The Industrial revolution paved the way for the development of the Joint Stock Enterprises and large scale business. The doctrine of free competition combined with the expansion of markets to attract a large number of producers and made them think of the ways and means by which unhealthy and wasteful competition could be avoided
To combine is simply to become one of the parts of a whole or group for the prosecution of some common purposes.
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
This presentation makes an attempt to help a lay man understand briefly the various forms of business organisations prevalent in the Indian Business world.
the document is on Cost volume profit analysis.
(Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income and net income.)
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Mohammad Abadullah
Dilruba Jahan Popi
Rabiul Islam
Effat Ara Saima
MD. Rajib Mojumder (Captain)
Portfolio revision, securities, New securities, existing securities, purchases and sales of securities, maximizing the return, minimizing the risk, Transaction cost, Taxes, Statutory stipulations, Intrinsic difficulty, commission and brokerage, push up transaction costs, reducing the gains, constraint, Taxes, capital gains, long-term capital, lower rate, Frequent sales, short-term capital gains, investment companies, constraints, established, objectives, skill, resources and time, substantial adjustments, mispriced, excess returns, heterogeneous expectations, better estimates, generate excess returns, market efficiency, little incentive, predetermined rules, changes in the securities market, Performance measurement, Performance evaluation, superior or inferior, small investors, better performance, prompt liquidity, comparative performance, purchase and sale of securities.
Business combination shortly described for student. Created by the help of DR. monjur Morshed Mahmud , introduction to business book.
Author ,
Mushleh uddin
Student of University of Chittagong
This presentation makes an attempt to help a lay man understand briefly the various forms of business organisations prevalent in the Indian Business world.
the document is on Cost volume profit analysis.
(Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income and net income.)
Macro Economics
For downloading this contact- bikashkumar.bk100@gmail.com
Prepared by Students of University of Rajshahi
Mohammad Abadullah
Dilruba Jahan Popi
Rabiul Islam
Effat Ara Saima
MD. Rajib Mojumder (Captain)
Portfolio revision, securities, New securities, existing securities, purchases and sales of securities, maximizing the return, minimizing the risk, Transaction cost, Taxes, Statutory stipulations, Intrinsic difficulty, commission and brokerage, push up transaction costs, reducing the gains, constraint, Taxes, capital gains, long-term capital, lower rate, Frequent sales, short-term capital gains, investment companies, constraints, established, objectives, skill, resources and time, substantial adjustments, mispriced, excess returns, heterogeneous expectations, better estimates, generate excess returns, market efficiency, little incentive, predetermined rules, changes in the securities market, Performance measurement, Performance evaluation, superior or inferior, small investors, better performance, prompt liquidity, comparative performance, purchase and sale of securities.
Business combination shortly described for student. Created by the help of DR. monjur Morshed Mahmud , introduction to business book.
Author ,
Mushleh uddin
Student of University of Chittagong
The Concept
A stable strategy arises out of a basic perception by the management that the firm should concentrate on using its present resources for developing its competitive strength in particular market areas.
In simple words, stability strategy refers to the company’s policy of continuing the same business and with the same objectives
A firm pursues stability strategy when
1. It continues to serve the public in the same product or service, market, and function sectors as defined in its business definition.
2. Its main strategic decisions focus on incremental improvement of functional performance.
2. Corporate Restructuring is the process of redesigning one or more aspects of a company.
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A quick look into any success story shows a path breaking idea at the heart of the tale. Flipkart is no exception. It is not the idea itself but the conviction to convert ideas into action and action into results is what defines a true success story. Measured by that yardstick, Flipkart has been a hugely successful.
Information and communication technology has changed rapidly over the past 20 years with a key development being the emergence of social media.
The pace of change is accelerating. For example, the development of mobile technology has played an important role in shaping the impact of social media. Across the globe, mobile devices dominate in terms of total minutes spent online. This puts the means to connect anywhere, at any time on any device in everyone’s hands.
