An energy audit involves collecting data on energy usage within a facility or system. This includes surveying equipment and operations to identify how energy is used. The audit takes a systems approach, defining the boundaries of what is audited, measuring energy inputs and outputs, and understanding how energy flows within and between subsystems. The goal is to analyze current energy consumption, identify areas for improvement, and recommend cost-effective strategies to reduce usage and lower energy bills. Implementing such strategies can provide financial and environmental benefits through direct and indirect energy savings.

1. Energy Audit
By Qazi Arsalan Hamid

2. What is Energy Audit?
An energy audit is key to developing an energy management
program.
•data collection and review
•plant surveys and system measurements
•observation and review of operating practices
•data analysis

3. Systems Approach to Energy Auditing
• Define the system being considered
• Measure energy flows into and out of the system

4. •select convenient units of measurement that can be converted to
one Unit
•know how to calculate the energy contained in material flows such
as hot water to drain, cooled air to vent, intrinsic energy in
processed materials, etc.
•know how to calculate heat from various precursor energy forms,
such as electricity converted to heat through the operation of an
electric motor

5. The macro-audit starts at a relatively high level in the
structure of energy-consuming systems – perhaps the
entire site or facility
The micro-audit, which has a narrower scope, often
begins where the macro-audit ends and works through
analysis to measure levels of greater detail

6. •Condition Survey
•Audit Mandate
•Audit Scope
•Analyze Energy Consumption
•Comparative Analysis
•Profile Energy use Pattern
•Inventory Energy Use
•Identify EMOs
•Assess the Cost and Benefit
•Report the Auditor Findings for Action

8. Initial walk through tour need to explore
•where energy is obviously being wasted
•where repair or maintenance work is needed
•where capital investment may be needed in order to improve energy
efficiency

9. •Audit mandate – this should make the audit’s goals
and objectives clear and outline the key constraints
that will apply when the audit’s recommendations are
implemented

10. Audit scope(Scope of Work) – the physical extent of
the audit’s focus should be specified, and the kinds of
information and analytical approaches that will
comprise the auditor’s work should be identified
•Define the System to Be Audited
•Identify Energy Inputs and Outputs
•Identify Subsystems

11. Information in energy billings and cost records can lead to EMOs,
especially when it is analysed with key energy use drivers such as
production. You should analyse energy consumption and costs before
comparing energy performance with internal and external benchmarks.
Tabulating historical energy consumption records provides a summary of
annual consumption at a glance. EMOs identified in this step may involve
the reduction of energy consumption and/or cost, both of which are
important outcomes.
•Purchased Energy Sources
•Purchasing Electrical Energy
•Tabulating Energy Purchase Data(Load Factor , Power Factor,
Utilization Factor)

12. Percent of energy consumed relative to the maximum energy
that could have been consumed if the maximum demand had
been constantly maintained throughout the billing period
LF is inversely proportional to the average cost per kWh for
similar facilities on the same rate
The utilization factor (UF) is the percent of use (occupancy,
production, etc.) of a facility. For comparative purposes, it
should be calculated over the same period of time as the
electrical LF (24 hours, one week, one month, etc.)

13. •Internally – period to period, site to site and/or production unit to
production unit
•Externally – to standards of performance established in the relevant
industrial sub-sectors
STEPS
1. Tabulate Data(Identify Factors, Data analysis, Benchmark
Comparison by Calculating Specific Energy Consumption(Specific
Energy Consumption is the Ratio of Energy consumed to energy
produced))
2.
Internal Comparison by Energy Monitoring(determine when and why
energy consumption is deviating from an established pattern )

14. •Collect and record
•Regression Analysis
•Cumulative Sum
•Target

15. The functional relationship between production and energy
consumption can usually be determined by linear regression, i.e. by
finding the best fit of a straight line using the least squares method to
the plot of energy consumption vs. production.
CUSUM stands for “Cumulative SUM of differences,” where
“differences” refers to the discrepancy between actual consumption
and the consumption expected in light of an established pattern
•Performance Benchmarks
•Normalized Performance Indicator (NPI)
Specific Energy Consumption

16. This time record of energy consumption shows electrical loads
operating at any time and the aggregate demand represented by those
loads. In addition, a demand profile can reveal loads that are operating
when they don’t need to be and identify systems that are
inappropriately sized. Because the cost of electricity is determined in
part by the maximum demand drawn, reducing that demand can
significantly lower your energy costs.
Obtaining a Demand Profile
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
periodic utility meter readings
recording clip-on ammeter measurements
basic and multi-channel recording power meters
facility energy management system
dedicated monitoring system

17. Making a list or inventory of all loads in a facility answers two
important questions:
Where is the electricity used?
How much and how fast is electricity used in each category?

18. Match Usage to Requirement
Maximize System Efficiencies
Optimize the Energy Supply
Cost Considerations
Energy consumption can be reduced in two general ways:
1. changing the operation of the existing systems and
equipment
2. changing the system or equipment technology

19. Benefits
•direct energy savings
•indirect energy savings
•comfort/productivity increases
•operating and maintenance cost reductions
•Environmental impact reduction
Costs
•direct implementation costs
•direct energy costs
•indirect energy costs
•operating and maintenance (O&M) cost increases

20. Know your Reader

21. Thank You