The document describes a study that uses a hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (hPSO-GA) to optimize PID controller parameters for automatic generation control of a four-area interconnected power system. The hPSO-GA is applied to obtain optimal PID parameters for controlling frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations following a 1% load perturbation in any single area. Simulation results show the hPSO-GA approach provides better dynamic responses than using PSO or GA alone, with faster settling times, smaller overshoots and undershoots.
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTION OF GAOPF ON INDIAN 220KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEMecij
This paper presents the practical implementation of developed genetic algorithm based optimal power flow algorithms. These algorithms are tested on IEEE30 bus system and the results were presented in the paper [8]. The same algorithms now tested on 220KV Washi zone Indian power transmission system . The GAOPF with fixed penalty and Fuzzy based variable penalty tested on 220KV transmission system consists of 52 bus and 88lines. The fuel costs ,computational time and the system condition were studied and the results are presented in this paper .Also the available load transfer capability of the 220KV system for congestion management is also presented
Tuning PID Controller Parameters for Load Frequency Control Considering Syste...IJERA Editor
In this paper, parameters of PID controller and bias coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are designed using a new approach. In the proposed method, the power system uncertainties and nonlinear limitations of governors and turbines ,i.e. Valve Speed Limit (VSL)and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), are taken into account in designing. Variations of uncertain parameters are considered between -40% and +40% of nominal values with 5% step .In order to design the proposed PID controller ,a new objective function is defined. MATLAB codes are developed for GA based PID controller tuning, the results of which are used to study the system step response. All these are through in Simulink based background.
Hybrid Stochastic Search Technique based Suboptimal AGC Regulator Design for ...Dr. Omveer Singh
This document proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing (GASA) technique for designing suboptimal automatic generation control (AGC) regulators for a two-area power system model. GASA is applied to determine the constrained feedback gains of a PI regulator using available state variables as outputs. Simulation results show the proposed GASA regulator provides better dynamic performance than suboptimal PI regulators, with lower overshoots and faster settling times in response to load perturbations. The proposed approach provides an effective yet simple suboptimal AGC solution that does not require full state information.
- The document discusses using a modified genetic algorithm to optimize parameters for automatic generation control of multi-area electric energy systems.
- It proposes a modified genetic algorithm that employs one-point crossover with modification. The crossover site helps maintain diversity of search points while exploiting known optimal values, balancing exploration and exploitation.
- The algorithm is used along with decomposition techniques and trapezoidal integration to determine optimal control parameters for multi-area systems and obtain better dynamic performance under small load perturbations, with and without considering nonlinearity from governor deadbands.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
IRJET- Loss of Load Probability Method Applicability Limits as Function o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) method for sizing standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems and evaluates the applicability limits of the LLP method based on different climate conditions and power consumption types. The LLP method aims to size the PV system collection field and storage field to ensure reliability while decreasing economic costs compared to simpler sizing methods. The document analyzes experimental solar irradiation and power consumption data from real PV systems located in Spain to evaluate the LLP method under different conditions without relying on models or simulations. Key variables in the LLP method like energy production, consumption, storage state of charge, and isoreliability curves are defined. Different power consumption regimes are also categorized to analyze their impact
Optimal power flow based congestion management using enhanced genetic algorithmsIJECEIAES
Congestion management (CM) in the deregulated power systems is germane and of central importance to the power industry. In this paper, an optimal power flow (OPF) based CM approach is proposed whose objective is to minimize the absolute MW of rescheduling. The proposed optimization problem is solved with the objectives of total generation cost minimization and the total congestion cost minimization. In the centralized market clearing model, the sellers (i.e., the competitive generators) submit their incremental and decremental bid prices in a real-time balancing market. These can then be incorporated in the OPF problem to yield the incremental/ decremental change in the generator outputs. In the bilateral market model, every transaction contract will include a compensation price that the buyer-seller pair is willing to accept for its transaction to be curtailed. The modeling of bilateral transactions are equivalent to the modifying the power injections at seller and buyer buses. The proposed CM approach is solved by using the evolutionary based Enhanced Genetic Algorithms (EGA). IEEE 30 bus system is considered to show the effectiveness of proposed CM approach.
This document proposes a hybrid Lightning Search Algorithm-Artificial Neural Network (LSA-ANN) based home energy management scheduling controller for residential demand response. It models common household appliances like air conditioners, water heaters, refrigerators and washing machines. The controller uses LSA to optimize ANN parameters like learning rate and number of hidden nodes to improve load scheduling accuracy. Results show the hybrid LSA-ANN approach reduces peak energy consumption by up to 9.7% compared to a hybrid PSO-ANN approach.
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTION OF GAOPF ON INDIAN 220KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEMecij
This paper presents the practical implementation of developed genetic algorithm based optimal power flow algorithms. These algorithms are tested on IEEE30 bus system and the results were presented in the paper [8]. The same algorithms now tested on 220KV Washi zone Indian power transmission system . The GAOPF with fixed penalty and Fuzzy based variable penalty tested on 220KV transmission system consists of 52 bus and 88lines. The fuel costs ,computational time and the system condition were studied and the results are presented in this paper .Also the available load transfer capability of the 220KV system for congestion management is also presented
Tuning PID Controller Parameters for Load Frequency Control Considering Syste...IJERA Editor
In this paper, parameters of PID controller and bias coefficient for Load Frequency Control (LFC) are designed using a new approach. In the proposed method, the power system uncertainties and nonlinear limitations of governors and turbines ,i.e. Valve Speed Limit (VSL)and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), are taken into account in designing. Variations of uncertain parameters are considered between -40% and +40% of nominal values with 5% step .In order to design the proposed PID controller ,a new objective function is defined. MATLAB codes are developed for GA based PID controller tuning, the results of which are used to study the system step response. All these are through in Simulink based background.
Hybrid Stochastic Search Technique based Suboptimal AGC Regulator Design for ...Dr. Omveer Singh
This document proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing (GASA) technique for designing suboptimal automatic generation control (AGC) regulators for a two-area power system model. GASA is applied to determine the constrained feedback gains of a PI regulator using available state variables as outputs. Simulation results show the proposed GASA regulator provides better dynamic performance than suboptimal PI regulators, with lower overshoots and faster settling times in response to load perturbations. The proposed approach provides an effective yet simple suboptimal AGC solution that does not require full state information.
- The document discusses using a modified genetic algorithm to optimize parameters for automatic generation control of multi-area electric energy systems.
- It proposes a modified genetic algorithm that employs one-point crossover with modification. The crossover site helps maintain diversity of search points while exploiting known optimal values, balancing exploration and exploitation.
- The algorithm is used along with decomposition techniques and trapezoidal integration to determine optimal control parameters for multi-area systems and obtain better dynamic performance under small load perturbations, with and without considering nonlinearity from governor deadbands.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
IRJET- Loss of Load Probability Method Applicability Limits as Function o...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) method for sizing standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems and evaluates the applicability limits of the LLP method based on different climate conditions and power consumption types. The LLP method aims to size the PV system collection field and storage field to ensure reliability while decreasing economic costs compared to simpler sizing methods. The document analyzes experimental solar irradiation and power consumption data from real PV systems located in Spain to evaluate the LLP method under different conditions without relying on models or simulations. Key variables in the LLP method like energy production, consumption, storage state of charge, and isoreliability curves are defined. Different power consumption regimes are also categorized to analyze their impact
Optimal power flow based congestion management using enhanced genetic algorithmsIJECEIAES
Congestion management (CM) in the deregulated power systems is germane and of central importance to the power industry. In this paper, an optimal power flow (OPF) based CM approach is proposed whose objective is to minimize the absolute MW of rescheduling. The proposed optimization problem is solved with the objectives of total generation cost minimization and the total congestion cost minimization. In the centralized market clearing model, the sellers (i.e., the competitive generators) submit their incremental and decremental bid prices in a real-time balancing market. These can then be incorporated in the OPF problem to yield the incremental/ decremental change in the generator outputs. In the bilateral market model, every transaction contract will include a compensation price that the buyer-seller pair is willing to accept for its transaction to be curtailed. The modeling of bilateral transactions are equivalent to the modifying the power injections at seller and buyer buses. The proposed CM approach is solved by using the evolutionary based Enhanced Genetic Algorithms (EGA). IEEE 30 bus system is considered to show the effectiveness of proposed CM approach.
