This document summarizes a study that established a protocol for regenerating multiple shoots from encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L. Somatic embryos were encapsulated in alginate beads and cultured on media with growth regulators. Encapsulated embryos stored at 22°C for up to 4 months showed the highest germination rates of 90%. The encapsulated embryos were able to regenerate into multiple shoots from a single synthetic seed. This method provides a means of regenerating plants from stored encapsulated embryos of A. vulgaris, which has potential applications for germplasm conservation of this medicinal plant.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Allelochemicals of Neea theifera Oerst. (Nyctaginaceae) with phytotoxic poten...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Plant species able to produce phytotoxic substances are widely studied in agronomy because when identified and isolated can lead to herbicides or insecticides less toxic than current pesticides. Knowing the ecological characteristics of the Neea theifera species in cerrado biome, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of extracts and fractions of leaves and screen the secondary compounds in the methanol extract. The organic extracts and fractions showed phytotoxic potential in germination indexes, the initial growth of the root system and the mitotic index of L. sativa. In phytochemical screening performed by HPLC-PAD was possible to identify the presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, a secondary class of compounds widely known in the literature for its medicinal and allelopathic actions. Therefore, according to the results it can be concluded that the species N. theifera is capable of producing phytotoxic compounds, since the leaf extracts and fractions changed the pattern germination indexes, root length and mitotic index of lettuce.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Economization of Datura Plant Using Planttissue Cultureiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
stimulatory effect of the magnetic treatment on the germination of cereal seedsIJEAB
The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of 125 mT magnetic treatment on the germination of different cereals seeds. This objective has a practical application in agriculture science: early growth of seeds. Germination tests were carried out under laboratory conditions by exposing seeds to magnetic field for different times. For each treatment the number of germinated seeds was counted to determine the time necessary to achieve the final maximum percentage of germinated seeds; rate of germination was assessed by determining the mean germination time (MGT) and parameters T1, T10, T25, T50, T75, T90, time required to germinate 1 - 90 percent of seeds. An increase in the percentage and rate of germination of seeds as positive response to magnetic field treatment in rice, wheat, maize and barley seeds have been found for all treatments applied. The mean germination time and parameters were reduced for all the magnetic treatments applied. Most significant differences were obtained for time of exposure of chronically exposure and 24 hours. External magnetic fields enhance seed vigor by influencing the biochemical processes by stimulating activity of proteins and enzymes. Numerous studies suggested that magnetic field increases ions uptake and consequently improves nutrition value.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
— This study summarizes the results of 30 years of our experiments with Vicia faba L seeds. Our long-term practical observations of different Vicia faba L. cultivars points out the method useful for the higher yield of seeds in terms of their viability and thus higher crop production. Our experiments led to the following important findings regarding of seed viability: 1. Individual and group variability of seeds; 2. Storage condition before germination; and 3. The condition of their germination. All these three influential conditions is possible to optimalize by method of storage effect described in this our report resulting in the improvement of crop production. This is especially important in case of seeds that are rare and/or expensive, i.e. seeds that are genetically modified or with rearranged karyotypes. Keywords— seed color, higher germination, improvement of viability, higher crop production.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
The development of more efficient and sustainable technologies in the production of materials in ‘in vitro’ cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), favor the improvement of seed quality and sanitation of the plant material. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Pectimorf® (mixed oligo-galacturonide), it’s safe and natural availability in Cuba. It is used as a possible complement or substitute for growth regulators traditionally used in the culture medium for the propagation of this crop in vitro. In this study, the results obtained indicate that, at least, under the experimental conditions, the Pectimorf®, altered patterns of development and distribution of stomata in the leaves of cassava plants, where the effect was most evident when the product is added to the culture medium. The new results contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of this substance.