This quiz is divided into three sets first one is economics, then Marketing and Finally HR. For solutions mail your concern to manishatmarketing@gmail.com
Marketing research is the careful and objective study of product design, markets, and such transfer activities as physical distribution and warehousing, advertising and sales management. these slides will not only discuss marketing research but it will discuss MIS and Consumer behaviour
Unit v business finance & financial marketManish Kumar
Business finance refers to money and credit employed in business. It involves procurement and utilization of funds so that business firms may be able to carry out their operations efficiently and effectively.
Marketing is understood to mean the sale and purchase of goods and services but it is too narrow view to understand it. These slides will be helpful yo understand the broader view of it
Unit iii forms of business organisationManish Kumar
Forms of Business organisation are legal forms in which a business enterprise may be organised and operated. Business concerns are established with the objective of making profits. They can be established wither by one person or by a group of persons in the private sector by only one person.
Price is the marketing-mix element that produces revenue; the others produce cost price is also one of the most flexible elements; it can be changed quickly, unlike product features and channel commitments.
Unit 1 introduction to business organisationManish Kumar
Any organization that fulfills itself through making a product or service is business. This presentation slides is apt for BBA I Semester students from Chaudhary Charan SIngh University
The marketing mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that a company uses to promote its brand or product in the market. The 4Ps make up a typical marketing mix - Price, Product, Promotion and Place. However, nowadays, the marketing mix increasingly includes several other Ps like Packaging, Positioning, People and even Politics as vital mix elements.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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2. Business Combination
• If a company or a partnership is described as a simple association of persons
formed for definite purposes, the combinations could well be called
compound association of persons.
• To Combine is simply to become one of the parts of a whole and a
combination is merely a union of persons, to make a whole or group for the
prosecution of some common purposes.
3. Causes of business combination
• Destructive competition
• Joint stock enterprises
• Individual ability
• Business cycles
• Government pressure
• Economies of scale
• Control of market
• Lust for power
• Protective tariffs
4. Benefits of Business Combinations
• To provide benefit of the formation of joint stock companies.
• To provide possibilities of new business.
• To fulfil dream of business man
• To ensure efficient management
• To face the marketing problem of international market.
• To use possible modern technology
• To ensure benefits from foreign intelligence.
6. Horizontal combinations
• Horizontal or parallel combination is one in which the units combined carry
on the same trade or pursue the same productive activity.
7. Advantages of horizontal combination
• Large scale production in management, marketing and finance.
• It can secure the services of experts whom one concern by itself cannot appoint.
• Research sharing.
• Absence of competition.
• Safeguard their legitimate trade interests.
• Exert combined influence and may even dictate terms to the producers of raw
material and other articles required by them.
• It can also offer a united front to safeguard their legitimate trade interests.
8. Disadvantages of Horizontal combination
• It may not be assured of a regular supply of raw material and other products
required by it from other sources
• There is no guarantee of market of its product.
• It may have a trial of strength in regard to dictation of terms to producers
of raw materials and other artciles
9. Vertical Combination
• It is also known as sequence or industry or process integration. It arises as a
result of integration of those business enterprises which are engaged in
different stage of production of a product.
10. Advantages of vertical combination
• It rings about economies of storage, selling, buying and transportation
• It secures certain technical economies by linking up successive stages of production
• It protects itself against unfavourable reaction of different independent firms and this
safeguards its interest by being free from any controlling force.
• It eliminates middleman’s profit, reduces the costs of marketing and advertisement, lessens
the chances of overproduction, provides opportunities for expansion and thus increases its
total output at a lower cost per unit
• It may become such a self-contained economic unit and carry business in such a way that it
may remain unfaceted by cycles of depression and prosperity, and give a constantly regular
dividend
11. Disadvantages of vertical combination
• It puts serious strain on the management and financial aspects of the business and it
is frequently obstructed by lack of capital, lack of a thorough knowledge of the
technique at its different stages of production and marketing.
