Answer: Plants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using cholorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment of mesophyll cells of leaf etc. Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the form of photons, which further enable photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II. The following is the photosynthesis reaction by capturing light to synthesize sugars using water and carbon dioxide. 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + sunlight C6H12O6 (saccharides) + 6 O2 (oxygen) Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: The products of light reactions are “saccharides” & oxygen. These are going to takes place in thylakoid membrane and lumen when light catalyses splitting of water molecules into protons and finally releases oxygen. These protons pumped according to concentration gradient across the lumen to generate ATP in the presence of ATP synthase. The thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts are going to receive de-energisized electrons and water molecule is going to split into electrons in the presence of \"photons of light\" finally release electrons to send them into \"plastoquinone\" and ATP synthase\" pumps to generate NADPH and ATP respectively. The rate of photosynthesis is decreases when photorespiration increasing & photosynthesis is a process known as C2 photorespiration and it is also called as an oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle, in it is clearly observed plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO meticulously oxygenates RuBP associated with wastage of little amount of energy that is produced by photosynthesis. Stroma: Light independent reactions or photorespiration occur in a fluid filled cavity outside the thylakoid called as \"stroma\". In these reactions the product is glucose by the reaction happened between CO2 and other compounds. The light reactions: These reactions supply ATP and NADPH to the corresponding Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle resupplies ADP (adenosine diphophate), Pi (inorganic phosphate), and NADP+ to the light reactions vice versa. During the transfer of electrons from the photosystem I of photosynthesis to NADPH, the NADP+ reductase act as a last enzyme involved in its transfer. The NADPH generated during the photosystem I (light dependent), is used as a reducing equivalent in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the form of photons, which further enable photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II. C4 can more efficient at photosynthesis than C3 plants, but 95% of plants on earth are C3 plants. C4 plants are evolved as a means to avoid carbon dioxide depletion during dry condition; they can concentrate carbon dioxide up to times than C3 plants as C4 plants utilize ATP to prevent photorespiration finally promote CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells. These C4 plants are going to send CO2 for carbon fixation in light independent reactions, Calvin cycle in limited scale in the vicinity of RUBISCO. It is advantageous .

1. Answer:
Plants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using cholorophyll, a photosynthetic
pigment of mesophyll cells of leaf etc. Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the
form of photons, which further enable photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II. The
following is the photosynthesis reaction by capturing light to synthesize sugars using water and
carbon dioxide.
6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + sunlight C6H12O6 (saccharides) + 6 O2 (oxygen)
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: The products of light reactions are “saccharides” &
oxygen. These are going to takes place in thylakoid membrane and lumen when light catalyses
splitting of water molecules into protons and finally releases oxygen. These protons pumped
according to concentration gradient across the lumen to generate ATP in the presence of ATP
synthase.
The thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts are going to receive de-energisized electrons and water
molecule is going to split into electrons in the presence of "photons of light" finally release
electrons to send them into "plastoquinone" and ATP synthase" pumps to generate NADPH
and ATP respectively.
The rate of photosynthesis is decreases when photorespiration increasing & photosynthesis is a
process known as C2 photorespiration and it is also called as an oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle, in it is clearly observed plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO meticulously
oxygenates RuBP associated with wastage of little amount of energy that is produced by
photosynthesis.
Stroma:
Light independent reactions or photorespiration occur in a fluid filled cavity outside the
thylakoid called as "stroma". In these reactions the product is glucose by the reaction happened
between CO2 and other compounds.
The light reactions: These reactions supply ATP and NADPH to the corresponding Calvin cycle,
and the Calvin cycle resupplies ADP (adenosine diphophate), Pi (inorganic phosphate), and
NADP+ to the light reactions vice versa.
During the transfer of electrons from the photosystem I of photosynthesis to NADPH, the
NADP+ reductase act as a last enzyme involved in its transfer.
The NADPH generated during the photosystem I (light dependent), is used as a reducing
equivalent in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the form of photons, which further enable
photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II.
C4 can more efficient at photosynthesis than C3 plants, but 95% of plants on earth are C3 plants.