A number of 41 morphologically different endophytic actinomycete isolates were recovered from
surface-sterilized medicinal plants; Artemisia herba-alba, Echinops spinosus, Mentha longifolia and
Ballota undulate. A simplified method for selective recovery of actinomycetes from internal plant tissues
is described. Successful recovery was achieved on the media: starch-casein agar, 1/10 diluted starch
casein agar, tap water-yeast extract agar and MG-plant extract agar. Preliminary description of the
isolates, according to microscopic examination and amino acid composition of the cell wall
hydrolystates, indicated prevalence of genus Streptomyces. The highest number of endophytic
actinomycetes was recovered from Mentha longifolia and represented 34% of the isolates. Organic
extracts of the growth metabolites from the cultures were tested for cytotoxicity against Artemia salina as
well as for antimicrobial activities against 4 reference bacterial strains, 6 clinical bacterial cultures and
two clinical fungal cultures. Variable activities were obtained with different actinomycete isolates; the
highest activity could be detected against Gardnerella vaginitis and Shigella boydii strain ATCC 9207;
being represented in 29% of the isolates in both cases. For the first time, the isolation of endophytic
actinomycetes from Saint Katherine wild plants is reported and their potential use as novel source of
bioactive compounds is discussed.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
insecticidal effects of eudesmanes from pluchea sagittalisIJEAB
Eudesmanoids play an important role in the protection of plants against herbivores. Pluchea sagittalis (Lamarck) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is widespread in tropical South America and contains compounds that provide protection against phytophagous insects. In the present work we isolated seven sesquiterpenoids with eudesmane skeletons that were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Spodoptera frugiperda and Ceratitis capitata, pests that cause serious damage to crops in the Argentine northwest. The Eudesmanes were incorporated at different concentrations to the diet of Spodoptera frugiperda. In the choice test, larval feeding behavior was altered. The eudesmanes 1, 5 and 7 showed the highest activity with feeding election indexes (FEI) of 50, 50, and 72 %, respectively at 200 µg/g of diet. When tested for insecticidal activity using neonate larvae with the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, eudesmane 1 was the most toxic in the larval stage (LD50 177.80 mg/g of diet). Compounds 5 lowered the percentage of adult emergence and produced the most malformations (72%) compared with control. Drastic effects were observed in the oviposition deterrence activity against C. capitata. The maximum oviposition deterrence (87 %) was recorded with eudesmane 5 at dose 30 µg/cm2 of artificial fruit. Finally, eudesmanes 6 and 7 showed significant larval and pupal mortality against the first generation larvae of viable eggs oviposited by females fed with the treated diet (100 µg / g artificial diet).
Economization of Datura Plant Using Planttissue Cultureiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Aqueous flower extract of Tridax procumbens on the haematology/serum lipid pr...Innspub Net
This study is aimed at investigating the acute effects of aqueous flower extracts of Tridax procumbens on some haematological and serum lipid parameters at a dose of 100mg/kg/d in Wistar albino rats. Following a 7-day oral administration of the aqueous extract, haematological and serum lipid parameters were evaluated in the 10 Wistar albino rats. The rats weighed 187.7±28.49g and were randomly assigned into two groups (Group A: control and group B: 100mg/kg/d of extract). The evaluation was performed on fully automated analyzers (ERBA diagnostics) immediately after blood sample collection. The 100mg/kg/d of the flower extract caused significant increases in the levels of PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Platelet concentration (41.8±1.64, 13.64±0.41, 30.95±2.57, 32.99±0.67, 92.7±9.51 and 141.2±17.49 respectively) when compared to the controls which received no extract at all. The extract also caused reduction in the serum levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL (134.68±5.21, 153.5±5.53, 45.5±7.19, 30.7±1.11 respectively). However, the extract produced a significant elevation in the level of the HDL (58.48±4.11). These changes suggest that flower extract has positive effects on the erythron of wistar rats, hemostatic and lipid lowering/anti-atherogenic properties. In conclusion, the flower extract can be exploited as a potential haematinic agent, haemostatic agent (for wound healing activity) and for its anti-hyperlidaemic/anti-atherogenic properties and thus can be useful for development of therapeutic agents in the prevention or management of diseases associated with haematopoietic and lipid disorders (such as anaemia, thrombocytopenia; obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus).
