generally improves reaction time, wakefulness, concentration, and
motor coordination. The amount of caffeine needed to produce these effects varies
from person to person, depending on body size and degree of tolerance. The
desired effects arise approximately one hour after consumption, and the desired
effects of a moderate dose usually subside after about three or four hours.
Caffeine can delay or prevent sleep and improves task performance during sleep
deprivation. Shift workers who use caffeine make fewer mistakes due to
drowsiness.
A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2014 found that concurrent
caffeine and l-theanine use has synergistic psychoactive effects that promote
alertness, attention, and task switching; these effects are most pronounced during
the first hour post-dose.
b. Physical:
Caffeine is a proven ergogenic aid in humans. Caffeine improves athletic performance
in aerobic (especially endurance sports) and anaerobic conditions. Moderate doses of
caffeine (around 5 mg/kg) can improve sprint performance, cycling and running time
trial performance, endurance (i.e., it delays the onset of muscle fatigue and central
fatigue) and cycling power output. Caffeine increases basal metabolic rate in adults.

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Caffeine improves muscular strength and power and may enhance muscular
endurance. Caffeine also enhances performance on anaerobic tests. Caffeine
consumption before constant load exercise is associated with reduced perceived
exertion. While this effect is not present during to exhaustion exercise, performance is
significantly enhanced. This is congruent with caffeine reducing perceived exertion,
because exercise to exhaustion should end at the same point of fatigue.

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ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE
1. Physical:
Caffeine can increase blood pressure and cause vasoconstriction. Coffee and caffeine
can affect gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. Caffeine in low doses may
cause weak bronchodilation for up to four hours in asthmatics. In postmenopausal women,
high caffeine consumption can accelerate bone loss.
Doses of caffeine equivalent to the amount normally found in standard servings of tea,
coffee and carbonated soft drinks appear to have no diuretic action. However, acute
ingestion of caffeine in large doses (at least 250–300 mg, equivalent to the amount found
in 2–3 cups of coffee or 5–8 cups of tea) results in a short-term stimulation of urine output
in individuals who have been deprived of caffeine for a period of days or weeks. This
increase is due to both a diuresis (increase in water excretion) and a natriuresis (increase in
saline excretion); it is mediated via proximal tubular adenosine receptor blockade. The
acute increase in urinary output may increase the risk of dehydration. However, chronic
users of caffeine develop a tolerance to this effect and experience no increase in urinary
output.
2. Psychological:
Minor undesired symptoms from caffeine ingestion not sufficiently severe to warrant a
psychiatric diagnosis are common and include mild anxiety, jitteriness, insomnia, increased
sleep latency, and reduced coordination. Caffeine can have negative effects on anxiety
disorders. According to a 2011 literature review, caffeine use is positively associated with
anxiety and panic disorders. At high doses, typically greater than 300 mg, caffeine can both
cause and worsen anxiety. For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly
reduce anxiety. In moderate doses, caffeine has been associated with reduce symptoms of
depression and lower suicide risk.
Some textbooks state that caffeine is a mild euphoriant, others state that it is not a
euphoriant and one states that it is and is not a euphoriant.
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of
substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder.

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3. Reinforcement Disorders:
a. Addiction
Whether or not caffeine can result in an addictive disorder depends on how
addiction is defined. Compulsive caffeine consumption under any circumstances
has not been observed, and caffeine is therefore not generally considered addictive.
However, some diagnostic models, such as the ICDM-9 and ICD-10, include a
classification of caffeine addiction under a broader diagnostic model. Some state
that certain users can become addicted and therefore unable to decrease use even
though they know there are negative health effects.
Caffeine does not appear to be a reinforcing stimulus, and some degree of
aversion may actually occur, with people preferring placebo over caffeine in a study
on drug abuse liability published in an NIDA research monograph. Some state that
research does not provide support for an underlying biochemical mechanism for
caffeine addiction. Other research states it can affect the reward system.
"Caffeine addiction" was added to the ICDM-9 and ICD-10. However, its
addition was contested with claims that this diagnostic model of caffeine addiction
is not supported by evidence. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 does
not include the diagnosis of a caffeine addiction but proposes criteria for the
disorder for more study.
b. Dependence and Withdrawal:
Withdrawal can cause mild to clinically significant distress or impairment in
daily functioning. The frequency at which this occurs is self reported at 11%, but in
lab tests only half of the people who report withdrawal actually experience it,
casting doubt on many claims of dependence. Mild physical dependence and
withdrawal symptoms may occur upon abstinence, with greater than 100 mg
caffeine per day, although these symptoms last no longer than a day. some
symptoms associated with psychological dependence may also occur during
withdrawal. Caffeine dependence can involve withdrawal symptoms such as
fatigue, headache, irritability, depressed mood, reduced contentedness, inability to
concentrate, sleepiness or drowsiness, stomach pain, and joint pain.
The ICD-10 includes a diagnostic model for caffeine dependence, but the DSM-
5 does not. The APA, which published the DSM-5, acknowledged that there was