• It has the possibility of suffering a great shock if any dislocation occurs in any stage
or process of its productive chain. The whole economy in that case becomes almost
out of gear.
• It cannot avoid competition with other firms working on the same plane.
• It can seldom obtain the economies of large-scale operations, because it does not
directly lead to concentration of the combining units the productive activity of
which is different in nature.
12. Lateral combination
• The term lateral integration was intended to describe horizontal integration
between firms making different products but where there was some
connection either in production techniques or the finished product itself.
Hence, an entertainment corporation may wish to go into the travel and
hotel industry.
13. Types of lateral combination
CircularDiagonalDivergentConvergent
14. Convergent lateral combination
• Convergent lateral combination is brought about when various firms joint
with a major firm to supply its requirements of raw materials or basic
materials. Thus, the different types of products manufactured by the
combining units become the raw materials of a single firm which can be
regarded as the centre of nucleus of a combination of this kind.
• Example Paper Mill
15. Divergent Lateral Combination
• Divergent lateral integration or combination takes place a major firm
supplies its product to the other combining firms which use it as their raw
material. Thus, the product of one firm becomes the raw material of many
other firms. This will happen where a number of products can be
manufactured from a material produced by a firm.
• Example Steel Mill
16. Diagonal Combination
• It means integration of a main activity or process with ancillary activities and
services. Diagonal integration takes place when a unit providing essential
auxiliary goods and services to an industry is combined with a unit operating
in the main line of production. In such a case the goods and services
required for the main process of production will be provided inside the
organisation itself.
17. Circular Integration
• When a firms belongings to different industries and producing altogether
different products together under the banner of a central agency, it is
referred to as a mixed or circular combination. None of the features of the
other types of combinations are found in this type.
19. Associations
• These are voluntary organizations of traders and businessmen formed to
protect and promote their common interests through collective efforts.
• They act as self-regulators of trading policies and practices. They act as
spokesperson of commercial interests in representation to the government
on all vital matters affecting trade.
20. Types of Associations
• Trade Associations: Trade association may be defined as voluntary
organization for mutual protection or advantage of independent enterprise
producing or distributing similar goods and services. It is an organization
formed to promote the mutual interests of individuals or companies engaged
in the same kind of business.
• Chamber of commerce: It is an association of merchants, financiers,
manufacturers and others engaged in business in a particular locality or
region for promoting the general commercial interests of all members.
21. Federations
• It means association of firms engaged in the same business with a
formalized agreement to follow certain policies in common so as to reduce
the intensity of wasteful competition in the respective business line. It is, in
other words, an alliance of competing firms into a federal framework.
22. Types of federation
• Pools: it is a horizontal type of combination intended to regulate the market price
by collective agreement on factors that influences the price. It is a federal union of
competing units handling the same business created and operated in accordance
with a specific agreement for mutual benefit.
• Cartels: A cartel is an association of independent firms agreeing amongst
themselves to regulate their output, decide the market, centralize the sales and
determine common pricing policies that would be of maximum benefit to all the
members. Its members are engaged in the same types of business and nece it is
formed primarily to root-out or limit the inter-firm competition in the particular line
of business.
24. Partial Consolidation
• It means coming together of firms under formalised common ownership
and control while retaining their separate entity.
Community
of interest
Holding
Companies
Trust
25. Complete Consolidation
• It occurs when two or more concerns combine to transfer their assets and
liabilities to new company or when one company absorbs another’s concern
by outright purchase of its business. Complete consolidation thus means end
of separate identity of constituent units and their amalgamation into a single
unit.
Merger Amalgamation
26. Merger
• It means formation of a new company to take over the assets and liabilities
of two or more existing companies. All the constituents companies lose their
separate identity and their members get allotment of shares in the new
company.
27. Reason for merger
• Economies of scale
• Operating economies
• Synergy
• Growth
• Diversification
• Utilization of tax shield
• Increase in value
• Elimination of competition
• Better financial plannning
28. Types of Merger
• Horizontal merger: It takes place when there is a combination of two or
more organizations in the same business, or of organizations engaged in
certain aspects of the production or marketing process.