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
stimulatory effect of the magnetic treatment on the germination of cereal seedsIJEAB
The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of 125 mT magnetic treatment on the germination of different cereals seeds. This objective has a practical application in agriculture science: early growth of seeds. Germination tests were carried out under laboratory conditions by exposing seeds to magnetic field for different times. For each treatment the number of germinated seeds was counted to determine the time necessary to achieve the final maximum percentage of germinated seeds; rate of germination was assessed by determining the mean germination time (MGT) and parameters T1, T10, T25, T50, T75, T90, time required to germinate 1 - 90 percent of seeds. An increase in the percentage and rate of germination of seeds as positive response to magnetic field treatment in rice, wheat, maize and barley seeds have been found for all treatments applied. The mean germination time and parameters were reduced for all the magnetic treatments applied. Most significant differences were obtained for time of exposure of chronically exposure and 24 hours. External magnetic fields enhance seed vigor by influencing the biochemical processes by stimulating activity of proteins and enzymes. Numerous studies suggested that magnetic field increases ions uptake and consequently improves nutrition value.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
— This study summarizes the results of 30 years of our experiments with Vicia faba L seeds. Our long-term practical observations of different Vicia faba L. cultivars points out the method useful for the higher yield of seeds in terms of their viability and thus higher crop production. Our experiments led to the following important findings regarding of seed viability: 1. Individual and group variability of seeds; 2. Storage condition before germination; and 3. The condition of their germination. All these three influential conditions is possible to optimalize by method of storage effect described in this our report resulting in the improvement of crop production. This is especially important in case of seeds that are rare and/or expensive, i.e. seeds that are genetically modified or with rearranged karyotypes. Keywords— seed color, higher germination, improvement of viability, higher crop production.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
The development of more efficient and sustainable technologies in the production of materials in ‘in vitro’ cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), favor the improvement of seed quality and sanitation of the plant material. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Pectimorf® (mixed oligo-galacturonide), it’s safe and natural availability in Cuba. It is used as a possible complement or substitute for growth regulators traditionally used in the culture medium for the propagation of this crop in vitro. In this study, the results obtained indicate that, at least, under the experimental conditions, the Pectimorf®, altered patterns of development and distribution of stomata in the leaves of cassava plants, where the effect was most evident when the product is added to the culture medium. The new results contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of this substance.
A number of 41 morphologically different endophytic actinomycete isolates were recovered from
surface-sterilized medicinal plants; Artemisia herba-alba, Echinops spinosus, Mentha longifolia and
Ballota undulate. A simplified method for selective recovery of actinomycetes from internal plant tissues
is described. Successful recovery was achieved on the media: starch-casein agar, 1/10 diluted starch
casein agar, tap water-yeast extract agar and MG-plant extract agar. Preliminary description of the
isolates, according to microscopic examination and amino acid composition of the cell wall
hydrolystates, indicated prevalence of genus Streptomyces. The highest number of endophytic
actinomycetes was recovered from Mentha longifolia and represented 34% of the isolates. Organic
extracts of the growth metabolites from the cultures were tested for cytotoxicity against Artemia salina as
well as for antimicrobial activities against 4 reference bacterial strains, 6 clinical bacterial cultures and
two clinical fungal cultures. Variable activities were obtained with different actinomycete isolates; the
highest activity could be detected against Gardnerella vaginitis and Shigella boydii strain ATCC 9207;
being represented in 29% of the isolates in both cases. For the first time, the isolation of endophytic
actinomycetes from Saint Katherine wild plants is reported and their potential use as novel source of
bioactive compounds is discussed.
Production of Haploids Plants from Anther Culture of Musa Paradisiaca cv. ‘Pu...RSIS International
Haploid plants were regenerated from the anther callus of banana Musa paradisiaca (AB) cv. Puttabale. The highest frequency of callus induction (90%) was observed at the concentration of 3mg/l 2, 4-D . After 20 days of incubation organization of embyroids were organised from the callus mass. Interaction of 4mg/l BAP and 0.4 mg/l IAA provoked shoot growth of the embryoids and well organised roots were developed at the concentration of 0.6 mg/l NAA and the media was agumented with 0.2% activated charcoal. Flow cytometry study was carried out to analyse the DNA content of the regenerated haploid plants. The results of the investigation reported the efficient production of haploid plants from the anther culture.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Spores of four Frankia-Casuarina strains were tested for their ability to infect and fix atmospheric
nitrogen in combination with Casuarina equisetifolia plants, after being stored for 3 and 6 months in
different media. The media used were liquid cultures (BAP) and wet or dry polyacrylamide. The Frankia
strains used were: UGL020601, UGL020604, HFPCcI3 and ORS021001. Inoculation with stored spore
inocula showed reduction in total nitrogen content. The reduction ranged between 33 and 88% of freshly
prepared spores-inoculated plants, depending on strain and the inoculum type. The wet gel-incorporated
Frankia strains scored the best values within all treatments. In general, the reduction in plant total
nitrogen was lower after 3 months than after 6 months of storage at 7°C for all treatments indicating
better performance after short storage. The number of nodules decreased gradually with the increase in
storage time for all strains and treatments. For all the tested strains, spores scored better values for
root/shoot and nodules/plant ratios (i.e. lower and higher ratios) for all strains stored for 3 months, as wet
gel, than for other treatments. Dry powdered gel may have an advantage of long "shelf- life" than the
other treatments and may be used also as a preservation medium for large-scale inoculation with Frankia.
