This document summarizes the results of a measurement campaign to characterize outdoor path loss models for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks in suburban and campus environments. Measurements were conducted at 3.5 GHz in two test areas near Rome, Italy - a suburban area around a BT Italy building and an Ericsson campus area. Path loss models including one-slope and free space were fitted to the measurement data from each area. The one-slope model provided better fits with R-squares of 0.37 and 0.71 for the suburban and campus areas, respectively. Link budget analysis using the one-slope models showed maximum coverage ranges of around 1 km for the suburban area and 1.5 km for the campus area.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Parametric Variation Based Analysis AND Effective Design of Rectangular Patch...IOSR Journals
Abstract : This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator. Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
A low cost fractal CPW fed antenna for UWB applications with a circular radia...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study a validated antenna into simulation and through measurement has been described and analyzed. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique has been chosen to feed the radiating patch while the two ground planes have been partially designed in the top side of the substrate. The fractal geometry, applied to the circular radiator, has been obtained by merging the circular and rectangular shapes. The fiberglass FR-4, with a single side of 35μm copper thickness, has been used to achieve the antenna material with a permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6 mm, a loss tangent of 0.025 and an overall dimension of 34x43 mm2. The proposed CPW fractal antenna has been configured to operate in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz published by the federal communications commission (FCC) as an ultra-wide band (UWB). To calculate the return loss, the gain, the current density and the radiation pattern of the simulated antenna, two electromagnetic solvers have been involved which are the CST microwave studio and ADS. The series of measurement have been performed by using the network analyzer and the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the computed antenna.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION A CIRCULAR SHAPE NETWORK ANTENNA MICRO STRIP FOR SOME...ijcseit
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is
to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO
(Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same
PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna
between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has
been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce
fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article
we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in
the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance
frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is
highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Development and Performance Enhancement of MEMS Helix Antenna for THz Applica...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interest of Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) antennas in Terahertz (THz) applications
has rapidly expanded in recent years due to the advent of accurate Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools.
The very special needs of newly proposed MEMS antennas, especially with a wide bandwidth range,
require advanced optimization procedures of enhancing already established designs. This paper provides
a compact design of a wideband MEMS helix antenna optimized using tree-dimensional High Frequency
Structure Simulator (3D-HFSS) based on Quasi-Newton (Q-N) and Sequential Non Linear Programming
(SNLP) techniques to modify the antenna structure with a high accuracy for the selective band of
frequencies by training the samples and minimizing the error from Finite Element Method- (FEM) based
simulation tool. The helix antenna is presented using MEMS technology and shows high performance
demonstrated by very low return losses of less than -20 to -65 dB for a wide range of frequencies from 2.5
to 5 THz. High antenna geometry precision and efficient performance are finally achieved by rectifying and
synthesizing various tunable parameters embedded in silicon substrate including both helix form and
feeding line parameters.
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of MIMO Antenna by Using Ring and Circular Par...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research was proposed a circular patch MIMO antenna by using a ring and circular parasitic
radiator structure. As a novelty, in order to enhance bandwidth and gain of circular patch MIMO antenna, a
conventional circular patch MIMO antenna will be added a ring and a circular parasitic. Therefore, this
research was investigated a conventional MIMO antenna (C-MA), ring parasitic MIMO antenna (RP-MA),
and circular parasitic MIMO antenna (CP-MA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. This MIMO
antenna was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.0265.
This MIMO antenna has center frequency 2.35 GHz which is a frequency band for LTE application in
Indonesia. An Advance Design System (ADS) software was used to determine the antenna parameters.