This document proposes a hybrid Lightning Search Algorithm-Artificial Neural Network (LSA-ANN) based home energy management scheduling controller for residential demand response. It models common household appliances like air conditioners, water heaters, refrigerators and washing machines. The controller uses LSA to optimize ANN parameters like learning rate and number of hidden nodes to improve load scheduling accuracy. Results show the hybrid LSA-ANN approach reduces peak energy consumption by up to 9.7% compared to a hybrid PSO-ANN approach.
Novel Adaptive Controller for PMSG Driven Wind Turbine To Improve Power Syste...IJMERJOURNAL
1) The document describes a novel adaptive controller for a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven wind turbine system to improve power stability.
2) The proposed system uses a PMSG generator coupled with a pulse-width modulated current source converter. An adaptive PI controller is designed to track the current reference and integrate it into the grid.
3) The adaptive controller uses an online identifier to estimate the system parameters in real-time and automatically tune the PI parameters accordingly based on a linear approximation model to achieve the desired closed-loop response.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
This document presents a matrix methodology for allocating the costs of reactive power flows in transmission networks. The methodology traces reactive power flows through the network using Kirchhoff's current law and proportional sharing principles. It then allocates the costs of reactive power to generators and loads using the MVAr-mile method. The methodology is demonstrated on sample 6-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. Results show the allocated reactive power flows to different loads and the costs allocated to loads for recovery of total reactive power costs in the transmission network.
Voltage Stability Improvement by Reactive Power Rescheduling Incorporating P...IJMER
In this paper, reactive power rescheduling is done to keep the voltage stable. Due to system
disturbances the active as well as reactive power flows changes. Generators being always connected to the
system reactive power rescheduling of generators can be effectively done. Therefore it is selected as the
suitable method for voltage control. The voltage and reactive power management is studied from the
generator’s point of view to minimize generator reactive power loss. To reduce the reactive losses
optimization procedure is used. The simulations are done using MATLAB.
A New Solution to Improve Power Quality of Renewable Energy Sources Smart Gri...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new solution to improve power quality from renewable energy sources in smart grids while also considering carbon footprint as a new element. The article presents a prototype carbon footprint control sub-protocol for a microbial fuel cell micro-grid setup that aims to minimize carbon footprint during electricity generation and distribution in order to meet climate change goals of improving power quality and efficiency in a sustainable way. Experimental results from a simulation of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter confirm that the proposed approach can significantly reduce computational efforts needed for voltage vector selection without impacting system performance or effectiveness.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
This paper presents a novel contribution of a low complexity control scheme for voltage control of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The scheme proposed utilizes an error-driven proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to guarantee better power quality performance in terms of voltage enhancement and stabilization of the buses, energy efficient utilization, and harmonic distortion reduction in a distribution network. This method maintains the load voltage close to or equal to the nominal value in terms of various voltage disturbances such as balanced and unbalanced sag/swell, voltage imbalance, notching, different fault conditions as well as power system harmonic distortion. A grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is used to tune the gain values of the PID controller. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed DVR controller, first, a fractional order PID controller was presented and compared with the proposed one. Further, a comparative performance evaluation of four optimization techniques, namely Cuckoo search (CSA), GOA, Flower pollination (FBA), and Grey wolf optimizer (GWO), is presented to compare between the PID and FOPID performance in terms of fault conditions in order to achieve a global minimum error and fast dynamic response of the proposed controller. Second, a comparative analysis of simulation results obtained using the proposed controller and those obtained using an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is presented, and it was found that the performance of the optimal PID is better than the performance of the conventional ADRC. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented DVR with the controller proposed has been assessed by time-domain simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
This document summarizes two methods for managing transmission congestion in a deregulated power system: 1) Using a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device and 2) Changing the participation factors of generators. It first describes modelling the TCSC device and selecting its optimal location using sensitivity analysis to minimize total reactive power losses. It then explains using transmission load relief (TLR) sensitivities to identify loads to curtail. The methods are demonstrated on modified IEEE 5-bus and 9-bus test systems, showing congestion is relieved when applying the TCSC and adjusting load participation factors.
This document lists 51 MATLAB projects related to power electronics, power systems, and PID control from IEEE 2017. The projects cover topics such as grid-connected PV converters, cascaded multilevel converters, active power filters, renewable energy systems, and motor drives. Vision Solutions provides engineering services and calls for collaboration on these projects in Hyderabad, Guntur, and Vijayawada, India.
Economic Load Dispatch Optimization of Six Interconnected Generating Units Us...IOSR Journals
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem of optimizing the operation of six interconnected generating units. ELD aims to minimize total generation costs while satisfying constraints. PSO is applied to find optimal unit outputs that minimize cost, accounting for transmission losses. The proposed PSO approach is compared to genetic algorithms and conventional methods on a test system, showing PSO provides better solutions faster. Key steps of the PSO algorithm for ELD are initializing particles, evaluating fitness at each iteration, and updating personal and global best positions to iteratively improve solutions.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
The document proposes an adaptive real coded biogeography based optimization (ARCBBO) algorithm to solve various power system operation problems. ARCBBO improves on the original biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm by incorporating differential evolution mutation and Gaussian mutation to increase population diversity and exploration. ARCBBO is applied to economic load dispatch, optimal power flow, congestion management, and enhancing loadability limits. It demonstrates reliable convergence on standard test systems compared to BBO, differential evolution, and other algorithms. ARCBBO can effectively solve power system problems with single and multi-objective functions on large-scale systems.
Energy audit by Qazi Arsalan Hamid-Dy Manager Technical KESCQazi Arsalan Hamid
An energy audit involves collecting data on energy usage within a facility or system. This includes surveying equipment and operations to identify how energy is used. The audit takes a systems approach, defining the boundaries of what is audited, measuring energy inputs and outputs, and understanding how energy flows within and between subsystems. The goal is to analyze current energy consumption, identify areas for improvement, and recommend cost-effective strategies to reduce usage and lower energy bills. Implementing such strategies can provide financial and environmental benefits through direct and indirect energy savings.
Optimal tuning linear quadratic regulator for gas turbine by genetic algorith...IJECEIAES
For multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) systems, the most common control strategy is the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) which relies on state vector feedback. Despite this strategy gives very good result, it still has trial and error procedure to select the values of its weight matrices which plays a important role in reaching to the desiered system performance. In order to overcome this problem, the Genetic algorithm is used. The design of genetic algorithm based linear quadratic regulator (GA-LQR) utilized Integral time absolute error (ITAE) as a cost function for optimization. The propsed procedure is implemented on a linear model of gas turbine to control the generator spool’s speed and the output power.
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a process of scheduling the required load demand among available generation units such that the fuel cost of operation is minimized. The ELD problem is formulated as a non-linear constrained optimization problem with both equality and inequality constraints. In this paper, two test systems of the ELD problems are solved by adopting the Cuckoo Search (CS) Algorithm. A comparison of obtained simulation results by using the CS is carried out against six other swarm intelligence algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization, Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, Bacterial Foraging Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, Harmony Search and Firefly Algorithm. The effectiveness of each swarm intelligence algorithm is demonstrated on a test system comprising three-generators and other containing six-generators. Results denote superiority of the Cuckoo Search Algorithm and confirm its potential to solve the ELD problem.
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING GENETIC ALGORITHMIJARIIT
This paper present the application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to Economic Load Dispatch problem of the power system. Economic Load Dispatch is one of the major optimization problems dealing with the modern power systems.ELD determines the electrical power to be generated by the committed generating units in a power system so that the total generation cost of the system is minimized, while satisfactory the load demand. The objective is to minimize the total generation fuel cost and maintain the power flow within safety limits. The introduced algorithm has been demonstrated for the given test systems considering the transmission line losses.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze steady flow through an engine intake system. A 3D model of the intake manifold and port system was analyzed using FLUENT software. The model was validated by comparing CFD results to experimental data. Good agreement was found between predicted and measured airflow rates. The CFD model can be used as a tool to optimize the intake system design and reduce the need for physical experiments.
Wireless Data Acquisition System Using ARM Cortex M-3IOSR Journals
The document describes a wireless data acquisition system using an ARM Cortex M-3 processor. The system collects data from gas, humidity, and temperature sensors and transmits the data wirelessly via Bluetooth to a host computer. The host computer uses virtual instrument software to process and display the received data in real-time. The system provides wireless and real-time data collection that can be used in applications like industrial monitoring and mobile meter reading.