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sufficient evidence in order to create a diagnostic model of caffeine dependence for
the DSM-5, but they noted that the clinical significance of this disorder is unclear.
The DSM-5 instead lists "caffeine use disorder" in the emerging model section of
the manual.
Tolerance to the effects of caffeine occurs for caffeine induced elevations in
blood pressure and the subjective feelings of nervousness. Sensitization, the process
whereby effects become more prominent with use, occurs for positive effects such
as feelings of alertness and well being. Tolerance varies for daily, regular caffeine
users and high caffeine users. High doses of caffeine (750 to 1200 mg/day spread
throughout the day) have been shown to produce complete tolerance to some, but
not all of the effects of caffeine. Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of
coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to
cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances. Non-regular caffeine users have
the least caffeine tolerance for sleep disruption. Some coffee drinkers develop
tolerance to its undesired sleep-disrupting effects, but others apparently do not.
c. Risk of other diseases
A protective effect of caffeine against Alzheimer's disease and dementia is
possible but the evidence is inconclusive. It may protect people from liver cirrhosis.
Caffeine may lessen the severity of acute mountain sickness if taken a few hours
prior to attaining a high altitude. One meta-analysis has found that caffeine
consumption is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Two meta analyses
have reported that caffeine consumption is associated with a linear reduction in risk
for Parkinson's disease. Caffeine consumption may be associated with reduced risk
of depression, although conflicting results have been reported. Caffeine increases
intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal
individuals.

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CHEMISTRY OF CAFFEINE
Pure anhydrous caffeine is a bitter-tasting white odorless powder with a melting point of 235–238 °C.
Caffeine is moderately soluble in water at room temperature (2 g/100 mL), but very soluble in boiling
water (66 g/100 mL). It is also moderately soluble in ethanol (1.5 g/100 mL). It is weakly basic (pKa
of conjugate base = ~0.6) requiring strong acid to protonate it. Caffeine does not contain any
stereogenic centers and hence is classified as an achiral molecule.
The xanthine core of caffeine contains two fused rings, a pyrimidinedione and imidazole. The
pyrimidinedione in turn contains two amide functional groups that exist predominantly in a
zwitterionic resonance the location from which the nitrogen atoms are double bonded to their adjacent
amide carbons atoms. Hence all six of the atoms within the pyrimidinedione ring system are sp2
hybridized and planar. Therefore, the fused 5,6 ring core of caffeine contains a total of ten pi electrons
and hence according to Hückel's rule is aromatic.
Synthesis
The biosynthesis of caffeine is an example of convergent evolution among different species.
Caffeine may be synthesized in the lab starting with dimethylurea and malonic acid. Commercial
supplies of caffeine are not usually manufactured synthetically because the chemical is readily
available as a byproduct of decaffeination.