The MIMO antenna C-MA / RP-MA/ CP-MA achieves 2.36GHz/ 2.38GHz/ 2.38 GHz, 70 MHz/ 100 MHz/
120 MHz, 1.625 dBi/ 4.066 dBi/ 4.117 dBi, 6.414 dBi/ 7.26 dBi/ 7.153 dBi, 33.9 %/ 47.8 %/ 49.70 %, -12.35
dB/ -22.21 dB/ -23.66 dB, and -30.924 dB/ -28.46 dB/ -27.59 dB for center frequency, bandwidth, gain,
directivity, efficiency, reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling, respectively. Compared to C-MA (Model1)
performances, The result showed that proposed antenna has wider-bandwidth/ higher-gain with 42.8%/
150.2 %, and 71.4%/ 163.3% for RP-MA (Model 2) and CP-MA (Model 3), respectively. The proposed
antenna has size of 50 mm x 130 mm x 23.2 mm. Measured results are in a good agreement with the
simulated results.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
Different Multilayer Substrate Approaches to Improve Array Antenna Characteri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to investigate deeply in multi-layer substrate technique as a way of improving the characteristics of patch array antenna for electronic scanning radar application. The basic array antenna consists of 8 patches mounted on a FR-4 substrate and operating at 3 GHz frequency. The feeding technique is microstrip technology. This structure has some disadvantages as a poor gain and a narrow bandwidth. In fact, the obtained gain value does not exceed 7 dB which could be explained by the lossy nature of the FR4 substrate. On the other side, the narrow bandwidth is caused by the microstrip limitations. For this reason, the technique of multi-layer substrate is proposed in this paper. Many approaches are investigated and the distance between the layers is studied. The design and simulations of each approach are performed under the tool Advanced Design System of Keysight Company. A comparison between simulation results of all approaches including simulation results of the basic array antenna will be analyzed.
SEEING BEAUTIFUL THINGS OUT OF OUR WINDOW - DINESH VORADinesh Vora
DESI TIMES AND INFORMATION [DTAI] DESI INTERNATIONAL EMAIL DIGESTDINESH VORA
Seeing wonderful deers, ducks, birds
And natural beauty through the windows of our home
Genoa township, ohio, usa
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Parametric Variation Based Analysis AND Effective Design of Rectangular Patch...IOSR Journals
Abstract : This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator. Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
A low cost fractal CPW fed antenna for UWB applications with a circular radia...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study a validated antenna into simulation and through measurement has been described and analyzed. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique has been chosen to feed the radiating patch while the two ground planes have been partially designed in the top side of the substrate. The fractal geometry, applied to the circular radiator, has been obtained by merging the circular and rectangular shapes. The fiberglass FR-4, with a single side of 35μm copper thickness, has been used to achieve the antenna material with a permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6 mm, a loss tangent of 0.025 and an overall dimension of 34x43 mm2. The proposed CPW fractal antenna has been configured to operate in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz published by the federal communications commission (FCC) as an ultra-wide band (UWB). To calculate the return loss, the gain, the current density and the radiation pattern of the simulated antenna, two electromagnetic solvers have been involved which are the CST microwave studio and ADS. The series of measurement have been performed by using the network analyzer and the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the computed antenna.
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION A CIRCULAR SHAPE NETWORK ANTENNA MICRO STRIP FOR SOME...ijcseit
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is
to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO
(Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same
PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna
between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has
been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce
fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article
we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in
the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance
frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is
highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Development and Performance Enhancement of MEMS Helix Antenna for THz Applica...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Interest of Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) antennas in Terahertz (THz) applications
has rapidly expanded in recent years due to the advent of accurate Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools.
The very special needs of newly proposed MEMS antennas, especially with a wide bandwidth range,
require advanced optimization procedures of enhancing already established designs. This paper provides
a compact design of a wideband MEMS helix antenna optimized using tree-dimensional High Frequency
Structure Simulator (3D-HFSS) based on Quasi-Newton (Q-N) and Sequential Non Linear Programming
(SNLP) techniques to modify the antenna structure with a high accuracy for the selective band of
frequencies by training the samples and minimizing the error from Finite Element Method- (FEM) based
simulation tool. The helix antenna is presented using MEMS technology and shows high performance
demonstrated by very low return losses of less than -20 to -65 dB for a wide range of frequencies from 2.5
to 5 THz. High antenna geometry precision and efficient performance are finally achieved by rectifying and
synthesizing various tunable parameters embedded in silicon substrate including both helix form and
feeding line parameters.