Novel Adaptive Controller for PMSG Driven Wind Turbine To Improve Power Syste...IJMERJOURNAL
1) The document describes a novel adaptive controller for a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven wind turbine system to improve power stability.
2) The proposed system uses a PMSG generator coupled with a pulse-width modulated current source converter. An adaptive PI controller is designed to track the current reference and integrate it into the grid.
3) The adaptive controller uses an online identifier to estimate the system parameters in real-time and automatically tune the PI parameters accordingly based on a linear approximation model to achieve the desired closed-loop response.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
This document presents a matrix methodology for allocating the costs of reactive power flows in transmission networks. The methodology traces reactive power flows through the network using Kirchhoff's current law and proportional sharing principles. It then allocates the costs of reactive power to generators and loads using the MVAr-mile method. The methodology is demonstrated on sample 6-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. Results show the allocated reactive power flows to different loads and the costs allocated to loads for recovery of total reactive power costs in the transmission network.
Voltage Stability Improvement by Reactive Power Rescheduling Incorporating P...IJMER
In this paper, reactive power rescheduling is done to keep the voltage stable. Due to system
disturbances the active as well as reactive power flows changes. Generators being always connected to the
system reactive power rescheduling of generators can be effectively done. Therefore it is selected as the
suitable method for voltage control. The voltage and reactive power management is studied from the
generator’s point of view to minimize generator reactive power loss. To reduce the reactive losses
optimization procedure is used. The simulations are done using MATLAB.
A New Solution to Improve Power Quality of Renewable Energy Sources Smart Gri...iosrjce
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new solution to improve power quality from renewable energy sources in smart grids while also considering carbon footprint as a new element. The article presents a prototype carbon footprint control sub-protocol for a microbial fuel cell micro-grid setup that aims to minimize carbon footprint during electricity generation and distribution in order to meet climate change goals of improving power quality and efficiency in a sustainable way. Experimental results from a simulation of a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter confirm that the proposed approach can significantly reduce computational efforts needed for voltage vector selection without impacting system performance or effectiveness.
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.
This paper presents a novel contribution of a low complexity control scheme for voltage control of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). The scheme proposed utilizes an error-driven proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to guarantee better power quality performance in terms of voltage enhancement and stabilization of the buses, energy efficient utilization, and harmonic distortion reduction in a distribution network. This method maintains the load voltage close to or equal to the nominal value in terms of various voltage disturbances such as balanced and unbalanced sag/swell, voltage imbalance, notching, different fault conditions as well as power system harmonic distortion. A grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is used to tune the gain values of the PID controller. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed DVR controller, first, a fractional order PID controller was presented and compared with the proposed one. Further, a comparative performance evaluation of four optimization techniques, namely Cuckoo search (CSA), GOA, Flower pollination (FBA), and Grey wolf optimizer (GWO), is presented to compare between the PID and FOPID performance in terms of fault conditions in order to achieve a global minimum error and fast dynamic response of the proposed controller. Second, a comparative analysis of simulation results obtained using the proposed controller and those obtained using an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is presented, and it was found that the performance of the optimal PID is better than the performance of the conventional ADRC. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented DVR with the controller proposed has been assessed by time-domain simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Enhanced Multi – Agent Based Industrial Process AutomationIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-agent control system for optimizing the operation of fossil-fuel power plants. The system uses multiple intelligent agents that make autonomous decisions based on plant conditions. One agent uses a neuro-fuzzy system to evaluate and optimize feedback control gains. A simulation showed this agent could successfully update gains to improve control when the plant output exceeded thresholds. The system allows for customizable, optimized multi-objective control to improve efficiency and operation of power plants.
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
This document summarizes two methods for managing transmission congestion in a deregulated power system: 1) Using a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) device and 2) Changing the participation factors of generators. It first describes modelling the TCSC device and selecting its optimal location using sensitivity analysis to minimize total reactive power losses. It then explains using transmission load relief (TLR) sensitivities to identify loads to curtail. The methods are demonstrated on modified IEEE 5-bus and 9-bus test systems, showing congestion is relieved when applying the TCSC and adjusting load participation factors.
This document lists 51 MATLAB projects related to power electronics, power systems, and PID control from IEEE 2017. The projects cover topics such as grid-connected PV converters, cascaded multilevel converters, active power filters, renewable energy systems, and motor drives. Vision Solutions provides engineering services and calls for collaboration on these projects in Hyderabad, Guntur, and Vijayawada, India.
Economic Load Dispatch Optimization of Six Interconnected Generating Units Us...IOSR Journals
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem of optimizing the operation of six interconnected generating units. ELD aims to minimize total generation costs while satisfying constraints. PSO is applied to find optimal unit outputs that minimize cost, accounting for transmission losses. The proposed PSO approach is compared to genetic algorithms and conventional methods on a test system, showing PSO provides better solutions faster. Key steps of the PSO algorithm for ELD are initializing particles, evaluating fitness at each iteration, and updating personal and global best positions to iteratively improve solutions.
Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based ...IDES Editor
In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
application of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to
congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a
multimachine power system. The Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices such as TCSC can be used to control
the power flows in the network and can help in improvement
of small signal stability aspect. It can also provide relief to
congestion in the heavily loaded line. However, the
performance of any FACTS device highly depends upon its
parameters and placement at suitable locations in the power
network. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
method has been used for determining the optimal locations
and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small
signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity
method has been used for curtailment of non-firm load to
limit power flow congestion. The results of simulation reveals
that TCSC controllers, placed optimally, not only mitigate
small signal oscillations but they can also alleviate line flow
congestion effectively.
The document proposes an adaptive real coded biogeography based optimization (ARCBBO) algorithm to solve various power system operation problems. ARCBBO improves on the original biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm by incorporating differential evolution mutation and Gaussian mutation to increase population diversity and exploration. ARCBBO is applied to economic load dispatch, optimal power flow, congestion management, and enhancing loadability limits. It demonstrates reliable convergence on standard test systems compared to BBO, differential evolution, and other algorithms. ARCBBO can effectively solve power system problems with single and multi-objective functions on large-scale systems.
Energy audit by Qazi Arsalan Hamid-Dy Manager Technical KESCQazi Arsalan Hamid
An energy audit involves collecting data on energy usage within a facility or system. This includes surveying equipment and operations to identify how energy is used. The audit takes a systems approach, defining the boundaries of what is audited, measuring energy inputs and outputs, and understanding how energy flows within and between subsystems. The goal is to analyze current energy consumption, identify areas for improvement, and recommend cost-effective strategies to reduce usage and lower energy bills. Implementing such strategies can provide financial and environmental benefits through direct and indirect energy savings.
Optimal tuning linear quadratic regulator for gas turbine by genetic algorith...IJECEIAES
For multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) systems, the most common control strategy is the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) which relies on state vector feedback. Despite this strategy gives very good result, it still has trial and error procedure to select the values of its weight matrices which plays a important role in reaching to the desiered system performance. In order to overcome this problem, the Genetic algorithm is used. The design of genetic algorithm based linear quadratic regulator (GA-LQR) utilized Integral time absolute error (ITAE) as a cost function for optimization. The propsed procedure is implemented on a linear model of gas turbine to control the generator spool’s speed and the output power.
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a process of scheduling the required load demand among available generation units such that the fuel cost of operation is minimized. The ELD problem is formulated as a non-linear constrained optimization problem with both equality and inequality constraints. In this paper, two test systems of the ELD problems are solved by adopting the Cuckoo Search (CS) Algorithm. A comparison of obtained simulation results by using the CS is carried out against six other swarm intelligence algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization, Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, Bacterial Foraging Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, Harmony Search and Firefly Algorithm. The effectiveness of each swarm intelligence algorithm is demonstrated on a test system comprising three-generators and other containing six-generators. Results denote superiority of the Cuckoo Search Algorithm and confirm its potential to solve the ELD problem.
The document summarizes an energy audit conducted of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur campus in India. A team of students and interns led the audit in association with IIT Kharagpur faculty and an energy solutions startup. They divided the campus into areas and collected electrical, fossil fuel, and HVAC usage data. The goal was to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption and costs while providing learning experiences for those involved.