In general, it is recommended to store dry or wet gel-immobilized Frankia spores in the refrigerator for
up to 3 months for commercial purposes
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
nduced Mutation by Colchicine Treatment of Somatic Embryos in ‘Namwa’ Banana ...drboon
Hexaploids of the ‘Namwa’ banana (Musa sp ABB) were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were induced on a medium containing MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/l picloram. Somatic embryos were treated with four different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, %) in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.22 mg/l zeatin, and shaken (60 rpm) at 25 0C in darkness for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Higher colchicine concentrations exhibited higher mortality rates ranging from 8–20%, 48–62% and 80–90% mortality on concentrations 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 % colchicine respectively. Mortality rate generally increased with increased treatment time. Hexaploids were obtained at a frequency of 2 % with treatments 0.05 % colchicine for 96 hours, and 1 % colchicine for 48 hours as determined by flow cytometry.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Optimization of Storage Methods of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) Bagged ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora were tested for the efficiency on the stored cowpea kernels in PICS bags. A central composite design with five levels represented by two factors affecting the beans storage was used for control the evolution of merchantability (weight loss) and health (AFB1, OTA and Aw) quality during the storage. The factors were: storage time (1 to 8 months) and quantity of biopesticides (0 to 5% of the container mass). Results showed that it is possible to assess ideal conditions to keep the cowpea kernel merchantability and health qualities during storage. The quality of the kernels maintained for a concentration in biopesticide greater than or equal to 1,26% during 8 months. In the planned optimal conditions, the experimental values were 3.50±0.50%, 1.48±0.3 µg/kg, 4.54±0.02 µg/kg and 0.71±0.03 for weight losses, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and water activity (Aw) respectively. These values of weight losses, mycotoxins levels and were substantially equal to those predicted by the experimental model.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Somatic Embryogenesis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L) R.Br.) Using Li...IOSR Journals
The morphology and histology of somatic embryogenesis were examined using embryogenic calli derived from immature inflorescences of pearl millet using light and electron microscopic techniques. Young immature inflorescences, 30-35 days old (2.5 cm long) were cultured on LS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mgL-1 of kinetin. The primary callus initiated was non-embryogenic, loose, white but differentiated rapidly into pale yellow, nodular and friable embryogenic callus within 2 weeks. Histological studies revealed the formation of somatic embryos and their maturation. Initial stages of somatic embryo induction showed calli with internal segmenting divisions, which gave rise to discrete groups of cells. Continued divisions and organization in some discrete groups formed globular structures, presumably proembryoids, which showed a distinct epidermis. Further these structures developed to form somatic embryos with a well-organized bipolar structure showing embryonic axis, scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza. Multiple shoots (5-6) were produced from each embryo when transferred to MS regeneration medium supplemented with hormonal combinations, viz., BAP + IBA, 2.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 which further developed into complete plantlets
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
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holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
In vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 6 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 11-15
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
In vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from encapsulated
somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L.
M. S. Sudarshana*, Rajashekar N, Niranjan M. H. and
Rezwan Karami Borzabad
Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri,
Mysore – 570006, Karnataka, India.
Abstract: A protocol has been established for plant regeneration from encapsulated somatic embryos of
Artemisia vulgaris L. Encapsulated somatic embryo of A. vulgaris gave better response at 2% alginate, 75mM
calcium chloride hardened for 30 minutes. Morphogenic response and percentage of conversion into plantlets of
encapsulated beads on storage and temperature effect were studied. Further, encapsulated somatic embryo
retrieved from storage conditions was evaluated for its viability. The encapsulated embryos can be stored upto 4
months at 40
C, 200
C and 220
C. Maximum conversion frequency of 90% was observed from encapsulated
somatic embryos cultured on MS medium supplemented with GA3 (1.5mg/l), IAA (0.5mg/l) and Ascorbic acid
(40mg/l) and 22o
C temperature was found to be optimum irrespective of storage periods. In the present
investigation, the development of multiple shoots from a single synthetic seed is a recent record.
