It is a known fact that things are rarely accomplished in the Indian bureaucracy, in general, and the J&K bureaucracy, in particular. Projects rarely reach their stage of culmination, for one reason or the other. The major reasons that even a layman perceives are, adherence to a plethora of rules & regulations and the primacy of means rather than ends in official work. The end result most obviously is red tapism, official delay and goal displacement. While on one hand, bureaucratic rules act as safeguards against the tyranny, favouritism and corruption in official dealings, they tend to kill dynamism, innovativeness, initiative, discretion and efficiency. In fact over bureaucratization is greatly responsible for our underdeveloped state of administration and governance. These age-old procedures and rules have over a period of time turned out to be nothing but tools in the hands of the bureaucrats, lending them power and monopolization. It is high time, conservativeness and excessive controls are done away with and new innovative, high tech modern and efficient procedures are adopted for deft and appropriate goal attainment. A study of the J&K bureaucracy vis-à-vis its rigidity of rules and procedural preferences, along with the related implications, has been depicted through this paper.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
Increasing use of governance practices in public administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service oriented organization. Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance structures in the contemporary world.In this new era of policing, enhancing community relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general determinants of citizen satisfaction, and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.
The document discusses issues with bureaucracy and inefficient service delivery in South African municipalities. It argues that bureaucracy has become stifling and prevents rapid implementation, but that the problems stem from fundamental flaws in planning, systems, and policy implementation rather than incompetence. The document proposes adopting a concept of "reverse bureaucracy" which would change the hierarchical system by empowering bureaucrats to be innovative in solving problems, develop new skills through training, prioritize results and public involvement over legislation, and build accountability and unity between leadership, employees, and communities to achieve goals. Adopting this new approach of doing things differently could help reverse bureaucracy and increase efficiency and creativity in government service delivery.
This document discusses the bureaucracy in the United States government. It begins by defining bureaucracy and explaining the growth of the bureaucratic state due to increasing societal complexity and changing public attitudes. It describes the organization of the executive branch and civil service. The document then examines administrative policymaking, implementation challenges, and reform efforts like deregulation, outsourcing, and performance standards to increase bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the preferences of different government institutions regarding bureaucratic structure. It notes that Congress prefers a decentralized, insulated bureaucracy due to electoral pressures, while the Presidency prefers a centralized bureaucracy they can control. Bureaucracies are able to make regulations because Congress has delegated that power to agencies. Sources of bureaucratic power include expertise, leadership, and support from interest groups. The document also discusses principal-agent problems that can arise in the relationship between elected officials and bureaucrats.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This document discusses the organization and theories of bureaucracy. It begins by defining bureaucracy and exploring Max Weber's view of bureaucracy as a rational model of administration. It then examines three main theories of bureaucracy: the liberal/rational administrative model, the conservative/power bloc model, and the New Right/government oversupply model. The document also outlines the typical organization of a government bureaucracy, including departments, divisions, and non-departmental public bodies like regulatory agencies. Overall, the document provides an overview of the nature, concepts, structure, and theories related to public sector bureaucracy.
This presentation discusses bureaucracy in Bangladesh. It covers:
1) An introduction to bureaucracy including its definition and characteristics according to Max Weber.
2) Bangladesh's bureaucratic system which was inherited from British colonial rule and continues to have over 1 million civil servants across various ministries and departments.
3) The roles of bureaucracy in Bangladesh including determining policy, implementing legislation, and development works.
4) Both the merits of bureaucracy such as bringing discipline and modern perspectives, and the demerits like delays and developing a superiority complex.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police: A Pillar of Law Enforcement Governanceinventionjournals
Increasing use of governance practices in public administration have had broad repercussions in law enforcement and policing. As a result, law enforcement services have witnessed significant changes that shifted police from a bureaucratic, incident driven force to a proactive service oriented organization. Among other governance indicators, citizen satisfaction and confidence in law enforcement services has increasingly been one of the central tenets of the governance structures in the contemporary world.In this new era of policing, enhancing community relations and improving the satisfaction of citizens have become the main objective of police departments. This study first explains the governance approach to law enforcement and policing and then focuses on citizen satisfaction with police. It explores the general determinants of citizen satisfaction, and assesses the impact of police citizen encounters on citizen satisfaction with police. Based on the literature and research studies, this article shows that socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, race, gender, and income independently determine the attitudes toward police. Police contact also has a significant effect on satisfaction level. Favorable contacts with police improve citizens’ satisfaction regardless of the type of contact. Residential location of an individual and physical police presence in the neighborhood also affects attitudes toward police.
The document discusses issues with bureaucracy and inefficient service delivery in South African municipalities. It argues that bureaucracy has become stifling and prevents rapid implementation, but that the problems stem from fundamental flaws in planning, systems, and policy implementation rather than incompetence. The document proposes adopting a concept of "reverse bureaucracy" which would change the hierarchical system by empowering bureaucrats to be innovative in solving problems, develop new skills through training, prioritize results and public involvement over legislation, and build accountability and unity between leadership, employees, and communities to achieve goals. Adopting this new approach of doing things differently could help reverse bureaucracy and increase efficiency and creativity in government service delivery.
This document discusses the bureaucracy in the United States government. It begins by defining bureaucracy and explaining the growth of the bureaucratic state due to increasing societal complexity and changing public attitudes. It describes the organization of the executive branch and civil service. The document then examines administrative policymaking, implementation challenges, and reform efforts like deregulation, outsourcing, and performance standards to increase bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the preferences of different government institutions regarding bureaucratic structure. It notes that Congress prefers a decentralized, insulated bureaucracy due to electoral pressures, while the Presidency prefers a centralized bureaucracy they can control. Bureaucracies are able to make regulations because Congress has delegated that power to agencies. Sources of bureaucratic power include expertise, leadership, and support from interest groups. The document also discusses principal-agent problems that can arise in the relationship between elected officials and bureaucrats.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This document discusses the organization and theories of bureaucracy. It begins by defining bureaucracy and exploring Max Weber's view of bureaucracy as a rational model of administration. It then examines three main theories of bureaucracy: the liberal/rational administrative model, the conservative/power bloc model, and the New Right/government oversupply model. The document also outlines the typical organization of a government bureaucracy, including departments, divisions, and non-departmental public bodies like regulatory agencies. Overall, the document provides an overview of the nature, concepts, structure, and theories related to public sector bureaucracy.
This presentation discusses bureaucracy in Bangladesh. It covers:
1) An introduction to bureaucracy including its definition and characteristics according to Max Weber.
2) Bangladesh's bureaucratic system which was inherited from British colonial rule and continues to have over 1 million civil servants across various ministries and departments.
3) The roles of bureaucracy in Bangladesh including determining policy, implementing legislation, and development works.
4) Both the merits of bureaucracy such as bringing discipline and modern perspectives, and the demerits like delays and developing a superiority complex.
The document discusses several aspects of bureaucratization and organizational change. It describes how even democratic organizations will develop bureaucracy over time that is ruled by a few leaders according to the Iron Law of Oligarchy. It also examines different approaches to managing organizations, such as the scientific management approach which focuses on efficiency and the human relations approach which emphasizes employee satisfaction. Finally, it outlines some ways that organizations can change over time, such as through goal multiplication where new goals are added, or goal succession where the original goals are replaced by new objectives.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the BUS 4010 Introduction to Public Administration course. The course covers the history and functions of public administration, the rulemaking process, bureaucratic red tape, the influence of politics, and the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy. It also examines Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy and the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, such as hierarchical authority, task specialization, extensive rules, and impersonality. Common criticisms of bureaucracy like red tape are also discussed.
The history about Theory of Bureaucracy by Max Webber IMT ProHunt
Max Weber developed the theory of bureaucracy in the late 19th/early 20th century. According to Weber, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization, with a clear line of authority, division of labor, and rules/procedures that are consistently followed. However, bureaucracies can also be rigid and inflexible. The document then discusses the history and characteristics of ancient and modern bureaucracies, advantages and disadvantages of the theory, and how managers can apply bureaucratic principles to motivate employees.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the civil service in the Philippines. It defines bureaucracy as the legal-rational mechanism within government tasked with administering specific government services. The Philippine civil service is overseen by the Civil Service Commission, which is the central personnel agency of the government. Bureaucracies can exhibit dysfunctional patterns called "bureaupathologies" like red tape and graft. Reform is needed to address problems and reinvent government to better serve the public.