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
The document provides details about energy audits conducted of water and sewage authorities (WASAs) in various Pakistani cities. It discusses what an energy audit is and why they are important for WASAs. It outlines the energy audit process, including conditional surveys of assets, data collection, and analysis of technical specifications, billing records, and energy consumption. The results of conditional surveys for various WASAs are presented, showing the condition of assets and estimated rehabilitation costs. Findings of the energy audits include annual electricity billing and penalties paid due to low power factors. Recommendations include improving asset conditions, installing power factor correction equipment, and developing an energy management plan and application to track performance indicators over time.
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING GENETIC ALGORITHMIJARIIT
This paper present the application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to Economic Load Dispatch problem of the power system. Economic Load Dispatch is one of the major optimization problems dealing with the modern power systems.ELD determines the electrical power to be generated by the committed generating units in a power system so that the total generation cost of the system is minimized, while satisfactory the load demand. The objective is to minimize the total generation fuel cost and maintain the power flow within safety limits. The introduced algorithm has been demonstrated for the given test systems considering the transmission line losses.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze steady flow through an engine intake system. A 3D model of the intake manifold and port system was analyzed using FLUENT software. The model was validated by comparing CFD results to experimental data. Good agreement was found between predicted and measured airflow rates. The CFD model can be used as a tool to optimize the intake system design and reduce the need for physical experiments.
Wireless Data Acquisition System Using ARM Cortex M-3IOSR Journals
The document describes a wireless data acquisition system using an ARM Cortex M-3 processor. The system collects data from gas, humidity, and temperature sensors and transmits the data wirelessly via Bluetooth to a host computer. The host computer uses virtual instrument software to process and display the received data in real-time. The system provides wireless and real-time data collection that can be used in applications like industrial monitoring and mobile meter reading.
LabVIEW - Teaching tool for control design subjectIOSR Journals
This document discusses using LabVIEW as a teaching tool for control design subjects. It allows students to simulate experimental results, analyze comparisons between different systems, and validate modeling and controller design. Students can visualize the effects of changing system parameters. This makes the learning process more active compared to traditional lectures. LabVIEW provides tools like root locus analysis, Bode plots, and step responses to analyze system performance. Examples are given of modeling a DC motor and analyzing its frequency response and root locus. LabVIEW is concluded to improve engineering education by allowing students to validate theory with working prototypes.
The researchers used strain gauges to experimentally determine the drag coefficient of a scale model Toyota car. Tests were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel from 21.17 to 33 m/s. Drag coefficients were obtained ranging from 1.10 to 0.53, decreasing about 50% over the speed range tested. Flow visualization showed recirculating vortices at the rear that influence drag. Measurement errors for velocity, drag force, and drag coefficient decreased with increasing air speed.
Scale-Free Networks to Search in Unstructured Peer-To-Peer NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses using scale-free networks to improve search efficiency in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. It proposes the EQUATOR architecture, which creates an overlay network topology based on the scale-free Barabasi-Albert model. Simulation results show that EQUATOR achieves good lookup performance comparable to the ideal Barabasi-Albert network, with low message overhead even under node churn. The scale-free topology allows random walks to efficiently locate resources by directing searches to high-degree "hub" nodes with greater knowledge of the network.
This document analyzes the cryptographic security of an efficient unlinkable secret handshakes scheme proposed by Ryu, Yoo, and Ha. It summarizes the scheme and its goals of providing authentication and key agreement between group members while preserving unlinkability. The document then shows that the scheme is vulnerable to a key-compromise impersonation attack, allowing an adversary who learns a user's private key to impersonate other users within the same group. This violates an important security property for key agreement protocols. In conclusion, while the scheme aims to provide strong anonymity, it fails to achieve key-compromise impersonation resilience.
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
The Role of IL-17, Metaphase Reactants on Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arth...IOSR Journals
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents the most common form of chronic inflammatory joint disease leading to cartilage and bone destruction, It affects approximately 1-2 % of world’s population. The inflammatory process causes diffuse thickening and hyperplasia of the joint Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced from Th17 cells. IL-17A is the prototypic member belonging to a family of 6 ranging from IL-17A to IL-17F. IL-17A mediates its biological effects through binding to a receptor complex consisting of IL-17RCA and IL-17RCC subunits.
Objective. To assess the role of IL-17 on the disease process of Rheumatoid arthritis and the effects on the trace elements such as Zinc, copper , Magnesium.
Subjects and method: A total of 60 patients with early Rheumatoid Arthritis were studied. Their ages ranged from 20-52 years with a mean age of ( 39.3 ± 9.01)years. , while the range was between (20-51) years and the mean was (37.5 ± 8.6) years for healthy control non significant difference P > 0.4 with no complaint of other chronic or systemic diseases were considered as control. the samples were collected during period from ( December 2012 – july 2013 ). the mean disease duration of RA was (3.27±1.2) month. Blood samples were collected from patients and controls to assess Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and serum levels of White blood cells ( WBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Interleukin-17A and were estimated by agglutination test, and IL-17A was estimated by (ELIZA).
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated heat transfer enhancement in rectangular fin arrays with circular perforations. The researchers measured heat transfer and other parameters for solid and perforated fins under varying flow conditions. For the perforated fins, they found enhancement in heat transfer compared to solid fins. Specifically, they tested parallel and cross fins made of aluminum with dimensions of 100mm by 60mm by 5mm thickness. Testing was done with air flow velocities from 3000-6000 Reynolds number. Temperature and other measurements were taken over time as heat was applied. Calculations were done to determine heat transfer coefficients, finding values of 233.3 W/m2-K for parallel fins and 242.58 W/m2-K for cross fins
This document studies the strength characteristics of concrete when sand is partially replaced by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Tests were conducted by replacing sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% with GBFS at various water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7. The compressive strength was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The results show that replacing sand with 10-20% GBFS increased the compressive strength at lower water-cement ratios of 0.4-0.5. However, replacing sand with 30% GBFS decreased the compressive strength.
This document describes linking design and manufacturing on a PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) platform. Specifically, an automobile fuel tank cap was modeled in Creo Parametric. An injection mold was then developed for the part. The complete design data was integrated into Windchill PLM software for data and process management. The fuel tank cap design, mold design, and NC programs for manufacturing the mold were generated. The design data was then imported into Windchill where it could be accessed and reviewed by authorized users, including providing customer feedback. Integrating the design and manufacturing data onto a PLM platform allows for efficient management of the product data and process throughout the lifecycle.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
The document analyzes the thermodynamic performance of a lithium bromide (LiBr) and water based vapor absorption air conditioning system that utilizes waste exhaust heat from a diesel engine. The system consists of a generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber, and solution heat exchanger. The effects of varying the temperatures of these components on the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency are examined. The results show that COP increases with higher evaporator temperature but decreases with higher condenser and absorber temperatures. Exergy analysis indicates the condenser and absorber have higher exergy losses than the generator and evaporator. A small-scale LiBr-water system can feasibly operate using exhaust heat from
Modeling Object Oriented Applications by Using Dynamic Information for the I...IOSR Journals
This paper presents an iterative approach to recover collaborations from object-oriented applications using dynamic information. It develops a prototype tool called the Collaboration Browser to demonstrate this approach. The Collaboration Browser allows developers to query runtime information to understand collaborations between classes. It presents dynamic information through panels listing sender classes, receiver classes, invoked methods, and collaboration patterns. Developers can iteratively filter information and focus on specific collaborations. The paper tests the Collaboration Browser on a sample Java application, recovering 19 collaboration patterns by posing 18 queries. It concludes the approach effectively discovers important collaborations and roles classes play within them.
This document proposes using a Markov chain model and bipartite graphing to efficiently schedule spectrum in cognitive radio networks. It models the cognitive radio network as a k-connected bipartite graph and uses a Markov chain to represent the state transitions of channels between idle and busy. It then applies the Banker's algorithm to the modeled cognitive radio network to allocate spectrum to users while avoiding deadlock. The proposed approach indicates it could improve spectrum scheduling and allocation performance in cognitive radio networks.
