This document provides an overview of key C# language concepts including variables and data types, arrays, array lists, enumerations, operators, type conversions, the DateTime and TimeSpan types, conditional logic, loops, methods, parameters, delegates, and comments. It describes basic syntax for these concepts and provides examples to illustrate their usage in C# code.

1. • C# Language Basics
• Variables and Data Types
• Array, ArrayList, Enumerations
• Operator & Math Functions
• Type Conversions
• The DateTime and TimeSpan Types
• Conditional Logic
• Loops
• Methods & Method Overloading
• Parameters (Optional & Named)
• Delegates

2. • Case Sensitivity
• Commenting
// A single-line C# comment.
/* A multiple-line
C# comment. */
• Statement Termination
• Blocks
{
// Code statements go here.
}
• Declaration, Assignment & Initializers
int errorCode;
string myName;
errorCode = 10;
myName = "Matthew";
int errorCode = 10;
string myName ="Matthew";

3. C#
Type
VB Type .Net
System
type
Signed? Bytes
Occupied
Possible Values
sbyte
byte
SByte
Byte
SByte
Byte
Yes
No
1
1
-128 to 127
0 to 255
short Short Int16 Yes 2 -32768 to 32767
int Integer Int32 Yes 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647
long Long Int64 Yes 8 -9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807
ushort UShort Uint16 No 2 0 to 65535
uint UInteger UInt32 No 4 0 to 4294967295
ulong ULong Uint64 No 8 0 to
18446744073709551615

4. C#
Type
VB Type .Net System
Type
Sign
ed?
Bytes
Occupied
Possible Values
float Float Single Yes 4 Approx. ±1.5 x 10-45 to ±3.4 x 1038
with 7 significant figures
double Double Double Yes 8 Approx. ±5.0 x 10-324 to ±1.7 x 10308
with 15 or 16 significant figures
decimal Decimal Decimal Yes 12 Approx. ±1.0 x 10-28 to ±7.9 x 1028
with 28 or 29 significant figures
char Char Char N/A 2 Any Unicode character (16 bit)
bool Boolean Boolean N/A 1 / 2 true or false

5. • " (double quote)
• n (new line)
• t (horizontal tab)
• (backward slash)
// A C# variable holding the
// c:MyAppMyFiles path.
path = "c:MyAppMyFiles";
Alternatively, you can turn off C# escaping by preceding a string with an
@ symbol, as shown here:
path = @"c:MyAppMyFiles";

6. Arrays allow you to store a series of values that have the
same data type.
// Create an array with four strings (from index 0 to index 3).
// You need to initialize the array with the new keyword in order to use it.
string[] stringArray = new string[4];
// Create a 2x4 grid array (with a total of eight integers).
int[,] intArray = new int[2, 4];
// Create an array with four strings, one for each number from 1 to 4.
string[] stringArray = {"1", "2", "3", "4"};
// Create a 4x2 array (a grid with four rows and two columns).
int[,] intArray = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {7, 8}};

7. ArrayList dynamicList = new ArrayList();
// Add several strings to the list.
The ArrayList is not strongly typed, so you can add any data type
dynamicList.Add("one");
dynamicList.Add(2);
dynamicList.Add(true);
// Retrieve the first string. Notice that the object must be converted to a
// string, because there's no way for .NET to be certain what it is.
string item = Convert.ToString(dynamicList[0]);

8. An enumeration is a group of related constants, each of which is given
a descriptive name. Each value in an enumeration corresponds to a
preset integer.
enum UserType
{
Admin,
Guest,
Invalid
}

9. +, -, *, / ,% are basic operators
To use the math operations, you invoke the methods of
the System.Math class.
myValue = Math.Round(42.889, 2); // myValue = 42.89
myValue = Math.Abs(-10); // myValue = 10.0
myValue = Math.Log(24.212); // myValue = 3.18.. (and
so on)
myValue = Math.PI; // myValue = 3.14.. (and so on)

10. Converting information from one data type to another
Conversions are of two types: widening and narrowing. Widening
conversions always succeed.
For example, you can always convert a 32-bit integer into a 64-bit integer.
int mySmallValue;
long myLargeValue;
mySmallValue = Int32.MaxValue;
myLargeValue = mySmallValue;
Or
mySmallValue = (int)myLargeValue;
int myInt=1000;
short count;
count=(short)myInt;

11. Converting information from one data type to another
String myString;
int myInteger=100;
myString=myInteger.ToString();
String countString=“10”;
int count=Convert.ToInt32(countString);
or
int count=Int32.Parse(countString);

12. Length() : myString.Length()
ToUpper(), ToLower() myString.ToUpper()
Trim() myString.Trim()
Substring() myString.SubString(0,2)
StartsWith(), EndsWith() myString.StartsWith(“pre”)
PadLeft(), PadRight() myString.PadLeft(5,”*”)
Insert() myString.Insert(1,”pre)
Remove() myString.Remove(0,2)
Split() myString.Split(“,”)
Join() myString1.Join(myString2)
Replace() myString.Replace(“a”,”b”)