A Comparative Analysis within the Context of Central Government – Local Gove...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Regulatory functions involve implementing and enforcing laws and regulations through administrative actions like rule-making, inspections, licensing, and orders. Regulatory agencies regulate activities to achieve economic, social, health, safety, and general welfare goals. Corruption risks in regulatory functions include conflicts of interest, bribery to influence regulatory decisions, and presenting false information. Agencies should support regulators through guidance on handling corruption, community awareness of rights and responsibilities, and accountability measures.
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Unity of Command and the Span of Controlinventionjournals
The document discusses the basic concepts and principles of unity of command and span of control in organizational theory and public administration. It defines unity of command as the principle that each employee should receive orders from one superior only to avoid confusion. Span of control refers to the number of subordinates one supervisor can oversee directly. The document explores debates around these principles and factors that influence their application, concluding they are central to effective organizational functioning and public administration.
A bureaucracy is a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials that handle the everyday business of an organization based on hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules. The American bureaucracy is distinctive because political authority is shared, most agencies share functions with state/local counterparts, and there has been growth in defining and defending personal rights. Bureaucracies are subject to oversight from Congress and the public and face issues like red tape, conflicts between agencies, and a tendency to grow without considering costs or benefits. Reforms aim to make bureaucracies more efficient and customer-focused.
The document discusses key concepts related to bureaucracy in the United States government. It defines different types of bureaucracies like commissions, corporations, and independent agencies. It also explains bureaucratic concepts such as the spoils system, patronage, civil servants, privatization, and accountability. Max Weber is mentioned as developing theories around bureaucracy. The roles of Congress, the president, and department heads in overseeing bureaucracies are summarized.
An excerpt from my Ph.D. dissertation on the concept of creative bureaucracy. Talk given in Vienna at the request of the Wirtschaftsuniversität's Public Policy research group.
Woodrow Wilson was an American scholar and statesman who is considered the father of public administration. The document outlines Wilson's life and contributions, including his seminal 1887 essay "The Study of Administration". It provides details on Wilson's educational background, career path, and observations of society that influenced his work. His essay called for establishing public administration as a field of analytical study and helped define the relationship between administration, politics, and public opinion. The document also discusses how other theorists like L.D. White built upon Wilson's ideas and criticisms of his work.
This document discusses characteristics of good governance according to global institutions. It identifies 11 key characteristics: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. For each characteristic there is a brief explanation of its meaning in the context of good governance. The document also discusses related concepts like consensus decision-making and different types of accountability and corruption.
Bureaucratic management is a formal system of organization based on hierarchical levels and defined roles to maintain efficiency. It was developed by Max Weber, who saw it as the most rational and efficient form of organization. Key characteristics include a clear line of authority, strict rules and regulations, division of labor, and impersonal relationships based on position rather than personality. While efficient for large, stable organizations like governments, it is criticized for being rigid and limiting growth due to excessive rules.
Bureaucracy refers to the permanent administrative system of government and is characterized by a hierarchical structure, clearly defined roles, merit-based hiring, and specialization of labor. The Philippine bureaucracy exhibits vulnerabilities like nepotism and a spoils system as well as a lack of independence from politics. Reforms are needed to address issues like red tape, graft, and inefficiency. Possible solutions include developing a responsible and competent civil service, balancing rigid and flexible approaches, and reinventing government to be more mission-driven and community-empowered.
This document summarizes a student paper that examines the relationship between a government's separation of powers ("Rule of Law") and its ability to implement and modify policies ("Steering Capability"). The student hypothesized that countries with more separated governments would have less steering capability. However, initial bivariate regression analysis found the opposite relationship - that more separation of powers correlated with greater steering capability. When additional variables like consensus building were added, rule of law was no longer significant. Instead, consensus building had a strong positive relationship with steering capability. Further analysis found rule of law also positively correlated with consensus building, suggesting it may be a confounding variable. In the end, the student's hypothesis was not supported.
Federal Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local...ijtsrd
Intergovernmental relation is an integral part of modern political systems. This study aimed at ascertaining the existing relationship between the federal and local governments in Nigeria the role of the federal government in the development and governance of the local governments and the challenges facing local governments’ development in Nigeria. Kenneth, Nwoko | Asiegbu, Victor Iheanyichukwu "Federal-Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local Government System in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38631.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38631/federallocal-relations-and-the-status-of-governance-and-development-in-local-government-system-in-nigeria/kenneth-nwoko
This document defines bureaucracy and outlines Max Weber's bureaucratic theory. It discusses the key characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, including task specialization, hierarchical authority structures, formal selection processes, standardized rules and procedures, impersonal relationships, and career orientation. The six main characteristics of bureaucracy are then explained in more detail. Potential advantages of bureaucracy include efficiency and consistency, while disadvantages include inflexibility and reduced employee loyalty and innovation. In summary, the document provides an overview of Max Weber's influential bureaucratic theory of organization and management.
The document discusses several aspects of bureaucratization and organizational change. It describes how even democratic organizations will develop bureaucracy over time that is ruled by a few leaders according to the Iron Law of Oligarchy. It also examines different approaches to managing organizations, such as the scientific management approach which focuses on efficiency and the human relations approach which emphasizes employee satisfaction. Finally, it outlines some ways that organizations can change over time, such as through goal multiplication where new goals are added, or goal succession where the original goals are replaced by new objectives.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the BUS 4010 Introduction to Public Administration course. The course covers the history and functions of public administration, the rulemaking process, bureaucratic red tape, the influence of politics, and the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy. It also examines Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy and the characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, such as hierarchical authority, task specialization, extensive rules, and impersonality. Common criticisms of bureaucracy like red tape are also discussed.
The history about Theory of Bureaucracy by Max Webber IMT ProHunt
Max Weber developed the theory of bureaucracy in the late 19th/early 20th century. According to Weber, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization, with a clear line of authority, division of labor, and rules/procedures that are consistently followed. However, bureaucracies can also be rigid and inflexible. The document then discusses the history and characteristics of ancient and modern bureaucracies, advantages and disadvantages of the theory, and how managers can apply bureaucratic principles to motivate employees.
The document discusses the structure and organization of the federal bureaucracy in the United States. It describes how the bureaucracy implements public policy through specialized staff selected based on expertise. It is organized hierarchically and aims to apply rules impartially. The bureaucracy has grown significantly over time and now includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, and government organizations. It implements the federal budget and is subject to congressional oversight while also having some autonomous authority.
The document discusses bureaucracy and the civil service in the Philippines. It defines bureaucracy as the legal-rational mechanism within government tasked with administering specific government services. The Philippine civil service is overseen by the Civil Service Commission, which is the central personnel agency of the government. Bureaucracies can exhibit dysfunctional patterns called "bureaupathologies" like red tape and graft. Reform is needed to address problems and reinvent government to better serve the public.
A Comparative Analysis within the Context of Central Government – Local Gove...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Regulatory functions involve implementing and enforcing laws and regulations through administrative actions like rule-making, inspections, licensing, and orders. Regulatory agencies regulate activities to achieve economic, social, health, safety, and general welfare goals. Corruption risks in regulatory functions include conflicts of interest, bribery to influence regulatory decisions, and presenting false information. Agencies should support regulators through guidance on handling corruption, community awareness of rights and responsibilities, and accountability measures.
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Unity of Command and the Span of Controlinventionjournals
The document discusses the basic concepts and principles of unity of command and span of control in organizational theory and public administration. It defines unity of command as the principle that each employee should receive orders from one superior only to avoid confusion. Span of control refers to the number of subordinates one supervisor can oversee directly. The document explores debates around these principles and factors that influence their application, concluding they are central to effective organizational functioning and public administration.
A bureaucracy is a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials that handle the everyday business of an organization based on hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules. The American bureaucracy is distinctive because political authority is shared, most agencies share functions with state/local counterparts, and there has been growth in defining and defending personal rights. Bureaucracies are subject to oversight from Congress and the public and face issues like red tape, conflicts between agencies, and a tendency to grow without considering costs or benefits. Reforms aim to make bureaucracies more efficient and customer-focused.
The document discusses key concepts related to bureaucracy in the United States government. It defines different types of bureaucracies like commissions, corporations, and independent agencies. It also explains bureaucratic concepts such as the spoils system, patronage, civil servants, privatization, and accountability. Max Weber is mentioned as developing theories around bureaucracy. The roles of Congress, the president, and department heads in overseeing bureaucracies are summarized.