This document analyzes heat transfer in internal combustion engine cylinders made from different materials through modeling and simulation. It describes designing a cylinder with dimensions of 0.25m length, 0.25m width and 0.2m height. Materials analyzed include gray cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nickel. Transient thermal analysis in ANSYS is conducted with inside cylinder temperatures of 600°C, 1000°C and 2000°C and outside at 22°C. Graphs show total and directional heat flux over time. Gray cast iron has the lowest heat transfer rate due to its low thermal conductivity but can withstand high temperatures. Aluminum and other lightweight materials are alternatives for weight optimization, though cast iron remains common due to
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes research on an innovative no-fines concrete pavement model. It discusses how no-fines concrete has properties that make it suitable for use as rigid pavement on low-traffic volume roads. The document outlines a trial mix design for M20 grade no-fines concrete and describes achieving a density of 21 kN/m3 and flexural strength of 35 kg/cm2. It then proposes a pavement design that allows for storing water in the concrete to reduce runoff and recharge groundwater, with a perforated pipe to drain stored water.
The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to develop a mathematical model for predicting brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) in a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel blends. Experiments were conducted varying injection pressure, compression ratio, load, and percentage of biodiesel. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and central composite design to obtain the optimal operating conditions. The model showed load had the most significant effect on BSFC, with higher loads resulting in lower BSFC. The mathematical model achieved good accuracy in predicting BSFC with an adjusted R-squared value of 96.78%.
This document presents a study on dynamic modeling of flyback switching power supplies using graph modeling for application in variable speed DC drives. It first reviews DC motor speed control using a flyback switching power supply and optimal symmetric controlling method to control the converter's switch-on and switch-off times. It then introduces graph modeling as a precise, simple and efficient method to model DC-to-DC converters to reduce simulation time while maintaining accuracy. The document models a flyback converter using graph modeling and simulates it, finding the modeled simulation takes much less time than simulating the actual converter circuit. It then designs a variable speed DC drive using the flyback converter and controller and models the complete system using graph modeling, verifying the modeled
This document summarizes a study that optimizes PID controller parameters for load frequency control in a four-area interconnected power system using particle swarm optimization. The four-area system includes thermal, thermal with reheat, hydro, and gas power plants. PID controllers are used for each area. Particle swarm optimization is used to minimize the integral of squared error performance index by optimizing the PID parameters. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate improved regulation of frequency deviations and tie-line power flows with the optimized PID controllers.
An Optimal LFC in Two-Area Power Systems Using a Meta-heuristic Optimization...IJECEIAES
The document presents a study that develops an optimal load frequency control (LFC) method for two-area power systems using a harmony search (HS) algorithm to tune the parameters of a PI controller (Kp and Ki). The HS algorithm is used to minimize an objective function of integral absolute error (IAE) in order to enhance system performance regarding settling time, maximum deviation, and peak time. The two-area power system model and HS-PI controller design are implemented in MATLAB. Results show the HS-PI controller provides more robust performance compared to a particle swarm optimization-based PI controller under different load conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Load Frequency Control of a Renewable Source Integrated Four Area ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach for automatic load frequency control of a four-area power system with multiple generation sources including renewable sources. The system consists of four equal areas, each with two thermal plants, a hydro plant, a wind plant, and an HVDC link. ANFIS combines the advantages of neural networks and fuzzy logic. The proposed ANFIS-PID controller is simulated and its performance is compared to a PID controller in response to a 1% load change in each area. Simulation results show the ANFIS-PID controller improves the system's dynamic response.
Optimal fuzzy-PID controller with derivative filter for load frequency contro...IJECEIAES
A newly adopted optimization technique known as sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) is suggested in this research article to tune the gains of Fuzzy-PID controller along with a derivative filter (Fuzzy-PIDF) of a hybrid interconnected system for the Load Frequency Control (LFC). The scrutinized multi-generation system considers hydro, gas and thermal sources in all areas of the dual area power system integrated with UPFC (unified power flow controller) and SMES (Super-conducting magnetic energy storage) units. The preeminence of the offered Fuzzy-PIDF controller is recognized over Fuzzy-PID controller by comparing their dynamic performance indices concerning minimum undershoot, settling time and also peak overshoot. Finally, the sensitiveness and sturdiness of the recommended control method are proved by altering the parameters of the system from their nominal values and by the implementation of random loading in the system.
IRJET- Load Frequency Control of a Wind Integrated Power System using Convent...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (FPID) controller for load frequency control of a power system integrated with wind power. The system being studied is a four-area power system with each area containing wind, hydro, and thermal power plants. Simulation results show that the system with renewable energy sources gives better dynamic response when using an FPID controller compared to using a conventional PID controller. The FPID controller is able to better suppress frequency deviations caused by load and power fluctuations from the renewable energy sources.
A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach for Solving Optimal Power Flow ProblemShubhashis Shil
This document describes a study that uses a genetic algorithm to solve the optimal power flow problem. The optimal power flow problem aims to minimize operating costs in a power system by optimizing generator outputs while meeting demand and constraints. The study develops a genetic algorithm approach and compares its results and computation time to traditional derivative-based methods on some example power flow cases. It finds that the genetic algorithm approach produces nearly equivalent results to traditional methods, but requires significantly less computation time to solve the optimal power flow problem, especially as more constraints are added.
Comparison of Soft Computing Techniques applied in High Frequency Aircraft Sy...ijeei-iaes
This document compares the use of fuzzy logic control and adaptive tabu search algorithm for controlling a shunt active power filter in an aircraft electrical system operating at 400Hz. Simulation results show that a sinusoidal current control strategy optimized with fuzzy logic provides the best compensation performance, reducing source current THD to 2.22% and voltage THD to 1.01% with the fastest compensation time of 0.0066 seconds. While adaptive tabu search achieved slightly higher THDs, its compensation time was faster at 0.0065 seconds. Overall, fuzzy logic provided the best balance of harmonic reduction and speed for compensating the aircraft power system.
Performance Evaluation of GA optimized Shunt Active Power Filter for Constant...ijeei-iaes
Sinusoidal Current Control strategy for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters have been modified using Genetic Algorithm and its performances have been compared. The acute analysis of Comparison of the compensation capability based on THD and speedwell be done, and recommendations will be given for the choice of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are shown, and they will undoubtedly prove the importance of the proposed control technique of aircraft shunt APF.
The document describes a study comparing different control strategies for automatic generation control (AGC) of a two-area interconnected power system, including consideration of generation rate constraints (GRC). A hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF) controller is proposed and its performance is evaluated against conventional proportional-integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers (FLC). Simulation results show the HNF controller provides better damping performance for frequency deviation and tie-line power compared to the other controllers, both with and without GRCs considered. The HNF controller is also robust to system non-linearities like GRCs.
Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System with Generating Rate ...IJAPEJOURNAL
In a large inter-connected system, large and small generating stations are synchronously connected and hence all stations must have the same frequency. The system frequency deviation is the sensitive indicator of real power imbalance. The main objectives of AGC are to maintain constant frequency and tie-line errors with in prescribed limit. This paper presents two new approaches for Automatic Generation Control using i) combined Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network Controller (FLANNC) and ii) Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Controller (HNFC) with gauss membership functions. The simulation model is created for four-area interconnected power system. In this four area system, three areas consist of steam turbines and one area consists of hydro turbine. The components of ACE, frequency deviation (F) and tie line error (Ptie) are obtained through simulation model and used to produce the required control action to achieve AGC using i) FLANNC and ii) HNFC with gauss membership functions. The simulation results show that the proposed controllers overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional integral controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Artificial Neural Network controller (ANNC) and HNFC with gbell membership functionsv
Optimal design & analysis of load frequency control for two interconnecte...ijctet
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of PID controllers for Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) in a system of two interconnected power generation areas. It describes modeling the two-area system and the objectives of ALFC to maintain frequency and distribute load. PSO is introduced as a technique to explore the search space to maximize objective functions by updating particle velocities and positions. The paper presents simulation results comparing the tuned PID controller performance to untuned controllers.