2. C4 plants are evolved as a means to avoid carbon dioxide depletion during dry condition; they
can concentrate carbon dioxide up to times than C3 plants as C4 plants utilize ATP to prevent
photorespiration finally promote CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells. These C4 plants are
going to send CO2 for carbon fixation in light independent reactions, Calvin cycle in limited
scale in the vicinity of RUBISCO. It is advantageous in hotter climate. CAM plants can tolerate
arid condition better than C4 plants; they conduct photosynthesis only during nights because
their stomata remain closed during daytime to avoid water evaporation.
Most of the plants are C3 and C4 and CAM plants have evolved along with efficient adaptations
so as to defend dry habitats with good stomata functions to perform photosynthesis. These plants
are independently evolved meticulously several times of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels and ALL C3, C4 and CAM plants utilize Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase) for carbon fixation. These adaptations made them to produce higher
levels of photosynthesis followed by by their efficient evolution to increase atmospheric oxygen
levels
Solution
Answer:
Plants capture light from visible spectrum of sunrays using cholorophyll, a photosynthetic
pigment of mesophyll cells of leaf etc. Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the
form of photons, which further enable photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II. The
following is the photosynthesis reaction by capturing light to synthesize sugars using water and
carbon dioxide.
6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (water) + sunlight C6H12O6 (saccharides) + 6 O2 (oxygen)
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis: The products of light reactions are “saccharides” &
oxygen. These are going to takes place in thylakoid membrane and lumen when light catalyses
splitting of water molecules into protons and finally releases oxygen. These protons pumped
according to concentration gradient across the lumen to generate ATP in the presence of ATP
synthase.
The thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts are going to receive de-energisized electrons and water
molecule is going to split into electrons in the presence of "photons of light" finally release
electrons to send them into "plastoquinone" and ATP synthase" pumps to generate NADPH
and ATP respectively.
The rate of photosynthesis is decreases when photorespiration increasing & photosynthesis is a
process known as C2 photorespiration and it is also called as an oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle, in it is clearly observed plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO meticulously

3. oxygenates RuBP associated with wastage of little amount of energy that is produced by
photosynthesis.
Stroma:
Light independent reactions or photorespiration occur in a fluid filled cavity outside the
thylakoid called as "stroma". In these reactions the product is glucose by the reaction happened
between CO2 and other compounds.
The light reactions: These reactions supply ATP and NADPH to the corresponding Calvin cycle,
and the Calvin cycle resupplies ADP (adenosine diphophate), Pi (inorganic phosphate), and
NADP+ to the light reactions vice versa.
During the transfer of electrons from the photosystem I of photosynthesis to NADPH, the
NADP+ reductase act as a last enzyme involved in its transfer.
The NADPH generated during the photosystem I (light dependent), is used as a reducing
equivalent in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).
Light interacts with chloroplasts in the mesophyll in the form of photons, which further enable
photorespiration in the form of photosystem I and II.
C4 can more efficient at photosynthesis than C3 plants, but 95% of plants on earth are C3 plants.
C4 plants are evolved as a means to avoid carbon dioxide depletion during dry condition; they
can concentrate carbon dioxide up to times than C3 plants as C4 plants utilize ATP to prevent
photorespiration finally promote CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells. These C4 plants are
going to send CO2 for carbon fixation in light independent reactions, Calvin cycle in limited
scale in the vicinity of RUBISCO. It is advantageous in hotter climate. CAM plants can tolerate
arid condition better than C4 plants; they conduct photosynthesis only during nights because
their stomata remain closed during daytime to avoid water evaporation.
Most of the plants are C3 and C4 and CAM plants have evolved along with efficient adaptations
so as to defend dry habitats with good stomata functions to perform photosynthesis. These plants
are independently evolved meticulously several times of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels and ALL C3, C4 and CAM plants utilize Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase) for carbon fixation. These adaptations made them to produce higher
levels of photosynthesis followed by by their efficient evolution to increase atmospheric oxygen
levels