13. DateTime and Timespane data types have built-in methods and properties
Methods & Properties of DateTime :
Now
Today
Year, Date, Month ,Hour, Minute, Second, and Millisecond
Add() and Subtract()
AddYears(), AddMonths(), AddDays(), AddHours, AddMinutes()
DaysIn Month()
Methods and Properties of TimeSpan:
Days, Hours, Minutes, Seconds, Milliseconds
TotalDays, TotalHours, TotalMinutes, TotalSeconds, TotalMilliseconds
Add() and Subtract()
FromDays(), FromHours(), From Minutes(), FromSeconds()

14. DateTime myDate = DateTime.Now;
myDate = myDate.AddDays(100);
DateTime myDate2 = DateTime.Now.AddHours(3000);
TimeSpan difference;
difference = myDate2.Subtract(myDate1);
double numberOfMinutes;
numberOfMinutes = difference.TotalMinutes;
// Adding a TimeSpan to a DateTime creates a new DateTime.
DateTime myDate1 = DateTime.Now;
TimeSpan interval = TimeSpan.FromHours(3000);
DateTime myDate2 = myDate1 + interval;
// Subtracting one DateTime object from another produces a TimeSpan.
TimeSpan difference;
difference = myDate2 - myDate1;

15. All conditional logic starts with a condition: a simple
expression that can be evaluated to true or false. Your
code can then make a decision to execute different logic
depending on the outcome of the condition.
To build a condition, you can use any combination of
literal values or variables along with logical operators
== Equal to
!= Not Equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
&& Logical and
|| Logical or

16. The if Statement
if (myNumber > 10)
{
// Do something.
}
else if (myString == "hello")
{
// Do something.
}
else
{
// Do something
The switch Statement
switch (myNumber)
{
case 1:
// Do something.
break;
case 2:
// Do something.
break;
default:
// Do something.
break;
}

17. Loops allow you to repeat a segment of code multiple times. C#
has three basic types of loops
• You can loop a set number of times with a for loop.
• You can loop through all the items in a collection of data
using a foreach loop.
• You can loop while a certain condition holds true with a while
or do…while loop.
THE FOR LOOP
string[] stringArray = {"one", "two", "three"};
for (int i = 0; i < stringArray.Length; i++)
{
System.Diagnostics.Debug.Write(stringArray[i] );
}
THE FOREACH LOOP
foreach (string element in stringArray)
{
System.Diagnostics.Debug.Write(element );
}

18. THE WHILE LOOP
int i = 0;
while (i < 10)
{
i += 1;
// This code executes ten times.
}
You can also place the condition at the end of the loop using the
do…while syntax. In this case, the
condition is tested at the end of each pass through the loop:
THE DO WHILE LOOP
int i = 0;
do
{
i += 1;
// This code executes ten times.
}
while (i < 10);

19. A method also known as function is a named grouping of one or more
lines of code. Each method will perform a distinct, logical task.
By breaking your code down into methods, you not only simplify your
life, but you also make it easier to organize your code into classes
// This method doesn't return any information.
void MyMethodNoReturnedData()
{
// Code goes here.
}
// This method returns an integer.
int MyMethodReturnedData()
{
// As an example, return the number 10.
return 10;
}

20. Optional Parameter
private string GetUserName(int ID, bool useShortForm = false)
{ // Code here.
}
name = GetUserName(401, true);
name = GetUserName(401);
Use Named parameter for multiple optional parameters:
private decimal GetSalesTotalForRegion(int regionID, decimal minSale = 0,
decimal maxSale = Decimal.MaxValue, bool includeTax = false)
{ // Code here.
}
total = GetSalesTotalForRegion(523, maxSale: 5000);

21. Delegates allow you to create a variable that “points” to a
method.
private string TranslateEnglishToFrench();
{
}
private delegate string translateLanguage(string inputString);
translateLanguage translate;
translate=TranslateEnglishToFrench;
string frenchString;
frenchString=translate(“Hello”);
You can make delegate point to any other function also if it
has same signature

22. private string TranslateEnglishToSpanish();
{
}
translate=TranslateEnglishToSpanish;
string spanishString;
spanishString=translate(“Hello”);
private string TranslateEnglishToGerman();
{
}
translate=TranslateEnglishToGerman;
string germanString;
germanString=translate(“Hello”);

23. It’s impossible to do justice to an entire language in a single
chapter. However, if you’ve programmed before, you’ll find
that this chapter provides all the information you need to get
started with the C# language. As you work through the full
ASP.NET examples in the following chapters, you can refer
to this chapter to clear up any language issues.
In the next chapter, you’ll learn about more important
language concepts and the object-oriented nature of .NET.