Optimized Aircraft Electric Control System Based on Adaptive Tabu Search Algo...ijeei-iaes
Three conventional control constant instantaneous power control, sinusoidal current control, and synchronous reference frame techniques for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters have been optimized using Fuzzy Logic control and Adaptive Tabu search Algorithm and their performances have been compared. Critical analysis of Comparison of the compensation ability of different control strategies based on THD and speed will be done, and suggestions will be given for the selection of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are presented, and they will clearly prove the value of the proposed control method of aircraft shunt APF. The waveforms observed after the application of filter will be having the harmonics within the limits and the power quality will be improved.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document summarizes research on using a genetic algorithm to optimize the location and parameters of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in a power system. It first introduces FACTS devices and their ability to control power flow. It then describes using a genetic algorithm to simultaneously determine the optimal type, location, and rating of FACTS devices with the objectives of minimizing generation costs and power losses/voltage deviations. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system with different FACTS device types. The results indicate the genetic algorithm approach can effectively determine the configuration of FACTS devices that increase system loadability.
The document describes optimizing an automatic generation control (AGC) scheme for a two-area power system using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) tuned fuzzy PID controller. A linearized model of the two-area power system is presented. A fuzzy PID controller is used to regulate the area control error of each area. The gains of the fuzzy PID controller are optimized using PSO to minimize time-domain performance metrics. Simulation results show the PSO tuned fuzzy PID controller provides better dynamic response than a conventional PSO PID controller, with lower error and faster settling time. Comparisons of tie-line power deviation also show improved performance with the PSO tuned fuzzy approach. The paper concludes the proposed method efficiently tunes fuzzy PID parameters
Optimal Location of FACTS Device for Power System Security Improvement using ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes using a hybrid genetic algorithm-ant colony optimization (GA-ACO) approach to determine the optimal location and capacity of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to improve power system security and voltage stability. The GA-ACO is applied to a 30-bus test system to identify the optimal placement of STATCOM devices. The results show that installing STATCOMs at buses 26 and 29 enhances system voltages and security compared to the base case without STATCOMs. Simulations under varying load conditions from 60% to 90% demonstrate that the identified optimal STATCOM locations and capacities change to continue improving voltages. The hybrid GA-ACO approach effectively determines STATCOM settings to enhance power system performance and security.
Design Of Hybrid Series Active Filters for Harmonic Reduction in Single Phase...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using pa...IOSR Journals
This document presents a particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the integral controller gains for automatic generation control of a two-area interconnected power system. Each control area includes thermal generation systems with reheat turbines. The objective is to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power flow deviations following load disturbances using two performance indices: integral of squared error and integral of time-multiplied absolute error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in tuning the AGC parameters to improve the dynamic response compared to a conventional integral controller.
IRJET- Optimal Power Flow Solution of Transmission Line Network of Electric p...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to solve the optimal power flow problem in large power transmission networks. The optimal power flow problem aims to minimize generation costs while meeting operational constraints. A genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this problem globally and efficiently. The controllable variables are divided into dynamic constraints directly impacting cost and static constraints maintained within limits by the load flow. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system and shown to effectively find the optimal solution. Genetic algorithms are well-suited for this problem as they can evaluate multiple solutions in parallel without requiring derivative information like traditional methods.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Keywords: AI, Containeres, Kubernetes, Cloud Native
Event Link: https://meine.doag.org/events/cloudland/2024/agenda/#agendaId.4211
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan – Feb. 2016), PP 18-29
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of
Multi-Area Power System
Hatef Farshi1
, Khalil Valipour2
1
Technical Engineering Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
2
Technical Engineering Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: Automatic Generation Control (AGC) plays very important role in power system automation, design,
operation and stability. In this paper, we propose the hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic
Algorithm (hPSO-GA) method to obtain the Proportional-Integral-Derivate (PID) controller parameters for
AGC of four-area interconnected hydro thermal power system. The hydro and thermal areas are comprised with
an electric governor and reheat turbine, respectively. Also, 1% step load perturbation has been considered
occurring in any individual area. This power system with the proposed approach is simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the responses of frequency and tie-line power deviation for each area compared with
PSO and GA. The simulation results show that proposed hPSO-GA based PID controller achieves better
responses than PSO and GA based PID controllers.
Keywords: Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), hPSO-GA, Multi-area power
system, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
I. Introduction
In the power system, number of generating areas are interconnected together through tie-lines by
which power is exchanged between them. The main objective of a power system is to maintain balance
between the demand and generation. In this situation the system will be in equilibrium but any sudden load
perturbation in power system can disturb this equilibrium and cause variation in tie-line power interchange and
frequency. So, the control strategy is required. There are two basic control mechanisms used to achieve power
balance; reactive power balance and real power balance. The former is called Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR) and the latter is called Load Frequency Control (LFC) or Automatic Generation Control (AGC) [1, 2].
Generally the main objectives of AGC are as follows:
Maintaining system frequency in its nominal value or within predetermined limits.
Maintaining the transferred power between the areas at prescribed levels.
Maintaining each unit generation in the best possible economic value.
Obtaining acceptable overshoot, undershoot and settling time on the frequency and tie line power deviations
[2-4].
The researchers all over the world are trying to introduce several control strategies for AGC of
power systems in order to restore the system frequency and tie line power to their scheduled values
or close to them in the fastest possible time during load perturbations. A state-of-the-art survey and a review
on the AGC of power systems has been presented in [4] and [5] respectively where various control strategies
concerning AGC problem have been studied. Moreover, there are many research articles attempting to
propose better control methods for AGC systems based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) [7-11], fuzzy
logic theory [11-14], reinforcement learning [15-16] and ANFIS approach [17]. Various Artificial
Intelligence (AI) techniques have been proposed for AGC problem to improve the performance of a power
system. Some of these approaches include Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) [2], particle swarm
optimization [18, 19], Firefly Algorithm (FA) [20], Differential Evolution (DE) [21, 22], genetic algorithm [23,
24] and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) [25] etc.
In addition to the above examples, there are also hybrid algorithms used to AGC problems such as [6],
in which hybrid Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization (hBFOA–PSO)
method is applied to optimize the PI controller parameters of a two-area interconnected power system and the
results show the superiority of mentioned methods over PSO, GA and BFOA. In [26], hybrid Firefly Algorithm
and Pattern Search (hFA-PS) technique is used to optimize PID controller parameters for AGC of multi-area
interconnected power systems and the results prove that the proposed hFA–PS based PID controllers provide
superior performance compared to some techniques such as BFOA and GA for the same interconnected power
system.
2. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
In spite of many complicated control theories and techniques, more than 90% of control strategies still use PID
controllers. This is mainly because of structural simplicity, high reliability, good stability and the convenient
ratio between performances and cost of PID controller. Additionally, not only it has simplified dynamic
modeling, lower user-skill requirements, and minimal development effort but also it improves the transient and
steady state responses, which are major issues for engineering practice. A typical structure of a PID controller
includes three separate elements: the proportional, integral and derivative values in which the proportional value
determines the reaction to the current error, the integral value determines the reaction based on the sum of recent
errors, and the derivative value determines the reaction based on the rate at which the error has been changing
[26, 27].
As mentioned, there are many articles in the area of AGC problems using GA and PSO specially tuning
of PID controller parameters but GA and PSO are less susceptible to getting trapped on local optimum [28]. So,
to overcome the difficulties of these two methods, the hybrid PSO-GA algorithm is used to optimize the PID
controller parameters of four-area interconnected power system in this paper. This hybrid method results are
consequently compared with those of PSO and GA in the same power system to indicate the superiority of
mentioned method.
II. System Modelling
A. Four-Area AGC Model
Generally, power system consists of number of subsystems interconnected through tie lines. The
investigated AGC system, in this paper, consists of four hydro-thermal areas. Area 1 and 2 are reheat thermal
system and area 3 and 4 are hydro system. The hydro areas are comprised with an electric governor and thermal
areas are comprised with reheat turbine. The simplified and generalized models of four-area interconnected
power system are shown in figures 1 and 2, respectively. Directions of power transferred between areas are:
Area 1 to area 2.
Area 2 to area 3.
Area 3 to area 4.
Area 4 to area 1.
Also, nomenclature for various symbols is given in Appendix.
Figure 1. Simplified four-area interconnected power system.
3. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Figure 2. Investigated four-area interconnected power system.
B. Thermal Unit
Two thermal areas of investigated four-area power system are equal which consist of governor and
steam turbine with reheater. Dynamic model of these two thermal areas is shown in figure 3.
Figure 3. Dynamic model of thermal area.
C. Hydro Unit
Two hydro areas of investigated power system are equal which include electric governor and hydro
turbine. Dynamic model of these two hydro areas is shown in figure 4.
Figure 4. Dynamic model of hydro area.