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Decaffeination
Extraction of caffeine from coffee, to produce caffeine and decaffeinated coffee, can be
performed using a number of solvents. Benzene, chloroform, trichloroethylene, and dichloromethane
have all been used over the years but for reasons of safety, environmental impact, cost, and flavor, they
have been superseded by the following main methods:
 Water extraction: Coffee beans are soaked in water. The water, which contains many other
compounds in addition to caffeine and contributes to the flavor of coffee, is then passed through
activated charcoal, which removes the caffeine. The water can then be put back with the beans
and evaporated dry, leaving decaffeinated coffee with its original flavor. Coffee manufacturers
recover the caffeine and resell it for use in soft drinks and over-the-counter caffeine tablets.
 Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: Supercritical carbon dioxide is an excellent nonpolar
solvent for caffeine and is safer than the organic solvents that are otherwise used. The extraction
process is simple: CO2 is forced through the green coffee beans at temperatures above 31.1 °C
and pressures above 73 atm. Under these conditions, CO2 is in a "supercritical" state: It has
gas like properties that allow it to penetrate deep into the beans but also liquid-like properties
that dissolve 97–99% of the caffeine. The caffeine-laden CO2 is then sprayed with high
pressure water to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated by charcoal adsorption
(as above) or by distillation, recrystallization, or reverse osmosis.
 Extraction by organic solvents: Certain organic solvents such as ethyl acetate present much less
health and environmental hazard than chlorinated and aromatic organic solvents used formerly.
Another method is to use triglyceride oils obtained from spent coffee grounds.
"Decaffeinated" coffees do in fact contain caffeine in many cases – some commercially available
decaffeinated coffee products contain considerable levels. One study found that decaffeinated coffee

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contained 10 mg of caffeine per cup, compared to approximately 85 mg of caffeine per cup for regular
coffee.
Detection in body fluid
Caffeine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy in neonates, confirm
a diagnosis of poisoning, or facilitate a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma caffeine levels are
usually in the range of 2–10 mg/L in coffee drinkers, 12–36 mg/L in neonates receiving treatment for
apnea, and 40–400 mg/L in victims of acute overdosage. Urinary caffeine concentration is frequently
measured in competitive sports programs, for which a level in excess of 15 mg/L is usually considered
to represent abuse.

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PROCEDURE
1. First of all, 50 grams of tea leaves were taken as sample and 150 ml of water was added
to it in a beaker.
2. Then the beaker was heated up to extreme boiling.
3. The solution was filtered and lead acetate was added to the filtrater, leading to the
formation of a curdy brown coloured precipitate.
4. We kept on adding lead acetate till no more precipitate has been formed.
5. Again solution was filtered.
6. Now the filtrate so obtained was heated until it had become 50 ml.
7. Then the solution left was allowed to cool.
8. After that, 20 ml. of chloroform was added to it.
9. Soon after, two layers appeared in the separating funnel.
10. We separated the lower layer
11. The solution then exposed to atmosphere in order to allow chloroform to get evaporated.
12. The residue left behind was caffeine.
13. Then we weighed it and recorded the observations.
Similar procedure was performed with different samples of tealeaves and quantity of caffeine
was observed in them.

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OBSERVATION:
I. Red Label Tea (Brooke Bond)
Weight of China dish 46.60gms.
Weight of China dish with precipitate 47.20gms.
Amount of Caffeine 0.55gms.
II. Yellow Label Tea (Brooke Bond)
Weight of China dish 46.60gms.
Weight of China dish with precipitate 47.15gms.
Amount of Caffeine 0.55gms.
III. Green Label Tea (Brooke Bond)
Weight of China dish 46.60gms,
Weight of China dish with precipitate 47.05gms.
Amount of Caffeine 0.45gms.
1. Quantity of caffeine in Red label tea is 60mg. /sample of 50 gm.
2. Quantity of caffeine in yellow label tea is 55mg./sample of 50 gm.
3. Quantity of caffeine in green label tea is 45mg. /sample of 50 gm.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Red Label Tea Yellow Label Tea Green Tea
Amount of caffeine (in mg)
Amount of caffeine (in mg)

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CONCLUSION
When a graph between acidity strength in tea and weight of caffeine is plotted, we obtained a
straight line which shows the amount of caffeine present in the tea leaves is inversely proportional
to the strength of the acids in the tea extract. Different tastes of different teas are due to the variation
of amount of caffeine present. Maximum amount of caffeine present in this two sample Red Label
and Yellow Label Tea. Minimum amount of caffeine present in the sample Green Label Tea.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine
 https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-979/caffeine
 http://projects.icbse.com/chemistry-313
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIbff5iD0GQ