An excerpt from my Ph.D. dissertation on the concept of creative bureaucracy. Talk given in Vienna at the request of the Wirtschaftsuniversität's Public Policy research group.
Woodrow Wilson was an American scholar and statesman who is considered the father of public administration. The document outlines Wilson's life and contributions, including his seminal 1887 essay "The Study of Administration". It provides details on Wilson's educational background, career path, and observations of society that influenced his work. His essay called for establishing public administration as a field of analytical study and helped define the relationship between administration, politics, and public opinion. The document also discusses how other theorists like L.D. White built upon Wilson's ideas and criticisms of his work.
This document discusses characteristics of good governance according to global institutions. It identifies 11 key characteristics: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. For each characteristic there is a brief explanation of its meaning in the context of good governance. The document also discusses related concepts like consensus decision-making and different types of accountability and corruption.
Bureaucratic management is a formal system of organization based on hierarchical levels and defined roles to maintain efficiency. It was developed by Max Weber, who saw it as the most rational and efficient form of organization. Key characteristics include a clear line of authority, strict rules and regulations, division of labor, and impersonal relationships based on position rather than personality. While efficient for large, stable organizations like governments, it is criticized for being rigid and limiting growth due to excessive rules.
Bureaucracy refers to the permanent administrative system of government and is characterized by a hierarchical structure, clearly defined roles, merit-based hiring, and specialization of labor. The Philippine bureaucracy exhibits vulnerabilities like nepotism and a spoils system as well as a lack of independence from politics. Reforms are needed to address issues like red tape, graft, and inefficiency. Possible solutions include developing a responsible and competent civil service, balancing rigid and flexible approaches, and reinventing government to be more mission-driven and community-empowered.
This document summarizes a student paper that examines the relationship between a government's separation of powers ("Rule of Law") and its ability to implement and modify policies ("Steering Capability"). The student hypothesized that countries with more separated governments would have less steering capability. However, initial bivariate regression analysis found the opposite relationship - that more separation of powers correlated with greater steering capability. When additional variables like consensus building were added, rule of law was no longer significant. Instead, consensus building had a strong positive relationship with steering capability. Further analysis found rule of law also positively correlated with consensus building, suggesting it may be a confounding variable. In the end, the student's hypothesis was not supported.
Federal Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local...ijtsrd
Intergovernmental relation is an integral part of modern political systems. This study aimed at ascertaining the existing relationship between the federal and local governments in Nigeria the role of the federal government in the development and governance of the local governments and the challenges facing local governments’ development in Nigeria. Kenneth, Nwoko | Asiegbu, Victor Iheanyichukwu "Federal-Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local Government System in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38631.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38631/federallocal-relations-and-the-status-of-governance-and-development-in-local-government-system-in-nigeria/kenneth-nwoko
This document defines bureaucracy and outlines Max Weber's bureaucratic theory. It discusses the key characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, including task specialization, hierarchical authority structures, formal selection processes, standardized rules and procedures, impersonal relationships, and career orientation. The six main characteristics of bureaucracy are then explained in more detail. Potential advantages of bureaucracy include efficiency and consistency, while disadvantages include inflexibility and reduced employee loyalty and innovation. In summary, the document provides an overview of Max Weber's influential bureaucratic theory of organization and management.
This document outlines an approach to developing budget theory in public administration that views budgets as the internal resource allocation process of public organizations. It argues budgets should be examined from the perspective of public managers operating within complex public organizations. Traditional budget theories have focused on the federal level and ignored the organizational context of public managers. The document calls for developing descriptive, explanatory, normative, and instrumental budget theories grounded in the characteristics and resource allocation processes of public organizations.
The document discusses the differences between executives and bureaucracy. Executives are political appointees who are responsible for overseeing government agencies and setting policies, but they need some influence over bureaucratic agencies to achieve their goals. Executives depend on the bureaucracy for policy development and program advice due to the diversity of information and expertise within government agencies. Even powerful executives still rely on professionals in the bureaucracy for program guidance.
This document discusses classical public administrative theory and how perspectives on bureaucracy have evolved over time. It summarizes Weber's view of bureaucracy as an impersonal hierarchical system and compares it to more modern approaches that emphasize serving citizens, empathy, and allowing flexibility. The document also analyzes how reforms from 1945 to 2002 reflected different viewpoints and discusses the importance of social equity in public administration.
This document discusses the use of discretionary authority by government officials in Indonesia to issue policy regulations. It argues that discretionary authority is an important tool for officials to carry out their duties optimally and realize good governance, even when existing laws do not provide complete regulation. However, officials often hesitate to use discretion due to doubts about contradicting the principle of legality. The ideal approach is for discretionary authority and policy regulations to work together as responsive and progressive law, facilitating diverse public needs. Officials need guidance to adopt progressive attitudes and confidence that discretionary actions will be legally justified if they realize good governance.
PA-224 A_ CONSTITUTION AS BASIS FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION’S ETHICS.pdfVenusWandas
The document discusses the constitution as a basis for ethics in public administration. It notes that public administrators take an oath to uphold the values of the constitution, making those values morally binding. The constitution provides both technical and moral guidance for administrators' official behavior. Specifically, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines establishes ethics and accountability as requirements for public officials, and mandates oversight institutions like the Civil Service Commission and Office of the Ombudsman to enforce ethical standards.
The principal-agent model and the network theory as framework for administrat...Amaury Legrain
Coordinating a cluster of independent agencies is not easy to do, given the many factors that must be taken into account. Nevertheless, certain theories can offer a sufficient basis to structure inter-organizational relations within the public sector. When speaking about "guidance of agencies", most scientists and even public managers immediately think of the agency theory and its corollary, the principal-agent model. This is, in fact, the theoretical model that was used as the groundwork for all administrative reforms in the last two decades. Nevertheless, another theory may be taking over this dominant position: the network theory.
The paper shown how the FPS Social Security strutcurated the negotiation process of 15 performance agreements with the help of both thories. The paper made also some statements about the validity and the usefullness of both theories in coordinating principal-agent relationship
Administrative Law Relationship between Democracy and Bureaucracy.docxnettletondevon
Administrative Law: Relationship between Democracy and Bureaucracy
Introduction
Administrative law is a vast area that is concerned with the rules, regulations, and laws that govern the functioning of the government agencies that are given specialized powers by the executive, legislative, and judiciary to implement the responsibilities as enshrined in the American Constitution. Democracy is a system of governance that focuses on individual rights and notions. The relationship between democracy and bureaucracy will be studied in this paper with reference to administrative law.
Definition of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a form of organization in which management retains tight control over the decision making structures. The presence of a hierarchy means that workers need to perform their routine tasks. Standard operating procedures are used as a means of formalizing work activities. Routine tasks can be performed without the need for hassle or problems. Bureaucracies have been typically associated with red tape, inefficiency, and ineffectiveness. There has been a perception that bureaucracies tend to be outdated forms of organization given the rise of agile and decentralized management structures. Bureaucracies remain valid for certain types of organizations (Fox, 2012). For instance large scale organizations require the presence of routine tasks which can be used to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Universal bureaucratic principles emphasize on accountability and transparency as a means of ensuring success. It is through the use of integrated and coordinated approaches that success can be attained in the long term and short term. Furthermore, bureaucracies tend to develop performance appraisal systems which can motivate and stimulate the passions of the workforce. Bureaucracies are rational in nature because they have the ability to prevent conflict of interests between the workers and management. This is achieved through the presence of common ground which can lead to superior outcomes for the entire organization (Fox, 2012).
Definition of Democracy
Democracy is based on the promotion of human rights and freedom for all its citizens. It seeks to focus on independence, safety, and integrity. Economic policies are to be pursued with moderation in order to satisfy the aspirations of the masses. It also seeks to emancipate and empower special groups like women, minorities, and ethnic groups in order to include them in the social and economic progress (Fox, 2012). Such an approach has been devised in order to achieve self sufficiency and promote human rights values. American democracy is based on the fundamental respect of each individual. It seeks to incorporate policies and procedures that will aid in the establishment of these foundational values. American policy makers know that an integrated and coordinated approach is the best and prudent towards the resolution of problems. Democracy has broad based consensus and dialogue over several .