III. Optimization of the PID controller
Two optimization algorithms, including PSO and GA, and a hybrid method, hPSO-GA, are used to
optimize the parameters of PID controllers in this paper.
A. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
PSO is a population based optimization technique based on intelligent scheme proposed and developed
by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, inspired by the social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling. In this
algorithm, there are a number of birds called particles. PSO is initialized with a group of random particles and
then searches for optimal value by updating each generation. All particles have not only fitness values which are
evaluated by the fitness function to be optimized, but also velocities which direct the flying of the particles. The
particles fly through the search space by following the particles with the best solutions ever found. It is also
4. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
shown that, the PSO is appropriate to solve the complicated problems which have several local optimal solutions
[29]. In this paper, PSO algorithm parameters are set according to table 1.
Table 1. PSO parameters.
ValueParameters
100Population size
100number of iteration
1.5PSO parameter C1
1.5PSO parameter C2
0.73PSO momentum or inertia
B. Genetic Algorithm (GA)
GA is a computational abstraction of natural evolution that can be used to solve some optimization
problems proposed by Holland in 1975. It is a repetitive search procedure that operates on a set of strings called
chromosomes. The implementation of this algorithm is briefly listed in the following process [30, 31]:
Initialize the chromosome strings of population.
Decode the strings and assess them.
Choose the best strings.
Copy the best strings and paste them on the non-selected strings.
Combine and develop it to generate off strings.
Update the genetic cycle and stop the process.
The values of GA parameters are set according to table 2.
Table 2. GA parameters.
ValueParameters
100Population size
100Number of Iteration
0.7Parents (off springs) Ratio
0.2Mutants Population size Ratio
C. hPSO-GA
Generally, the random nature of the GA operators makes this algorithm sensitive to initial population.
This dependence to initial population is the reason that GA may not converge properly if the initial population is
not well chosen. On the other hand, PSO is not as sensitive as GA to initial population and it has been
indicated that PSO converge rapidly during the initial stages of a global search, but around global optimum,
the search process will become very slow. One of the features of PSO is its fast convergence towards global
optima in the early stage of the search and its slow convergence near the global optima. In this paper the idea is
the combination of the PSO and GA, to overcome the both algorithms problems, in such a way that the
performance of the hybrid algorithm is better than either PSO or GA. This hybrid algorithm could be used for
many optimization problems [32, 33].
In the first step of solving the optimization problem, the PSO algorithm will create an initial. After that
the GA starts to work and takes this initial population and continues to solve the optimization problem. In this
hybrid algorithm, in addition to number of iteration for hPSO-GA, we define sub-iteration for each algorithm. It
means, in each hPSO-GA's iteration, PSO first runs until its sub-iteration ends then GA starts and continues till
its sub-iteration finishes and this work continues until the hPSO-GA iteration finishes. The proposed hPSO-GA
flowchart is shown in figure 5. Also, the values of hPSO-GA parameters are set according to table 3.
5. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
Figure 5. The hPSO-GA flowchart.
Table 3. hPSO-GA parameters.
Value
Parameters
100Population size
100Number of Iteration for hPSO-GA
10Number of sub-iteration for GA
10Number of sub-iteration for PSO
0.7Parents (off springs) Ratio
0.2Mutants Population size Ratio
1.5PSO parameter (C1)
1.5PSO parameter (C2)
0.73PSO momentum or inertia
D. Objective Function
For the system mentioned in Figure 2, the goal is to find the best control strategy. Therefore, in this
paper, the above algorithms are used to optimize the PID controller parameters. And the objective function is as
follows:
J=∫(∆fi
2
+∆Ptie2
) (1)
∆Ptie and ∆f are tie-line power among four areas and frequency of four areas, respectively.
IV. Results and analysis
In this paper, the values of PID parameters in four areas are optimized by two optimization algorithms
and a hybrid one. 1% step load perturbation is considered in both thermal and hydro area. PID parameters
obtained by these methods are shown in table 4. Also, the dynamic responses of frequency and tie-line power
deviation by these algorithms are shown in figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and they are compared with each
other. It should be noted that the black, blue and red diagrams are related to GA, PSO and hPSO-GA
respectively. The insets show the more detailed responses.
6. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
Table 4. PID controllers' parameters.
GAPSOhPSOGAParameters
0.4883400.8169081.000000kp1
0.8968310.8657051.000000ki1
0.6256960.7944780.800001kd1
0.8730520.9060480.999992kp2
0.9558860.9270331.000000ki2
0.1320730.1797190.999980kd2
0.1518870.0023400.000100kp3
0.0602820.0961630.080002ki3
0.1346420.1366670.100000kd3
0.0503730.0783940.000900kp4
0.4864890.1300070.107835ki4
0.0330940.0321660.099009kd4
Figure 6. Frequency deviation in area 1.
Figure 7. Frequency deviation in area 2.
7. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Figure 8. Frequency deviation in area 3.
Figure 9. Frequency deviation in area 4.
Figure 10. Tie-line power deviation between area 1 and 2.
Figure 11. Tie-line power deviation between area 2 and 3.
8. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
Figure 12. Tie-line power deviation between area 3 and 4.
Figure 13. Tie-line power deviation between area 4 and 1.
The detailed information for frequency deviation of area 1 to 4 is shown in table 5 for three mentioned
algorithms.
Table 5. Detailed information for frequency deviation.
GAPSOhPSO-GA
35.845014.631921.2973Settling Time
∆f1
0.02080.00780.0050Overshoot
-0.0462-0.0422-0.0391Undershoot
36.900214.667020.9863Settling Time
∆f2
0.02000.00730.0051Overshoot
-0.0447-0.0415-0.0395Undershoot
44.999013.813920.2219Settling Time
∆f3
0.03790.00930.0067Overshoot
-0.0719-0.0574-0.0446Undershoot
36.182713.903019.9379Settling Time
∆f4
0.02660.00990.0066Overshoot
-0.0545-0.0523-0.0448Undershoot
Also, the detailed information for tie-line power deviation of area 1, 2, 3 and 4 is shown in table 6 for three
mentioned methods.
9. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Table 6. Detailed information for tie-line power deviation.
GAPSOhPSO-GA
51.092845.419764.4093Settling Time
∆p12
0.00229.7777e-042.1643e-04Overshoot
-0.0011-9.6179e-04-1.8594e-04Undershoot
45.200821.719225.8396Settling Time
∆p23
0.01030.00990.0089Overshoot
-0.0034-5.1769e-05-1.4049e-05Undershoot
53.071949.317451.0694Settling Time
∆p34
0.00310.00181.3187e-04Overshoot
-0.0064-0.0014-6.4132e-04Undershoot
39.594815.925320.0790Settling Time
∆p41
0.00569.2681e-058.4743e-05Overshoot
-0.0089-0.0094-0.0088Undershoot
By observing the above tables, we can conclude the proposed hybrid method is better than GA. Also,
hPSO-GA is better than PSO except in settling time factor. For example, in frequency deviation of area 1, the
overshoot response of hPSO-GA has about 55% and 315% improvement in comparison with PSO and GA and
there are almost 8 and 9 percent improvement for undershoot of it, too. For tie-line power deviation between
area 3 and 4 (∆p34), the overshoot and undershoot results of hPSO-GA are about 1265, 118, 2250 and 898
percent better than PSO and GA, respectively.
Cost functions of hPSO-GA, PSO and GA are shown in figures 14, 15 and 16.
Figure 14. hPSO-GA cost function.
Figure 15. PSO cost function.
10. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Figure 16. GA cost function.
V. Conclusion
In this paper, the PID controller has employed for AGC of four-area interconnected hydro-thermal
power system and its parameters have determined by three metaheuristic methods; GA, PSO and hPSO-GA.
Then, AGC model has simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and their results have compared with each other. It
has shown in results and analysis section that hybrid PSO-GA method has superiority in comparison with PSO
and GA. So, it is suggested to use this hybrid PSO-GA algorithm instead of PSO or GA because this proposed
method overcomes both PSO and GA problems by using characteristics of both of them.