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of MIMO Antenna by Using Ring and Circular Par...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research was proposed a circular patch MIMO antenna by using a ring and circular parasitic
radiator structure. As a novelty, in order to enhance bandwidth and gain of circular patch MIMO antenna, a
conventional circular patch MIMO antenna will be added a ring and a circular parasitic. Therefore, this
research was investigated a conventional MIMO antenna (C-MA), ring parasitic MIMO antenna (RP-MA),
and circular parasitic MIMO antenna (CP-MA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. This MIMO
antenna was designed on FR4 microstrip substrate with r= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan = 0.0265.
This MIMO antenna has center frequency 2.35 GHz which is a frequency band for LTE application in
Indonesia. An Advance Design System (ADS) software was used to determine the antenna parameters.
The MIMO antenna C-MA / RP-MA/ CP-MA achieves 2.36GHz/ 2.38GHz/ 2.38 GHz, 70 MHz/ 100 MHz/
120 MHz, 1.625 dBi/ 4.066 dBi/ 4.117 dBi, 6.414 dBi/ 7.26 dBi/ 7.153 dBi, 33.9 %/ 47.8 %/ 49.70 %, -12.35
dB/ -22.21 dB/ -23.66 dB, and -30.924 dB/ -28.46 dB/ -27.59 dB for center frequency, bandwidth, gain,
directivity, efficiency, reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling, respectively. Compared to C-MA (Model1)
performances, The result showed that proposed antenna has wider-bandwidth/ higher-gain with 42.8%/
150.2 %, and 71.4%/ 163.3% for RP-MA (Model 2) and CP-MA (Model 3), respectively. The proposed
antenna has size of 50 mm x 130 mm x 23.2 mm. Measured results are in a good agreement with the
simulated results.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
Different Multilayer Substrate Approaches to Improve Array Antenna Characteri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to investigate deeply in multi-layer substrate technique as a way of improving the characteristics of patch array antenna for electronic scanning radar application. The basic array antenna consists of 8 patches mounted on a FR-4 substrate and operating at 3 GHz frequency. The feeding technique is microstrip technology. This structure has some disadvantages as a poor gain and a narrow bandwidth. In fact, the obtained gain value does not exceed 7 dB which could be explained by the lossy nature of the FR4 substrate. On the other side, the narrow bandwidth is caused by the microstrip limitations. For this reason, the technique of multi-layer substrate is proposed in this paper. Many approaches are investigated and the distance between the layers is studied. The design and simulations of each approach are performed under the tool Advanced Design System of Keysight Company. A comparison between simulation results of all approaches including simulation results of the basic array antenna will be analyzed.
SEEING BEAUTIFUL THINGS OUT OF OUR WINDOW - DINESH VORADinesh Vora
DESI TIMES AND INFORMATION [DTAI] DESI INTERNATIONAL EMAIL DIGESTDINESH VORA
Seeing wonderful deers, ducks, birds
And natural beauty through the windows of our home
Genoa township, ohio, usa
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile
cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,
respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space
model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The
observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density
region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is
to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO
(Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same
PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna
between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has
been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce
fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article
we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in
the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance
frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is
highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
To meet the demands of high speed required by mobile communication of past generations ,one solution is to increase the number of antennas to the show and the reception of the wireless link this is called MIMO (Multiple input ,Multiple output )technology .however ,the integration of multiple antennas on the same PCB is delicate because of the small volume that require some applications and electromagnetic antenna between the coupling ,phenomena that we cannot neglect them .indeed a strong isolation between them has been reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic antenna reached to reduce fading of the signal caused by the electromagnetic coupling and maximize the overall gain .in this article we are interested then integration on the same printed circuit of eight antennas MIMO are not operation in the same frequency band .the first antenna of this last work at 2.4GHz .other antennas have resonance frequency folling each with 20MHz offset this device is characterized by its original form that keeps is highly isolated antennas from the point of view electromagnetic coupling
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
The mobile operators in Libya, as many other operators, use some propagation models to predict the receiver signal strength, but without studying what is the best model for the Tripoli area.