The presentation will begin at 12PM EST and discuss IT governance. IT governance refers to the rules and regulations that govern an IT department and ensure compliance. Good IT governance provides several benefits, including standardized processes, maximized IT investment returns, and alignment between IT and business objectives. The presentation will cover IT governance definitions, frameworks like COBIT and ITIL, and take questions from the audience.
This paper discusses the lack of consensus around how to measure the quality of governance and state capacity. It reviews existing approaches like procedural, capacity, output and autonomy measures. The paper argues that capacity and autonomy measures provide a better framework, as they can explain why low-income countries are advised to reduce bureaucratic autonomy while high-income ones seek to increase it. Existing measures have limitations, and the paper aims to better conceptualize governance to improve its measurement.
This document summarizes a representative bureaucracy essay that discusses the implications and perceptions of diversity in the workplace. It surveys employees and managers at the EPA about their views on diversity initiatives. It found that perceptions varied by race and gender, with differences seen in perceived discrimination. The impact of increasingly salient topics like race and gender will be important for the future of public administration as bureaucracies must represent diverse populations actively and passively to build responsiveness and advocacy.
Video 1 Linkhttpswaldenu.kanopy.comvideogroup-therapy-live-VannaJoy20
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https://waldenu.kanopy.com/video/group-therapy-live-demonstration
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https://waldenu.kanopy.com/video/group-therapy-live-demonstration
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Public Administration Review
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND THE DISCIPLINES
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Collaborative Governance: Integrating Management, Politics, and Law
Lisa Blomgren Amsler
Abstract
Scholars have engaged in an ongoing dialogue about the relationships among management, politics, and law in public administration. Collaborative governance presents new challenges to this dynamic. While scholars have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the design and practice of collaborative governance, others suggest that we lack theory for this emerging body of research. Law is often omitted as a variable. Scholarship generally does not explicitly include collaboration as a public value. This article addresses the dialogue on management, politics, and law with regard to collaborative governance. It provides an overview of the current legal framework for collaborative governance in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels of government and identifies gaps. The institutional analysis and development framework provides a body of theory that incorporates rules and law into research design. The article concludes that future research on collaborative governance should incorporate the legal framework as an important variable and collaboration as a public value.
Practitioner Points
· In designing public engagement and collaborative processes, public managers must consider the legal framework that governs their action.
· Relevant law varies across the federal, state, and local arenas and shapes design choices.
· Collaboration itself is an important value to the public and stakeholders.
· Public managers must acquire an understanding of basic constitutional and administrative law to plan effective public engagement and collaborative governance.
· In seeking to innovate, public managers should consider what the relevant legal framework is and consult with legal counsel. However, they should also consider the likelihood that in-house counsel may be risk averse.
· When innovation presents a case of first impression, one for which there is no case law, managers should ask not whether they can innovate by using participatory and collaborative processes but how to do it consistent with their legal authority.
Public administration scholars have engaged in an ongoing dialogue about the relationships among management, politics, and law in public agencies’ work (Christensen, Goerdel, and Nicholson-Crotty
2011; Rosenbloom
1983,
2013). Collaborative governance presents a new challenge for this dialogue. As an umbrella term, it describes various system designs and processes through which public agencies work together with the private sector, civil society, and the public to ide ...
Response one –pol-08This week, we are reviewing and evaluating t.docxronak56
Response one –pol-08
This week, we are reviewing and evaluating the pros and cons of five specific post-bureaucratic, organizational strategies - competitive government, privatization, decentralization, empowerment, and innovation. Competitive government is the antithesis of government monopolies; that is, the structure and process of government is transformed by injecting competition into the broader institutional system. In turn, the threat of competition forces public agencies and organizations to increase their productivity and overall performance in order to maintain their position and support within the system (Osborne and Gaebler 1992). In most cases, the threat of competition will compel government to streamline its operations and services, thereby enhancing its overall efficiency and effectiveness. However, such competitiveness could also reinforce the self-interested desires of organizations and their administrative leaders, while further exacerbating the level of inter-organizational conflict within the institutional structure, such that key organizations work against one another rather than working together to solve common problems.
As Kozinski and Bentz (2013) denote, privatization comes in two flavors: 1) the shift in the production of goods and service from the government to the private sector or 2) the transfer of entire government functions to private control. Without doubt, privatization can help to improve the qualities of domain specialization and operational efficiency, as the companies assuming these responsibilities already have the specialized equipment and expertise to produce specific goods and/or provide the required services to the general public. Moreover, private companies are naturally competitive and, therefore, have both the will and capacity to reduce their unit costs and make their operations more efficient. However, not all public goods and services can be effectively privatized, and private companies – regardless of their focus and specialization – are driven by different goals and motives than public organizations, thus suggesting that our democratic values may be overshadowed, if not completely subjugated by the demands for ever-increasing profits (Rosenbloom and Kravchuk 2001, Daft 2008, Kozinski and Bentz 2013).
The concepts of decentralization and employee empowerment are distinct, yet closely related matters. In fact, to be successful, the former concept is often reliant on the existence and quality of the latter. Decentralization refers to the delegation of responsibility, authority, and decisional discretion to lower-level units within an organization, or possibly to more independent, lower-level administrative units that “have jurisdiction over at least one program or function in a subnational geographic territory” (Rosenbloom and Kravchuk 2001, 108). In either case, a decentralized administrative structure places responsibility and decisional authority closer to the central policy or problem ta ...
Public personnel administration, which has far wider connotations, deals with classification, recruitment, training, promotion, discipline and retirement benefits of the personnel in the government. It is also equally concerned with the field of administrative ethics that refers to the professional code of morality in civil services of many countries. Administrative ethics as a field of study, therefore, constitutes the moral fiber of civil servants. This provides the subject – matter of this journal article
1) The document analyzes the administrative process, which is a collective term for all sub-processes that fall within an accepted classification framework.
2) It discusses Professor Cloete's framework of the six main categories of the administrative process: policy, organization, finance, personnel, procedures, and control (POFPPC).
3) The administrative process can be applied at different levels of government and different organizations. It involves determining policy, organizing structures, handling finances, managing personnel, establishing procedures, and implementing controls at each level and within each category of the POFPPC framework.
Innovative approaches to researching governanceresyst
This presentation was given at the 3rd RESYST annual meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2013, during a workshop on Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It gives a background to RESYST research on Governance issues and how these relate to the UHC debates.
The presentation was given by Professor Lucy Gilson from the Health Economics Unit at the University of Cape Town
1) The administrative process is a collective term for sub-processes that fall within an accepted classification framework. Professor J.J.N. Cloete provided the most meaningful framework, categorizing the administrative process into six main categories: policy, organization, finance, personnel, procedures, and control (POFPPC).
2) The document analyzes the administrative process using different perspectives - rational, systems, structural-functional, and operational. It presents Easton's model of the political-administration system and Mitchell's structural-functional model.
3) The administrative process can be applied at different levels of government and organizations. It consists of the six categories that can be further broken down into inherent sub-processes and
The document discusses the role of public bureaucracy in development within the context of a developing country. It begins by defining key terms like bureaucracy, public bureaucracy, and development. It then provides context about Bangladesh as a developing country, outlining its characteristics. Bangladesh has a complex class structure and the state aims to increase investment in agriculture and exports to boost growth. Public bureaucracy in Bangladesh has a colonial legacy and plays an indispensable role in social management and development programs. While bureaucracy can have drawbacks, it also has important functions in pursuing development goals in Bangladesh and other developing nations.
Similar to Bureaucratic Rules & Their Implications: A Study of Jammu & Kashmir Bureaucratic Procedures (20)
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
The central purpose of the study is to evaluate the programs, project planning and management in Ethiopian Red Cross society and its comparison with procedures of project planning and management system. The study found that Ethiopian Red Cross society has been working on a lot of community development projects in Ethiopia for several decades. Most projects were principally emphasized on disaster and risk reduction. Different organizations use diverse project procedures to achieve the anticipated objectives. This also true for the Ethiopian Red Cross society projects. The Ethiopian Red Cross society had integrated some unique style of project planning and management system in its project. Thus, there was no total departure in the whole system of project development phases. Every cycle of the project life spans are used beginning from the point of concept initiation to final implementation and closure phases.