Keywords: Artemisia, somatic embryo, encapsulation, synthetic seeds, cold storage.
Abbreviations: BAP- benzylaminopurine; GA3 – gibberellic acid; MS-Murashige and Skoog medium.
I. Introduction
Artemisia vulgaris, of Asteraceae, is a shrubby, aromatic perennial herb, indigenous to India. The
investigations of mugwort extracts indicated a hepatoprotective activity and for various liver disorders (Gilani et
al. 2005 [1]). The plant is alexiteric, appetizer, cures ―Kapha‖, asthma and itching. It is useful for stomachic,
deobstruent and antispasmodic. The extract of leaves and stem tips are administered in certain diseases of
children, such as convulsions, measles and disease of the brain (Kirtikar and Basu, 1935 [2]).
In traditional medicine, this plant is being widely used for the treatment of diabetes (Walter et al. 2003
[3]), (Sun et al. 1992 [4]) found that artemisinin extracted from A. vulgaris had antitumor activity,
(Judzentience and Buzelyte 2006 [5] ) have reported that essential oils of this plant are used for their
insecticidal, antimicrobial and antiparasitical properties. Several medicinally active components of A. vulgaris
have been identified including vulgrin, quercetin, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, volatile oils and insulin
(USDA - ARS - NGRL, 2004[6]). Plant tissue culture is a well known biotechnological tool for the rapid
propagation of medicinal plants for the purpose of commercialization (Kitto 1997 [7] ) and cryopreservation
(Decruse et al. 1999 [8]). Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis have been the common pathways for the
clonal propagation of superior medicinal plant species (Gray and Brent 1986 [9]). Somatic embryos have been
recognized as an attractive tool for synthetic seed production and mass propagation of elite genotypes
(Redenbaugh et al. 1991 [10]). The advantages of using artificial seeds include large scale production at low
cost and subsequent propagation, ease of handling, transportation and potential storage, (Redenbaugh 1990[11],
Rao et al. 1998 [12]). Synthetic seed consists of either a quiescent or nonquiescent somatic embryo with or
without a protective encapsulation (Gray and Purohit 1991 [13]).
An efficient micropropagation system and subsequent rooting were developed for A. vulgaris (Sujatha and
Ranjitha Kumari 2007 [14]). Further they also reported that nodal segments were excised for proliferating shoot
culture and encapsulated to produce higher quality encapsulated nodal segments. All encapsulated nodal
segments survived 20 weeks of 50
C storage, providing a cost effective cold storage for alginate encapsulated
vegetative (node) explant of mugwort.
In vitro regeneration is an important tool in conservation, as it provides complimentary conservation
options for plant species with limited reproductive capacity (Pandey et al. 1993 [15]). Successful plant
regeneration and synthetic seeds have been established in cereals, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, aromatic grass
and conifers (Fowke et al. 1994 [16]; Janeiro et al. 1997[17]; Mamiyo and Sakamoto 2001 [18]; Ganapathi et al.
Submitted Date 18 June 2013 Accepted Date: 24 June
2013
2. In vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L.
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
2001[19]; Brishia et al. 2002 [20]). The present study aims at in vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from
encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L. – a tool for germplasm conservation.
II. Materials and Methods:
Source Material : Embryogenic callus of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Leaf explants) maintained for 2-4 week on
MS basal medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962 [21]) supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5mg/l), BAP (1mg/l) and
Ascorbic acid (50mg/l) were sub-cultured to liquid medium. Later suspension of embryo/embryoids and its
aggregates were obtained after subjecting to agitation on platform shaker.
Encapsulation : Eight weeks after the beginning of standard subculture, embryos of various shapes (Fig:
1a,b,c) were removed from embryo suspension. The isolated embryos were inserted into sodium alginate (2-4%)
drop, with the help of fine forceps and dropped into a solution of 50-80mM calcium chloride solution; hardened
for 20-30 minutes at room temperature with occasional stirring. Later calcium chloride solution was decanted
and encapsulated embryos were washed with sterile distilled water. These synthetic seeds were dried on sterile
filter paper, later subjected to germination directly or after storage period on MS medium supplemented with
various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) of growth regulators BAP, Kn and GA3 individually and
combination of BAP+ NAA (0.5+0.5; 0.5+1.5; 0.5+2.0; 1.0+.05; 1.0+1.0; 1.0+1.5 and 1.0+2.0 mg/l); BAP+GA3
(0.5+0.5; 0.5+1.0; 1.0+1.0) GA3+IAA+Ascorbic acid (0.5+0.5+40; 1.0+0.5+40; 1.5+0.5+40mg/l).