The work proposed in the current research involves the comparison of four radio propagation models based on LTE technology to be applied in the Tripoli environment. Then the tuning of the best model depending on real data from the local environment will be carried out.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Particle Swarm Optimization for the Path Loss Reduction in Suburban and Rural...IJECEIAES
In the present work, a precise optimization method is proposed for tuning the parameters of the COST231 model to improve its accuracy in the path loss propagation prediction. The Particle Swarm Optimization is used to tune the model parameters. The predictions of the tuned model are compared with the most popular models. The performance criteria selected for the comparison of various empirical path loss models is the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The RMSE between the actual and predicted data are calculated for various path loss models. It turned out that the tuned COST 231 model outperforms the other studied models.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application (CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments (MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity, Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2) with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern. Keywords - Microstrip Patch Antenna; E-shaped, CDMA systems communications; Coaxial Probe feed, IE3D
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16 (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Fig. 2. Measurement test area - Ericsson campus
Fig. 3. Measured path loss for each point (BT Italy)
(see Fig.1) and the measurement equipment was installed on a
car that moved in the area. The receiver antenna gain was 3 dB
and the equipment operates at 3.5 GHz. Received power was
measured parking the car in the areas evidenced in Fig.1. The
car is also equipped with a GPS receiver used to determine its
position for each measure.
The area in Fig.2 includes the Ericsson research laboratories
in Rome and it is representative of a typical campus-like
propagation environment. The buildings are not higher than
16 m and the width of the streets can vary from 2 up to
8 m. The transmitting antenna was positioned on the highest
building (see the red arrow in Fig.2) and the measurement
equipment was installed on a van that moved in the area. The
receiver antenna gain was 3 dB and the equipment operates at
3.5 GHz with a signal bandwith of 3.5 MHz.
The measurement equipment consisted of: one IEEE 801.16-
2004 Base Station model Airspan Macromax equipped with
at 60-degree antenna and a portable PC with an IEEE 802.16-
2004 Self Install CPE designed to sit next to a computer
on a desktop. CPE antenna containing four 90-degree with
high-gain directional antennas providing 360 degree coverage
(CPE selects antenna with best RF reception). The values
of the received power were extracted from the CPE using a
software provided by BT Italy. The test consisted on hold the
position of the Base Station and CPE too and measuring the
power received with an EIRP of 23dBm (200mW). Outdoor
measurements are collected by driving around map shown in
Fig.1 and Fig.2 for about 1 Km maximum from the Base
Station. Every point over the map represents a fixed position of
the CPE where we collected about 30 samples of the received
power for a total measurement time interval of 100s. Graphics
in fig.3 and in fig.4 show the path loss values for each point
where samples were collected for both scenarios.
Fig. 4. Measured path loss for each point (Ericsson campus)
III. DATA PROCESS
For each set of measured values and for both scenarios we
have preliminarily removed some sample that were considered
too far from the majority of values (outlier) as shown in
the next figures representing the model fitting. We also have
excluded the samples with too large standard deviation. This
remedy tries to remove the environment variability measure-
ment noise caused by the presence of cars, bus, etc. during
the measure.
IV. OUTDOOR PATH LOSS CHANNEL MODEL
The path loss model considered in this paper are summa-
rized in this Section. Most models aim to predict the median
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the ICC 2007 proceedings.