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
The study was conducted on issues affecting the academic achievement of female students in selected primary schools of Jimma Arjo woreda while its objective was to investigate the major factors that affect the academic achievements of female students in primary schools of four sampled primary schools/Arjo primary school, Andinnet, Arbi-gebeya and Wayu Warke primary schools. Female students academic achievements show an upgrading from time to time, but still the rise is delicate when contrast to males. The finding identified the five broad categories, Family related, school related, socio-economic related, cultural related were the major factors that affect the academic achievements of females’ education. The common issues household responsibilities, low awareness of parents towards females education, parents financial problems, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, the nature of teacher student relationship, the study behavior female students implement, teaching method teachers use, early marriage, less avails of role models are the main reasons for squat academic achievements of female students on education. To alleviate these upward parents awareness to wards the benefit of educating females, motivating female students, providing financial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilities and protecting female from abduction and early marriage/from any harmful traditions were recommended.
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Agricultural Informatics is a valuable domain in the field of interdisciplinary sciences. This is responsible for the applications of Information Technology, Computing and similar technologies into the agricultural activities. This is the combination of Agricultural Science and Information Sciences. The field due to technological nature is much closed with the Agricultural Engineering or Agricultural Technology. There are many allied and similar nomenclature of the fields but all of these are primarily responsible for the same purpose. The field is rapidly increasing in recent past and most practiced in the developed nation. However, in developing countries as well Agricultural Informatics becomes an emerging field of practice and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics is growing both in pre and post agricultural activity. This branch is considered as branch of Information Sciences & Technology due to its technological applications in the field of agriculture and allied areas. Information Sciences are the broadest field within the allied branches and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics educational programs have started in recent past in different level and stream of education viz. science and technology. However within the broad periphery of Information Sciences it could be offered in other streams and under the wide variety of Information Sciences. This paper is broad and interdisciplinary in nature and deals with the aspects of the Information Sciences and Technology including features, nature, scope and also the potentialities in respect of Agricultural Informatics.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The outbreak and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to the West African sub-region have brought significant changes to the different aspects of our lives and grounded educational and socio-political and economic activities of ECOWAS member states. The pandemic has exposed the poor state of the health systems and shortage in medical supplies and protective gears to cope with the health emergency. In response, strict restrictions were put in place to curb the spread of the virus and these have drastically affected peoples’ lifestyles. However, there has been huge increase in the use of technology in business, education, religion and other activities as people adapt to the changing times in the sub-region. It is the argument of this paper that things cannot return to the way they were before the pandemic, but West African states must strategically plan for the Post COVID-19 era to survive the massive wave of unemployment, socio-economic meltdown and changes in lifestyle. The paper concluded that while the fight against the virus in the sub-region was not collective, post-pandemic recovery must be coordinated, strategically plannedamong member states. It was recommended that the governments should be flexible enough to retain the use of ICT and technology alongside the conventional ways of doing things in the post-pandemic era.
Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.
This study examines and explicates the lexico-semantic parameters, which Joseph Edoki deploys to convey his themes in The Upward Path, his second novel. Edoki is a contemporary Nigerian novelist who is preoccupied with the socio-political problems in Africa with the hope of a brighter future. The novel is the story of Mr. Gaga, a Rhwandan American PhD student, on a fact finding mission in Savannah, an African country, for his Thesis entitled ‘’ Why Africa is Underdeveloped’’. For failing to portray Africa in line with the negative views about the continent in his proposal, Gaga’s supervisor recalls him back to America in anger. But in defense of his conviction and research findings about Africa, Gaga remains in Savannah to complete his Thesis. This study is of significance because as a linguistic study, it will serve as a springboard to future researches in the language of African literature. Moreover, the good governance, which Edoki presents in Savannah, the fictional country, in which the novel under study is set, is a blue print for the development of Africa.
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The art of using language for public expression in order to persuade target audience to support development initiatives is a key reason for graphic communication. This requires communication actors particularly, the graphic encoder to know salient input and output variables of communication for effective mediation. However, the prevalence ignorance of these variables, often results in ineffective media production that is counter-productive to development. Therefore, this paper focused on production of practical rhetoric in graphic language for development programmes. The paper employed the critical-historical-analytic examination and content analysis methods. It introduced the reader to the need for practical rhetoric in visual communication. Furthermore, it highlighted the salient input and output variables that the graphic communication actor need be conversant with in order to produce visual rhetoric, using the McGuire’s Communication/persuasion Matrix. And it exemplified graphic media that result from application or neglect of the knowledge of the variables. The paper found that consideration of the variables afforded production of effective rhetoric in graphic language. The paper ended with the need for graphic encoders to internalize knowledge of the input and output variables and utilize it during the process of media production to generate visual rhetoric with desired effect.
The Niger delta of Nigeria has been besieged by a lot of crises, which have posed serious security risks to the region. This has adversely and seriously affected not only the region, but Nigeria in general. The processes of crude oil extraction in the Niger delta have resulted in ecological degradation and oil pollutions, thereby doing a lot of damages to the farmlands and fishing waters of the people, whose major occupations are farming and fishing. Petroleum, the main source of Nigeria’s revenue is obtained in the Niger delta. Yet, Deltans are confronted with a lot of problems; they are impoverished, exploited, neglected and marginalized despite the economic value of the region to the Nigerian economy. No serious or commensurate efforts are made by the government or the multinational oil companies operating in the region to compensate the people for the losses they suffer through oil pollutions. This has resulted in a lot of protests and violence, culminating in the social unrest in the region. To this effect, there have been reactions to the crises in diverse ways. Though such efforts have yielded little dividends, the crises have persisted. Niger delta deserves priority attention in terms of human and infrastructural developments. In the literary circle, some Nigerian literary artists have expressed concern over the issue with a view to creating awareness on the seriousness of the crises, and advancing suggestions that will proffer permanent solutions to the problems. This paper examines and expounds how Helon Habila deploys the mood system as a language tool in his novel, Oil on Water, to address the Niger Delta crises. He advances suggestions to put an end to the crises in order to restore peace, and enhance sustainable development in Nigeria.
The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
The purpose of the research is to examine importance of Georgia’s current relations with its neighboring Russia and Azerbaijan and to estimate risks that deterioration of these relations can bring to Georgia’s economy. Of particular interest is to understand who stands behind the tensions happened in Georgia in the run-up to the tourist season of 2019 or at least to figure out possible motives behind the events. Interdependence of the states is analyzed through historical review of their relations and estimation of their current mutual interests. Considering risks and aspirations of the sides in the tensions, the motives behind are suggested. The data received depicts that none of these tensions were initiated by Georgia following its interests, on the contrary, its ruling party’s most visible achievement had been the ability to maintain positive and beneficial relations with both Russia and Azerbaijan. Thus, the Georgian government considered to be a victim in this case. The paper concludes that Georgian government is unable to react on provocations in a timely fashion due to absence of agreement in the ruling party and being quite fragile for outside forces that try to influence the country’s political processes. Unless Georgia manages to build more interdependent or less dependent relations with superpowers, it will be unable to avoid repetition of such manipulations.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
The document analyzes the dynamic relationship between global oil prices and the exchange rate of the Eswatini currency (SZL) against the US dollar using daily data from 2005 to 2018. It finds a unidirectional causal relationship from global oil prices to the SZL/USD exchange rate using the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test, indicating that global crude oil prices influence Eswatini's nominal exchange rate. The study recommends that Eswatini's exchange rate policy consider global oil price movements to avoid misalignment of its currency.
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Bureaucratic Rules & Their Implications: A Study of Jammu & Kashmir Bureaucratic Procedures
1. International Journal of World Policy
and Development Studies
ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241
Vol. 2, No. 11, pp: 81-89, 2016
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=11&info=aims
81
Academic Research Publishing Group
Bureaucratic Rules & Their Implications: A Study of Jammu
& Kashmir Bureaucratic Procedures
Humera Yaqoob Assistant Professor, J&K Institute of Management, Public Administration & Rural Development,
Srinagar, J&K, India
1. Introduction
The two main Weberian characteristics strictly adhered to in the present day Indian bureaucracy is the presence
of rule and the procedural specification. Both of these eventually led to the rigidity of rules as well as a dire
contradiction as to the importance of means or ends in following the bureaucratic procedures.
1.1. Rigidity of Rules in Bureaucracy
Strict adherence to inflexible rules and regulations is very evident in the bureaucratic system, leading to the
rigidity of rules. The structure of the administrative system is very formal and impersonal rules and regulations are
enacted to maximize efficiency and to facilitate rational decisions. The working behavior and the attitudes of the
bureaucrats are governed by a set of rules. Accordingly to Weber, a bureaucratic organization is governed by a
“constituent system of abstract rules” and the activities of individual members “consist in the application of these
rules to particular cases”. This set of abstract rules provides objectivity, calculability and impersonality to
bureaucratic actions (Weber, 1968). Rules are thus necessary for the efficient conduct of day to day administration.