To study the effect of storage period (1month, 2 month and 4month) and temperature (4o
C, 20o
C and 25o
C) on
germination, the capsules were stored at 4o
C in a refrigerator on moist filter paper in sterile petridishes for 0, 1,
3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 20 and 25days and thereafter germinated on MS medium. Storage was done in the dark by
covering the petridishes with aluminum foil.
The germination frequency and the number of plants per capsule were recovered 6 weeks after culture on the
germination medium. The number of plants developed from each capsule was determined by counting the plants
under stereomicroscope.
Germinated synthetic seeds with well developed roots and shoots were initially transferred to pods containing
soilrite with nutrient solution and hardening was carried out by covering with polythene bags. Gradually
polythene bags were removed and the plants were planted in soil and kept under green house condition.
Statistical Analysis: All the experiments were repeated thrice and twenty replicates were employed for each
treatment. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the statistical
significance and the significance of differences among means was carried out using Tukey’s test at 5%
probability level.
III. Results and Discussion :
The capsule containing embryos of various shapes (Fig. d) showed sign of germination 6-7 days of
culture (Fig. e). The alginate matrix ruptured and multiple shoot formation from a single synthetic seed is a
recent record (Fig. f). In the present investigation, percentage of development of shoots from the encapsulated
somatic embryo was compared between very low (2%) and high (4%) concentration of sodium alginate (Table -
1). It was found that high concentration (4%) of alginate, dropped in 75—80mM Calcium chloride for 20-30
minutes, were too hard, for somatic embryos to rupture (53% germination). At 2% sodium alginate dropped in
75mM CaCl2 for 30 minutes, appreciating result were obtained (84% plantlet development).
Alginate is one of the most common polymers used for the immobilization of plant cells and
production of synthetic (artificial) seeds because of non-toxic, inert, cheap and easily manipulable qualities
(Endress 1994 [22]). However, higher and lower concentration of alginate shows greater variation in viscosity,
which result in difficulty in decanting and encapsulation. Hence alginate concentration (1-4%) in 50-80mM
CaCl2 range needs to be optimized depending on type of material for best response. In this view several reports
have published supporting 2.5% alginate in Leptadenia reticulate (Molly et al. 2002 [23]), Apple (Micheli et al.
2002 [24] Carica papaya (Castillo et al. 1998 [25]), Eleusine coracana (George and Eapen 1995 [26]) and in
Carrot (Timbert et al. 1995 [27]) and Centaurium rigualii (Benito et al. 1992 [28]). On contrary (Monica et al.
2005 [29]) have achieved successful germination in Rhodiola kirilowii at 4% and 5% of sodium alginate. The
present investigation was carried out with somatic embr
yo from suspension culture of fragile callus and hence low concentration 2% alginate and 75mM CaCl2
gave better response. Conversion frequency of shoot is directly dependant on storage period (1, 2 and 4 month)
and temperature (4o
C, 20o
C and 25o
C) is as mentioned in Table-2. Higher emergence of encapsulated somatic
embryo was recorded at storage period (1 month) 64.3, 71.0 and 88.7 percent conversion at 4o
C, 20o
C and 25o
C
respectively. With further increase in storage period, decline in percentage of germination was observed. 22o
C
temperature was found to be optimum irrespective of storage period. The encapsulated embryo showed high
3. In vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L.
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
germination frequency when stored (room temperature) for few days (0-3) with 96.34 - 93.18 percent
germination and thereafter declined 87.5 - 29.57 percent germination, when stored for 5 - 25 days (Table-3)
similar interpretation has been reported in Populus (Hausman et al. 1994 [30]), Quercus petrea and Q. robus ,
Janeiro et al. 1995[31]) and nodal explants of A. vulgaris (Sujatha and Ranjitha Kumari 2008 [32]) for in vitro
culture, stored at temperature (Cold -5o
C and 25o
C) with different illumination. As growth during storage is not
desirable the present investigation was carried out in dark condition. MS medium supplemented with growth
regulator both individually and in combination gave best embryonic response (Table-4). Similar observations
are made by (Naik and Chand 2006 [33]) and (Geetha et al. 2006 [34]) for encapsulated shoot tips of Punica
granatum and Spilanthes acmella respectively. The decline in embryogenic response of encapsulated embryo
may be due to oxygen deficiency and rapid drying of gel capsule. The regenerated plantlets were transferred to
sterile soilrite for hardening and acclimatized plants were planted in field.