APPENDIX
ValueExplanationSymbol
60 HzNominal system frequencyf
1, 2, 3, 4Subscript referred to area ii
2000MWArea rated PowerPri
5secInertia constantHi
1%load perturbation in area i∆PDi
-Tie-lines power (∆p12, ∆p23,
∆p34, ∆p41)
∆Ptie
8.33*10-3 Pu MW/ Hz∆PDi/ ∆fiDi
0.086 Pu MW/radiansSynchronizing coefficientT12
2.4 Hz/Pu MWGovernor speed regulation
parameter
Ri
0.08 secSteam governor time constantTg
0.5Steam turbine reheat constantKr
10 secSteam turbine reheat time
constant
Tr
0.3 secSteam turbine time constantTt
0.424Frequency bias constantBi
20 sec2Hi/f*DiTpi
120 Hz/Pu MW1/DiKpi
-Integral gainki
-Proportional gainkp
-Derivative gainkd
4Electric governor derivative gainKd
1Electric governor proportional
gain
Kp
5Electric governor integral gainKi
1 secWater starting timeTw
Bi∆fi+∆PitieArea control error of area iACEi
-1−Pr1/Pr2a12
-Frequency deviation in Area i∆fi
11. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
References
[1] S.Panda, Yegireddy.N.K, “Automatic generation control of multi-area power system using multi-
objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.53, 54–
63, 2013.
[2] H.Shabani, B.Vahidi, M.Ebrahimpour, “A robust PID controller based on imperialist competitive
algorithm for load-frequency control of power systems,” ISA Transactions.52, 88–95, 2013.
[3] D.G.Padhan, S.Majhi, “A new control scheme for PID load frequency controller of single-area and multi-
area power systems,” ISA Transactions.52, 242–251, 2013.
[4] H Shayeghi, H.A.Shayanfar, A.Jalili, “Load frequency control strategies: A state-of-the-art survey for the
researcher,” Int. J. Energy Conversion and Management.50, 344–353, 2009.
[5] Ibraheem, P.Kumar, D.P.Kothari, “Recent philosophies of automatic generation control strategies in
power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power System.20, 346–357, 2005.
[6] S.Panda, B.Mohanty, P.K.Hota, “Hybrid BFOA–PSO algorithm for automatic generation control of
linear and nonlinear interconnected power systems,” Int. J. Applied Soft Computing.13, 4718–4730,
2013.
[7] H.L.Zeynelgil, A.Demiroren, N.S.Sengor, “The application of ANN technique to automatic
generation control for multi-area power system,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.24, 345–
354, 2002.
[8] A.Demiroren, H.L.Zeynelgil., N.S.Sengor, “Application of ANN technique to load frequency control
for three area power system,” IEEE Power Technol. Conference, Vol. 2, Porto, 2001.
[9] H.Shayeghi, H.A.Shayanfar, O.P.Malik, “Robust decentralized neural networks based LFC in a
deregulated power system,” Int. J. Electric Power Systems Research.77, 241–251, 2007.
[10] H.Shayeghi, H.A.Shayanfar, “Application of ANN technique based on µ-synthesis to load frequency
control of interconnected power system,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.28, 503–511, 2006.
[11] S.Prakash, S.K.Sinha, “Simulation based neuro-fuzzy hybrid intelligent PI control approach in four-
area load frequency control of interconnected power system,” Int. J. Applied Soft Computing.23,
152–164, 2014.
[12] S.P.Ghosal, “Optimization of PID gains by particle swarm optimization in fuzzy based automatic
generation control,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.72, 203–212, 2004.
[13] S.P.Ghosal, “Application of GA/GA-SA based fuzzy automatic generation control of a multi-area
thermal generating system,” Int. J. Electric Power Syst Research.70, 115–127, 2004.
[14] H.Guolian, Q.Lina, Z.Xinyan, Z.Jianhua, “Application of PSO-Based Fuzzy PI Controller in Multi-area
AGC System after Deregulation,” IEEE Conference. Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA).7,
1417-1422, 2012.
[15] T.P.Imthias Ahamed, P.S.Nagendra Rao, P.S.Sastry, “A reinforcement learning approach to automatic
generation control,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.63, 9–26, 2002.
[16] L.C.Saikia, S.Mishra, N.Sinha, J.Nanda, “Automatic generation control of a multi area hydrothermal
system using reinforced learning neural network controller,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy
Systems.33, 1101–1108, 2011.
[17] S.R.Khuntia, S.Panda, “Simulation study for automatic generation control of a multi-area power
system by ANFIS approach,” Int. J. Applied Soft Computing.12, 333–341, 2012.
[18] P.Nain, K.P.Singh Parmar, A.K.Singh, “Automatic generation control of an interconnected power
system before and after deregulation,” Int. J. Computer Applications.61, 11-16, 2013.
[19] J.Venkatachalam, S.Rajalaxmi, “Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system
using particle swarm optimization,” IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-
JEEE).6, 28-36, 2013.
[20] L.C.Saikia, S.K.Sahu, “Automatic generation control of a combined cycle gas turbine plant with classical
controllers using firefly algorithm,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.53, 27–33, 2013.
[21] B.Mohanty, SPanda, P.K.Hota, “Differential evolution algorithm based automatic generation control for
interconnected power systems with non-linearity,” Alexandria Engineering Journal.53, 537-552, 2014.
[22] U.K.Rout, R.K.Sahu, S.Panda, “Design and analysis of differential evolution algorithm based automatic
generation control for interconnected power system,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal.4, 409–421, 2013.
[23] A.Saxena, M.Gupta, V.Gupta, “Automatic Generation Control of Two Area Interconnected Power
System Using Genetic Algorithm,” IEEE International Conference. Computational Intelligence and
Computing Research. 2012.
[24] S.P.Ghoshal, S.K.Goswami, “Application of GA based optimal integral gains in fuzzy based active
power-frequency control of non-reheat and reheat thermal generating systems,” Int. J. Electric Power Syst
Research.67, 79–88, 2003.
12. Hybrid PSO-GA Algorithm for Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System
DOI: 10.9790/1676-11111829 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
[25] H.Gozde, M.C.Taplamacioglu, I.Kocaarslan, “Comparative performance analysis of Artificial Bee
Colony algorithm in automatic generation control for interconnected reheat thermal power system,” Int. J.
Electrical Power & Energy Systems.42, 167–178, 2012.
[26] R.K.Sahu, S.Panda, S.Padhan, “A hybrid firefly algorithm and pattern search technique for automatic
generation control of multi area power systems,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.64, 9–23,
2015.
[27] L.S.Coelho, V.C.Mariani, “Firefly algorithm approach based on chaotic Tinkerbell map applied to
multivariable PID controller tuning,” Int. J. Computers and Mathematics with Applications.64, 2371–
2382, 2012.
[28] P.Dash, L.C.Saikia, N.Sinha. “Comparison of performances of several Cuckoo search algorithm based
2DOF controllers in AGC of multi-area thermal system,” Int. J. Electrical Power & Energy Systems.55,
429–436, 2014.
[29] J.Kennedy, R.Eberhart, “Particle swarm optimization,” IEEE International Conference.Neural
Networks.4, 1942-1948, 1995.
[30] J.H.Holland, Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with application s to
biology, control, and artificial intelligence.MIT Press, 1992.
[31] P.Bhatt, R.Roy, S.P.Ghoshal, “GA/particle swarm intelligence based optimization of two specific
varieties of controller devices applied to two-area multi-units automatic generation control,” Int. J.
Electrical Power & Energy Systems.32, 299-310, 2010.
[32] R.Martínez-Soto, O.Castillo, L.T.Aguilar, “Type-1and type-2 fuzzy logic controller design using a hybrid
PSO-GA optimization method,” Information Sciences.285, 35-49, 2014.
[33] Y.Tao, X.Jiatian, J.Weiguo, “A load distribution optimization among turbine-generators based on PSO-
GA,” IEEE International Conference. Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation.4, 15-18,
2011.
[34] H.Saadat, Power system analysis. USA. McGraw-Hill, 1999.
[35] P.Kundur, Power system stability and control. New York. Mc-Grall Hill, 1994.
[36] H.Bevrani, Robust power system frequency control. Springer, 2009.
[37] H.Shayeghi, A.Jalili, H.A.Shayanfar, “Robust modified GA-based multi-stage fuzzy LFC,” Int. J. Energy
Conversion Management.48, 1656–1670, 2007.
[38] H.Bevrani, T.Hiyama, Intelligent automatic generation control. Taylor & Francis Group, USA, 2011
.