Gouldner has listed many functional aspects of rules like specificity of communication, fixing responsibility,
impersonal control, legitimization of authority and punishment. The execution of all administrative work is to be
thus in accordance with rules and law, and the chief law is the good of the people.
Therefore, one of the major characteristics of bureaucracy is the application of inflexible rules by the officials,
which are often opposed to mere common sense. But, this is also important to safeguard the official‟s position,
narrowly restricting his powers. Subsequently, this leads to appallingly complex procedures in administration,
resulting in ineffectiveness due to lack of purpose and lack of speed. The normal conclusion is the “delay”.
Ultimately “delay becomes denial”, as centralization becomes frustration, departmentalism becomes inaction,
inflexibility becomes idleness and complexity becomes decay. Slowly and majestically the whole machinery of the
government grinds to stand still (Parkinson, 2003).
Parkinson has also referred to a “plethora of legislation”, wherein the world is covered by numerous acts of the
parliament and number of committees and the end result is the creation of mountains of papers between them.
Undoubtedly, as the professors of jurisprudence say that law is the regulator of human conduct. But no law can
effectively work unless there is an element of acceptance by the people in the society. In actual practice, rigidity for
rules and procedural delays give rise to corrupt practices.
Adherence to rules leads to impersonal administration which provides regularity, detachment and calculability.
But it also leads to the disregard of person. At the same time, there is a tremendous scope of growth for personalized
Abstract: It is a known fact that things are rarely accomplished in the Indian bureaucracy, in general, and the
J&K bureaucracy, in particular. Projects rarely reach their stage of culmination, for one reason or the other. The
major reasons that even a layman perceives are, adherence to a plethora of rules & regulations and the primacy
of means rather than ends in official work. The end result most obviously is red tapism, official delay and goal
displacement. While on one hand, bureaucratic rules act as safeguards against the tyranny, favouritism and
corruption in official dealings, they tend to kill dynamism, innovativeness, initiative, discretion and efficiency.
In fact over bureaucratization is greatly responsible for our underdeveloped state of administration and
governance. These age-old procedures and rules have over a period of time turned out to be nothing but tools in
the hands of the bureaucrats, lending them power and monopolization. It is high time, conservativeness and
excessive controls are done away with and new innovative, high tech modern and efficient procedures are
adopted for deft and appropriate goal attainment. A study of the J&K bureaucracy vis-à-vis its rigidity of rules
and procedural preferences, along with the related implications, has been depicted through this paper.
Keywords: Rigidity of rules; Impersonality; Plethora of legislation; Procedural delays; Rule of reason, Red tapism; Delay
meaning denial; Procedural specification; Primacy of means or ends; Deregulation; Delegation of authority; Timidity and
conservatism in administration; Goal displacement.
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relationships to develop and informality to exist in patches. The Indian administrative bureaucracy having its
foundation in the British administration, has a well developed infrastructure of rules. But, heavy emphasis on rules
and routine can be detrimental to change, developmental tasks and activities. Any administration needs to be more
dynamic and different. Therefore, the dysfunctional consequences found in strict rules and procedures are delay, red
tapism, unresponsiveness, avoidance of responsibility and quest for power and corruption. Devotion to rules also
leads to their transformation into “absolutes” and “an end in itself”(Merton, 1963). This increases the tendency of
un-productivity and inefficiency in the system.
If the civil service consciously accepts the primacy of public opinion, then it is prone to attach greater value to
precedent and procedure as anchors in the winds of pressure. The written rule becomes more important as a railing to
which to hold to, when the waves of public sentiment sweep freely across the deck (Rao and Mathur, 1999). A civil
servant will more often act on the “rule of reason”, assuming personal responsibility for his actions, only when he
has complete assurance of his knowledge and experience and he feels secure vis-à-vis his position and status.
There is considerable debate going on over the merits of the formal control systems in the field of public
administration. There is an immense need to loosen these constraints and move towards deregulation and delegation
of authority down the line. Initially regulations had been developed to curb abuses by the government. But time has
proved that this strategy was not so successful. On the contrary, it has resulted mainly in reducing the efficiency of
the government. There is, thus, an increasing call for increasing flexibility and management discretion (Ban, 1995).
New initiatives can be adopted to achieve the same, while at the same time, improving the accountability mechanism
of the government. The fact is that if the safe guards provided by the present system are abolished, there is a chance
of further diminishing the popular trust in the fairness and openness of government.
1.2. Following Means or Ends in Bureaucratic Procedures
Every system or organization is either more inclined towards the means to be followed or the goals to be
achieved. The bureaucracy is oriented towards means or rules rather than the objectives or ends. Bureaucratic evil
comes to surface, when it becomes dysfunctional. Bureaucracy becomes dysfunctional when its main goals, ends,
objectives and functions of serving broad based public interests are replaced by hidden and behind the rules
procedures. Governments should seek ways through certain changes to deliver policies and programmes by
economical, efficient, effective and accountable processes. Effective service delivery should be the main concern of
the bureaucracies and they should try to carve out the policy and directions for the same.
Actually, the citizen is being choked by merciless “processes”. The administrative machinery needs to function
more responsibly. But, when bureaucracy acts too responsibly and consciously accepts the primacy of public
opinion, it is prone to attach correspondingly greater value to precedent and procedure as anchors in the winds of
pressure (Rao and Mathur). On the contrary, when he is assured of his resources like knowledge and experience, and
his superior position, he feels freer and tries to take initiatives towards faster achievement of objectives and goals.
To improve the orientations towards objectives/ends, rather than means, public bureaucracies need to become
more efficient, through various changes. But it seems too difficult to bring about the much talked about efficiency in
bureaucracies because public bureaucracies were basically never constructed or designed for that kind of efficiency
in the first place. Bureaucracies started off with an organizational design, which would enable them to safeguard the
administrative process and also be constrained and controlled by it (Pierre, 1995). Now in the modern times, public
sector organizations need to adapt to new types of tasks, which are being put upon them. The need of the hour are the
customer-driven processes of public service design and delivery. These processes may appear appealing in many
ways, but they have internal organizational impacts, which would be difficult to assess.
It needs to be widely recognized that for good performance, the engines of administration must be lubricated
with the oil of discretion. Besides this concern with procedure to an extent, a bureaucrat should exert himself to
make sure that each proposal moves towards its objectives and goal. He needs to assure himself of the means – and –
ends relationships of administrative purposes, so that efficiency and benefits are achieved. At the same time, he
religiously sticks to the prescribed means in order to reduce the risk of abuses. But these complicated and complex
procedures need to be replaced with more dynamic, result- oriented methods which facilitate the public. Without a
real commitment, all the procedures are useless. So, to achieve the ends, we need actual commitment of a flexible
and intelligent bureaucracy. Eventually, due to such commitments, procedures may start becoming redundant.
Institutions and procedures are certainly important but cannot substitute for the determination and abilities of the
inhabitants of the structures of government (Peters, 1995).
At the same time, Simon has pointed out, “Ends themselves, however, are often merely instrumental to more
final objectives”. These intermediate levels become ends with reference to levels below, but means with reference to
levels above. In this chain of hierarchical structure, various subunits contribute their limited goals as means towards
the ultimate goal of the total organization (Denhartt and Perkins, 2001). This helps in bringing order to the complex
process of achieving goals.
1.3. Theoretical Perspectives
Max Weber was one of the earlier writers to provide systematic treatment of bureaucracy. Two of the main
components of his bureaucratic model were:
i. Presence of Rule: The degree to which the behaviour of organizational members is subject to
organizational control.
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ii. Procedural Specification: the extent to which organizational members must follow
organizationally defined techniques in dealing with the variety of situations they face (Marx,
1967).
Weber‟s analysis of bureaucracy was a functional one as he was mainly concerned with official regulations and
their significance in relation to efficiency. He had postulated the characteristics of bureaucracy in a way that would
contribute towards the highest effective goal attainment. But in doing so, he had neglected the operational aspects of
these characteristics. Thus, in the course of functioning, new elements arose in the internal structure of bureaucracy,
which inhibited the subsequent operations and thus the rational goal achievement (Jacob, 1996).