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3. path loss, i.e. the loss not exceeded at fixed percent of locations
and/or for fixed percent of the time. This fixed value is tied
to the service to provide. Knowledge of the signal statistics
then allows the estimation of the variability of the signal
so to determine the percentage of the specified area that
has an adequate signal strength. The One Slope (OS) model
assumes a linear dependence between the path loss (dB) and
the logarithm of distance. In the formulation for (OS) model
1, d is distance between the transmitter and the receiver i.e.
and usually expressed in meters
L(d) = l0 + 10γ log(d), (dB) (1)
and l0 is the path loss at 1 meter distance, γ is the power
decay index or the path loss exponent dual (γ=2 is free space)
with
l0 = −27.5 + 20 log(f), (dB) (2)
V. RESULTS
The parameters of the model (1) have been obtained through
best square fitting with collected data. The statistics of data
points in the scenarios are represented as follows (Table I,
Table II). Parameters were obtained considering only the data
showing the RSSI standard deviation.
γ RSSI Standard Deviation (σ) l0
Free space 2 1.348 129.01
OS 3.032 1.348 41.10
TABLE I
PATH LOSS EXPONENT, RSSI STANDARD DEVIATION AND l0 (BT ITALY)
γ RSSI Standard Deviation (σ) l0
Free space 2 0.6525 103.28
OS 3.533 0.6525 9.711
TABLE II
PATH LOSS EXPONENT, RSSI STANDARD DEVIATION AND l0 (ERICSSON)
Subsequently, starting from the fitting obtained from the
path loss models in (1), we show the typical parameters of
the models considered at 3.5 GHz with experimental data. To
evaluate the goodness of the model with respect to data, we
considered the R-Square and RMSE. The first parameter called
R-Square measures how successful the fit is in explaining
the variation of the data e.g R-square is the square of the
correlation between the response values and the predicted
response values. It is also called the square of the multiple
correlation coefficient and the coefficient of multiple determi-
nation. R-square is defined as the ratio of the sum of squares
of the regression (SSR) and the total sum of squares (SST),
where SST = SSR + SSE. Given these definitions, R-square
is expressed as R − SQUARE = 1 - SSE/SST. R-square
can take on any value between 0 and 1, with a value closer to
1 indicating a better fit. The second parameter is called Root
Mean Squared Error and is also known as the fit standard
error and the standard error of the regression. A RMSE value
closer to 0 indicates a better fit. To evaluate the goodness of the
model with respect to data we also considered the fitting of the
experimental data with a free space alike model considering
the constant l0 as an unknown and γ=2. Results have been
reported in table III and IV.
A. First Area : BT ITALY
This test refers at BT ITALY area shown in Fig.1. In this
case the 1 becomes
L(d) = l0 + 10γ log(d) (dB) (3)
with l0 representing a constant that provides the lower error
in the fitting calculation.
The l0 value is shown in table I. The cumulative distribution
of the model error is shown in fig.5.
R SQUARE RMSE
OS 0.3713 6.927
Free Space 0.3283 7.137
TABLE III
SUMMARY BT ITALY
Table III shows the two statistic parameters described pre-
viously.
Fig. 5. Cumulative distribution of the model error - OS model -
Relatively to Free Space model (γ = 2) the value of
parameter l0 is shows in table I and the statistic result fitting
for Free Space model is shows in fig.6; R-SQUARE and
RMSE are lists in table III.
A qualitative comparison between the models is shown in
fig. 7
B. Second Area : Ericsson Campus
With respect to the Ericsson Area test shown in Fig.2,
starting from the 1
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the ICC 2007 proceedings.
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4. Fig. 6. Cumulative distribution of the model error - Free Space model -
Fig. 7. Comparison between the models
where l0 represents a constant that provides the lower error
in the fitting calculation.
The l0 value is shows in table II. The cumulative distribution
of the model error is shown in fig.8.
Relatively to Free Space model (γ = 2) the value of
parameter l0 is shows in table II and the statistic result fitting
for Free Space model is shows in fig.9; R-SQUARE and
RMSE are lists in table IV.