To summarize, the encapsulated somatic embryo showed multiple shoots from a single synthetic seed,
which is recent record. Encapsulated somatic embryo of A. vulgaris gave better response at concentration 2%
alginate, 75mM CaCl2 hardened for 30 minutes and 22o
C temperature was found to be optimum irrespective of
storage periods.
References
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[29]. Monica Zych, Mirosowa, Furmanowa, K Anna. Rajeskapatan, Anna Owicka, Mariola Dreger and Sywil Mendlewska. 2005.
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Table-1: Effect of different concentrations of alginate on germination of synthetic seeds of
A. vulgaris.
Alginate (%) No. of Seeds cultured No. of seeds
germinated
Germination (%)
2 64 54 84.37
3 64 42 65.62
4 64 34 53.12
Table 2: Effect of storage period and temperature on shoot emergence from encapsulated
somatic embryos of A. vulgaris.
Storage period (months) Temperature (0
C) Conversion frequency (%)
01 4 64.3 ± 1.76
01 20 71.0 ± 0.68
01 22 88.7 ± 0.13
02 4 48.2 ± 0.05
02 20 57.4± 1.23
02 22 69.3 ± 0.67
04 4 42.1 ± 1.43
04 20 52.7 ± 0.87
04 22 61.4 ±0.54
Table 3: Effect of storage period on germination of encapsulated embryos of A. vulgaris
Days of Storage No. of capsule cultured No. of capsule
germinated
Germination (%)
0 82 79 96.34
1 64 59 92.18
3 48 45 93.18
5 72 63 87.5
7 68 49 72.05
10 73 42 57.53
15 77 39 50.64
18 79 35 44.30
20 80 28 35
25 71 21 29.57
Table 4: Effect of growth regulators on artificial seed germination and shoot length on MS medium
Growth regulators Artemisia vulgaris
Concentration (mg-1) Days to
germinate
Germination (%) Shoot length (cm)
(Mean±SD)
Control MS 4-5 60 1.24 ±0.051
BAP 0.5 3-4 63 1.78 ±0.83
1.0 4-6 80 2.01 ±0.071
1.5 5-7 81 2.53 ±0.34
2.0 4-7 45 1.05 ±0.068
BAP+NAA 0.5+0.5 3-5 47 1.31 ±0.081
0.5+1.5 5-8 49 1.65 ±0.051
0.5+2.0 4-6 79 2.06 ±0.113
1.0+0.5 3-6 50 1.74 ±0.150
1.0+1.0 3-7 65 1.80 ±0.075
5. In vitro regeneration of multiple shoots from encapsulated somatic embryos of Artemisia vulgaris L.
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
1.0+1.5 4-6 80 2.14 ±0.127
1.0+2.0 5-7 87 3.19 ±0.261
Kn 0.5 5-7 20 0.09 ±0.178
1.0 4-6 49 1.24 ±0.278
1.5 4-6 50 1.72 ±0.09
2.0 3-4 81 2.00 ±0.07
GA3 0.5 3-7 63 1.15 ±0.051
1.0 3-6 65 1.82 ±0.078
1.5 3-6 80 2.19 ±0.091
2.0 4-7 81 2.71 ±0.074
BAP+GA3 0.5+0.5 4-6 59 1.75 ±0.150
0.5+1.0 4-5 65 1.80 ±0.075
1.0+0.5 4-6 80 2.14 ±0.127
1.0+1.0 6-7 89 3.19 ±0.261
GA3+IAA+
Ascorbic Acid
0.5+0.5+40 5-7 80 2.50 ±0.180
1.0+0.5+40 4-6 85 3.33 ±0.192
1.5+0.5+40 4-5 90 4.10 ±0.325
Fig. 1 (a-g): Suspension culture: Plant regeneration and multiple shoot formation synthetic seeds of A.
vulgaris.
Figure Legends:
a. Two-celled proembryo
b. Bipolar embryo
c. Various stages of embryoids
d. Synthetic seed
e. Germination of synthetic seed
f. Multiple shoots from single synthetic seeds
g. Hardened potted