The American sociologist, Robert K. Merton, expanded on Weber's theories of bureaucracy in his work Social
Theory and Social Structure, published in 1957. While Merton agreed with certain aspects of Weber's analysis, he
also considered the dysfunctional aspects of bureaucracy, which he attributed to a "trained incapacity" resulting from
"over-conformity." He saw bureaucrats as more likely to defend their own entrenched interests than to act to benefit
the organization as a whole. He also believed bureaucrats took pride in their craft, which led them to resist changes
in established routines. Merton also noted that bureaucrats emphasized formality over interpersonal relationships,
and had been trained to ignore the special circumstances of particular cases, causing them to come across as
"arrogant" and "haughty".
Robert K. Merton argues that certain aspects of bureaucratic procedure may be dysfunctional to the organization.
In particular, they may encourage behaviour which inhibits the realization of organizational goals. Firstly, the
bureaucrat is trained to comply strictly with the rules but when situations arise which are not covered by the rules, this
training may lead to inflexibility and timidity. Secondly, the devotion to the rules encouraged in bureaucratic
organizations, may lead to a displacement of goals. There is a tendency for conformity to official regulations, to become
an end in itself rather than a means to an end. Thirdly, the emphasis on impersonality in bureaucratic procedures may
lead to friction between officials and the public (Merton, 1963).
Merton also argues that the rule-bound behaviour can have undesirable consequences. Rules, instead of being
the means to an end, as they were originally meant to be, could ultimately become ends in themselves, resulting in
goal displacement (Merton, 1957). The public service organizations therefore, fail in delivering the goods and end up
being tagged as inefficient and ineffective.
Selznick identifies the dysfunctional consequences of bureaucracy۔ Most of the dysfunctions with regard to
treatment of procedures and rules lead to delay, red-tapism, unresponsiveness, self-centeredness, corruption,
avoidance of personal responsibility and quest for power (Selznick, 1957). This transition in the bureaucracy for the
worse has resulted in the lack of public confidence and trust in the machinery of administration. This is further
manifested through disgust and cynicism in the institution of bureaucracy.
The bureaucrat is usually seen as strictly conforming to formal rules or else acting in terms of a system of informal
rules. In either case his behaviour is seen to be governed by rules. Don H. Zimmerman's study suggests an alternative
perspective. Rather than seeing behaviour as governed by rules, he suggests that members employ rules to describe and
account for their activity. Part of this activity may be in direct violation of a stated rule, yet it is still justified with
reference to the rule.
Zimmerman claims that his research indicates that the actual practices of using rules do not permit an analyst to
account for regular patterns of behaviour by invoking the notion that these practices occur because members of society
are following rules. He argues that the use of rules by members to describe and account for their conduct makes social
settings appear orderly for the participants and it is this sense and appearance of order that rules in use, in fact, provide
and what the ethno methodologists, in fact, study(Zimmerman, 1971).
The problems of bureaucracy are complex in the developing nations rather than in the developed nations.
Weber‟s concept of bureaucracy, although idealistic, seems to get irrelevant with each passing day, in the present
fast moving world. Too much formalism has become unacceptable. A system is emerging where means should
merely be the tools for achieving the ends and nothing more. Goal orientation is very important for better
administrative and delivery mechanisms, in the present times. It is becoming very important to get things done,
rather than just justifying the means.
1.4. Analytical Approach
The study is a sociological investigation based on the primary source information from the field. It is a “mixed-
method research” as it includes both the qualitative as well as quantitative elements. It was a qualitative study, as
throughout an effort was being made to understand human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour in
the society. On the other hand, it was a quantitative study, because there was a systematic empirical investigation, in
which data was collected for analysis. The study is also “analytical” as the facts and information collected through
the primary and secondary sources are used to analyse and make a critical evaluation of the whole material.
The J&K state bureaucracy presently consists of a total of 580 male and female officers from the rural and urban
areas of the state as well as other parts of the country, from three different bureaucratic levels, i.e., senior, middle
and junior, with the corresponding income categories and experience spans. The “Stratified Random Sampling”
technique has been used for selecting the sample for the study. In this technique, the population, i.e., J&K
bureaucrats, has been stratified into a number of non-overlapping sub-populations or strata, and sample items/units
have been selected from each stratum. These items /units have been selected on the basis of simple random sampling
procedure. Thus, 100 bureaucrats have been selected from the universe as a sample. Out of these, 20 respondents
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were the retired bureaucrats. The in-service respondents comprise of the 13.79% of the present J&K bureaucracy
(total 580), which is the desired sample strength. The entry-level bureaucrats are completely excluded from the
sample as they are devoid of the potential bureaucratic experience.
The “Interview Schedule Technique” has been used for the primary collection of information. The methods of
observation and discussions have also been used to support the analytical results. The data and information gathered
from the field has been statistically treated and sociologically investigated.
2. Findings & Discussions
2.1. Rigidity of Rules in Bureaucracy
No doubt, rules are necessary to maximize efficiency and to facilitate rational decisions in our formal
administrative system. Rules help in authenticating the decision-making processes and removing the discriminatory
loopholes. In fact, adherence to inflexible rules is one of the major characteristics of bureaucracy as propounded by
Weber. In fact, rules lend bureaucracy a legal power base. But rigidity of rules also leads to complex procedures and
thus lack of speed. Strict adherence to rules proves to be a readymade excuse for those who do not want to work. At
the same time, it tends to enhance timidity and conservatism in the administrative personnel.
2.1.1. Timidity & Conservatism vis-à-vis Rigidity of Rules in Administration
Due to the plethora of legislations, delay becomes inevitable. Too much rigidity and inflexibility could foster
inaction and idleness. Eventually, it may kill the dynamism and efficiency of a bureaucrat.
62/100 (62.00%) of the respondents believed that rigidity of rules led to timidity and conservatism. These were
the junior and the middle level bureaucrats of the rural origin, besides the non-state subject bureaucrats. Their
perception was the result of their rural background, as well as their vulnerable positions in the administration. They
had actually grown timid and conservative in their administration dealings, due to the existence of impervious rules
and regulations. The non-state subject bureaucrats were timid and conservative, more due to other factors, than this
one. They usually felt apprehensive and tried to be over-cautious, keeping in view the past turmoil in J&K and its
ongoing repercussions. According to them, rigidity of rules leaves little scope for innovativeness and creativity. At
the same time, it makes an officer learn to work within confined limits.
35/100 (35.00%) of the respondents were of the view that the rigidity of rules did not lead to timidity and
conservatism in administration. They believed that instead, rules ensured that there was no misuse of power, and
justice prevailed. These were the junior level bureaucrats of the urban background and the senior level bureaucrats of
both urban and the rural backgrounds, besides the retired bureaucrats. Being urban, the junior level bureaucrats were
more confident to act, when needed, finding out ways and means of justifying the same. The senior bureaucrats did
not have much at stake, as they had reached the highest positions in the administration and felt freer in acting with
the confidence rather than timidity. The retired bureaucrats had nothing to lose and thus in no way believed that
rigidity of rules would lead to timidity and conservatism in administration. Their experience had also taught them
that where “there was a will, there was way”.
While 03/100 (03.00%) of the respondents stated that the rigidity of rules led to timidity and conservatism in
administration only to some extent. They believed that it was all circumstantial.