VI. LINK BUDGET
In this section we show a comparison between the measured
and calculated path loss with the models described above.
Moreover we show an example of the coverage map calculated
with parameters obtained from OS model for both environ-
ments. For suburban environment as BT ITALY scenario we
show the results in Table V and fig.11 obtained using a
software tool provided by RadioLabs.
For campus-like environments as Ericsson research labora-
tories campus the Table VI and fig.12 show the results obtained
R SQUARE RMSE
OS 0.7083 7.280
Free Space 0.5749 8.765
TABLE IV
SUMMARY ERICSSON
Fig. 8. Cumulative distribution of the model error - OS model -
Fig. 9. Cumulative distribution of the model error - Free Space model -
from software provided by RadioLabs.
Finally we show a link budget example to determine the
maximum coverage ray with the receiver power sensitivity
fixed at -100 dBm. The used equation is
PT xGT xGRx/L(d) = Psensitivity
The result of link budget is shown in Table VII.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The characterization of outdoor path loss is an important
step in wireless network design in order to estimate the radio
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the ICC 2007 proceedings.
4905
5. Fig. 10. Comparison between the models
Distance(m) Pathloss(dB) OS(dB) FS(dB)
1 188.62 108.26 110.10 118.18
2 294.88 117.54 115.98 122.06
3 396.39 129.52 119.88 124.63
4 445.85 121.68 121.42 125.65
5 495.04 122.92 122.80 126.56
6 548.22 116.71 124.15 127.44
7 604.07 135.56 125.42 128.29
8 695.08 116.49 127.27 129.50
9 751.24 127.00 128.290 130.18
10 863.03 125.450 130.120 131.38
TABLE V
COMPARISON PATH LOSS (BT ITALY)
Fig. 11. Coverage map with OS model (BT ITALY)
coverage and the costs. In this paper we used measured
data to evaluate the parameters of several path loss channel
models some of them proposed in the current literature. In
particular, Free space and One Slop models were analyzed
and results have been provided for two different categories
Distance(m) Pathloss(dB) OS(dB) FS(dB)
1 23.714 69.377 58.290 74.579
2 54.337 69.759 71.012 81.781
3 80.825 66.569 77.105 85.230
4 93.981 90.687 79.418 86.540
5 137.11 92.614 85.214 89.821
6 222.56 91.265 92.646 94.028
7 240.51 97.633 93.837 94.702
8 261.15 94.897 95.099 95.417
9 346.11 95.828 99.422 97.863
10 390.98 93.500 101.29 98.922
TABLE VI
COMPARISON PATH LOSS (ERICSSON)
Fig. 12. Coverage map with OS model (Ericsson Campus)
BTITALY ERICSSON
model distance(m) distance (m)
OS 996 1570
FS 927 1849
TABLE VII
LINK BUDGET: MAXIMUM RAY COVERAGE
of environments: sub-urban and campus-like environment.
The comparison between the parameters of the models have
been shown and the cumulative distribution of the considered
models error are also shown. Furthermore in this work is
also shown a link budget example calculated with parameters
obtained from OS model for both environments.
REFERENCES
[1] The Business of WiMAX. Deepak Pareek. John Wiley and Soons June
2006.
[2] Standard IEEE 802.16d-2004 available on site
http://www.ieee802.org/16
[3] Standard IEEE 802.16e-2005 available on site
http://www.ieee802.org/16 published on 28 February
[4] V. Erceg, K. V. S. Hari, et al., ”Channel models for fixed wireless
applications,” tech. rep., IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
Working Group, January 2001
[5] A Survey of Various Propagation Models for Mobile Communication
Tapan K. Sarkar, Zhong Ji, Kyungjung Kim, Abdellatif Medouri, and
Magdalena Salazar-Palma IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,
Vol.45, No.3,June 2003
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the ICC 2007 proceedings.
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