• Vertical Merger: It takes place when there is a combination of tow or more
organizations, not necessarily in the same business, which create
complementary, either in terms of customer functions, customer groups, or
the alternative technologies used.
29. Types of Merger
• Concentric Mergers: Concentric mergers take place when there is a combination of
two or more organizations unrelated to each other, either in terms of customer
functions, customer groups, or alternative technologies used.
• Conglomerate Mergers: It takes place when there is a combination of two or more
organizations unrelated to each other, either in terms of customer functions,
customer groups, or alternative technologies used.
• Reverse Mergers: It is also known as back door listing is a financial transaction that
results in a privately held company becoming a publicly held company without
going the traditional route of filling a prospectus and undertaking an initial public
offering.
30. Important issues in merger
Strategic
issues
Financial
issues
Managerial
issues
Legal
issues
31. Strategic issues
• It relate to the commonality of strategic interests between the buyers and the
seller firms.
• It is important to consider the extent to which a merger may lead to positive
synergistic effects.
• For this, the strategic advantages and distinctive competencies of the
merging firms have to be analysed.
• Besides these, there has to be a match between the objectives of the firms.
32. Financial issues
• Financial issues relate to the valuation of the seller firm and the sources of
financing for mergers to take place.
• Valuation involves assessing the value of the seller firm.
• The other major financial consideration is the source of financing.
33. Managerial issues
• Managerial issues in mergers relate to problems of managing firms after the
merger has taken place.
• It is important to note that the perception of how the management will take
place after a merger also matters and affects the process of the merger itself.
34. Legal issues
• Legal issues in mergers relate to the provisions made in law for the purpose
of mergers. In India, the provision relating to mergers and amalgamation,
and other schemes
35. ADVANTAGES OF MERGER
• Economies of scale
• International competition
• Mergers may allow greater investment in R & D
• Greater efficiency
36. Disadvantages of Merger
• Integration difficulties
• Inadequate evaluation of target
• Large debt burden
• Inability to achieve synergy
• Too much diversification
• Too large
37. Acquisition and takeover
• In this one company absorbs another company or companies. The absorbing
company takes over the assets of the absorbed company and often assumes
its liabilities. The identity of the absorbed company is lost since its assets
from the property of the absorbing company. The shareholders of the
absorbed company are compensated in form of cash, shares in the absorbing
company, etc. takeover is a hostile activity where the acquisition is a friendly
takeover.
38. Reasons for acquisition
• Increased market power
• Overcoming entry barriers
• Cost of new products development and increased speed to market
• Adequate and easy terms working capital
• Access to resourceful management
• Re-shaping the firm’s competitive scope
• Learning and developing new capabilities
40. Advantages of acquisition
• Assets Acquisitions
• Gain experience and assets
• Excite the shareholders
• Reducing costs and overheads
• Accessing funds or valuable assets for new development
42. Merger Acquisition
Definition
Merger is considered to be a process when
two or more companies come together to
expand their business operations.
An acquisition occurs when one company
or corporation takes control of another
company and rules all its business
operations.
Terms They are considered as amicable. They are considered as hostile.
Stocks New stocks are issued. No new stocks are issued.
Companies The companies of same size join hands
together.
The larger companies acquire smaller
companies.
Power Both the companies are treated as equal.
The company that is stronger gets the
power.
Challenges
The two companies of same size combine
to increase their strength and financial gains
along with breaking the trade barriers.
The two companies of different sizes come
together to combat the challenges of
downturn.
43. Problems in Business Combination
• Slow industrial progress
• Evils of large-scale business
• Disadvantages of rationalization
• Uneven distribution of income
• Difficult entrance of new businessman
• Exploitation of consumers
• Weak managerial control
• Lack of responsibility and initiative
• Increased risk