2.1.1.1. Reasons for Timidity and Conservatism in Administration
Those respondents who stated that rigidity of rules led to timidity and conservatism, completely or to some
extent, i.e. a total of 65/100 (65.00%) of the respondents, were asked to give reasons for it. The information has been
recorded in the following table:
Table-1. Reasons for timidity and conservatism in administration
Reasons (timidity & conservatism in administration) Number Percent
a) Un-necessary delays 20 30.76
b) No dynamic decision making. 13 20.00
c) No initiatives, innovations & creativity. 13 20.00
d) Incompatible obsolete rules. 12 18.46
e) Back stage to rationality & common sense. 07 10.76
Total 65 99.98
2.1.1.2. Reasons For Lack of Timidity and Conservatism in Administration
The 35/100 (35.00%) of the respondents who believed that rigidity of rules did not lead to timidity and
conservatism in administration, were asked to give the rationale for the same. The information has been recorded in
the following table:
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Table-2. Reasons for lack of timidity and conservatism in administration
Reasons (no timidity & conservatism in
administration )
Response
Number Percent
a) Ensures justice 10 28.57
b) Ensures efficiency 07 20.00
c) Ensures objectivity 11 31.42
d) Ensures ethical administration 07 20.00
Total 35 100.00
Rigidity of rules, most often leads to timidity and conservatism in the working systems. There is a natural
human tendency to develop a rigid personality, when conditioned in an environment of rigid rules. At the same time,
strict abidance of the rules fosters a sense of security in a bureaucrat, thus leading to a certain kind of timidity and
conservatism in his personality. He starts abhorring deviations. Eventually, this results in the dysfunctions in
bureaucracy. It mainly occurs due to lack of dynamic decision-making and lack of initiatives and creativity in the
working environment. On the other hand, rigidity of rules ensures objectivity and justice in administration. It is
actually a paradoxical situation, where dynamism and innovativeness of a bureaucrat is compromised so that
objectivity and justice can prevail, due to the presence of rigidity of rules. But the systems of objectivity and justice
in the public administration are not sustainable for long. Objectivity and justice in official proceedings is soon
compromised and over shadowed, as a result of other existing menaces in the state. At every stage, victimization of
the common man occurs due to over-bureaucratization, most of the times. This mainly happens because over-
bureaucratization implies lengthy hierarchical procedures with red tapism, more rigidity of rules, more politicization
of administration, and the resulting public alienation and inaccessibility. A balance needs to be created in the
administrative system, where rigidity of rules is compensated by the creation of a performance-oriented culture in
which creativity and goal achievement are highly placed credentials. A focus on effective work culture and efficient
public service would help alleviate the negative effects of red tapism.
2.2. Following Means or Ends in Bureaucratic Procedures
Bureaucracy is oriented towards means or rules than the objectives or ends. But, too much of this can make the
bureaucracy dysfunctional. This happens when procedures replace the goals and ends of organizations, and effective
service delivery takes the backstage in bureaucracy.
2.2.1. Goal Displacement through Rigid Procedures
In the normal course of action, bureaucratic bent towards rule sanctification or strict following of the means and
goal displacement in the various operations is more rampantly observed. Bureaucracy becomes dysfunctional when
its main goals, ends, objectives and functions of serving broad based public interests are replaced by hidden and
behind the rules procedures. Due to an undue bureaucratic bent towards rule sanctification, goal displacement has
become rampant in bureaucracy. The respondents were asked to give their perception regarding the process of goal
displacement in the administrative organizations. The responses are depicted in the given diagram:
Process of Goal Displacement
Diagram No.1
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17/100 (17.00%) of the respondents perceived goal displacement to be due to strict adherence to rules, whereby
rules as means get transformed into ends. The rules are being followed so strictly that goal achievement becomes an
impossibility. This group of respondents showed direct correlation with the ones who did not believe in the rigidity
of rules. They belonged to the lower age group of 39 - 48 years.
05/100 (05.00%) of the respondents perceived goal displacement as sticking to the input dominated structure,
where output is incidental. The functioning of the public organizations solely depends on the input ingredients like
the rules and regulations, and other resources. Achievement of the results is not the main objective- the output may
or may not be positive. According to this perception, goal attainment was a matter of chance and not always assured.
20/100 (20.00%) of the respondents believed goal displacement to be a result of over bureaucratization leading
to hasty improvisations and panicky manipulations. Over-bureaucratism focuses more on authority systems and
lengthy hierarchical procedures, rather than result-oriented performances. These respondents belonged to the junior
bureaucratic level, as all the hasty decisions and improvisations as well as panicky manipulations, were carried out
by the middle and senior level bureaucracy. The junior level bureaucracy had to take the brunt of it all.
11/100 (11.00%) of the respondents associated goal displacement with the frequently changing environment and
circumstances, where administrative machinery fails to cope. This perception was actually associated with all
categories of bureaucracy. Being generalists, bureaucrats have to frequently face transfers, which renders their past
experiences and work accomplishment futile to an extent, leaving the half finished projects etc in the lurch. On the
other hand, technocrats are well established and able to accomplish their projects to culmination point.
47/100 (47.00%) of the respondents revealed that all the given options were equally applicable to the concept of
goal displacement.
2.3. Importance of Means & Ends in Bureaucracy
The respondents were asked which of the two i.e. following proper means or achieving the ordained objectives,
were more important in organizations. 50/100 (50.00%) of the respondents opted for the following of proper means
to be more important. All the junior level bureaucracy had opted for this. They belonged mainly to the middle age
group of 49 - 58 years. They seemed to be conservative in their outlook and at the same time, being the part of the
lower level of bureaucracy, they exhibited certain inhibitions in doing away with the rules and procedures.
16/100 (16.00%) of the respondents perceived attaining the ordained objectives to be of more importance than
the proper means used. This group belonged to the senior level bureaucracy, who did not apprehend the
consequences of the minor deviations from the procedures and at their level, could do away with them. It was again
seen that some of them, belonged to the lower age group of 39 - 48 years, serving at middle rung of bureaucracy.
They seemed to be full of zeal and enthusiasm to achieve the goals in whatever way possible.
34/100 (34.00%) of the respondents, on the other hand, went along with both the proper means and ordained
objectives, equally. This group belonged to the senior level of bureaucracy with more than 25 years of experience to
back them up. Their experience had taught them that one could not do away with either of the two. According to
them, both needed to be justified equally in administration.
2.3.1. Reasons for Primacy of Means
50/100 (50.00%) of respondents, who had opined that following the proper means was of prime importance,
were asked to give the reasons behind their perception. The recorded information has been given in the following
table:
Table-3. Reasons for primacy of means
Reasons (primacy of means)
Response
Number Percent
a) Success achieved in the long run 06 12.00
b) Ensures justice 16 32.00
c) Ensures growth & development in the long run. 19 38.00
d) Avoidance of corruption. 09 18.00
Total 50 100.00
2.3.2. Reasons for Primacy of Ends/Objectives
The 16/100 (16.00%) respondents, who had opted for the achievement of ends and objectives to be more
important, were asked to justify it. The recorded information has been given in the following table:
Table-4. Reasons for primacy of ends/objectives
Reasons (primacy of ends/objectives) Response
Number Percent
a) Performance directly proportional to the goals achieved. 07 43.75
b) Need to be result oriented to save time. 09 56.25
Total 16 100.00
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2.3.3. Reasons for Primacy of Both Means and Ends
34/100 (34.00%) of respondents had equally opted for both the means and ends and thus were asked to give the
rationale behind it. The recorded information has been given in the following table:
Table-5. Reasons for primacy of both means and ends
Reasons (behind equal importance of both means
and ends)
Response
Number Percent
a) Ends justify the mean- both are closely related. 19 55.88
b) Prescribed procedures lead to credible goals. 15 44.11
Total 34 100.00
19/34 (55.88%) of them justified it by stating that ends justify the means and thus both are closely related. They
believed that when the ends and goals are specified, certain appropriate procedures, which are suitable and feasible
are adopted to achieve these ends. If the ends are logical, the means are automatically so, too. This group had the
experience of more than 25 years at their back and thus their comprehensive wisdom had developed over these years
to a maximum.
15/34 (44.11%) of the respondents opined that prescribed procedures led to credible goals. The goals cannot
exist in isolation and therefore, correspond to certain procedures. The credibility of the goals, in fact, largely depends
on the procedures adopted to achieve those goals. This group correlated with those who believed in the rigidity of
rules and at the same time were result oriented too. Most of the female gender bureaucrats belonged to this group of
respondents, as they believed in playing safe most of the times.
Strictly following the means is one of the major characteristics of bureaucracy. This is subsequently followed by
the phenomenon of goal displacement, which is mainly perceived as over-bureaucratization with hasty
improvisations and panicky manipulations, rules getting transformed into ends due to strict adherence to rules,
failure of administrative machinery and input dominated structure where output is incidental. J&K bureaucracy has
been seen to experience immense goal displacement which has further led to an ineffective and inefficient service
delivery. Work in public administration comes to mean an endless chain of tasks with little or no productivity. In a
tussle between „means and ends‟, „means‟ have always given a back seat to the „ends‟ in J&K bureaucracy, or else
both have been given equal importance. Primacy of means ensures justice, growth and development in the long run.
But at the same time, leaves a wider scope for malpractices like corruption. Holding means and ends equally
important, helps too, as both are very closely related and prescribed procedures mostly lead to credible goals. On the
other hand, primacy of ends ensures better performance as the goals achieved are an indicator of the performance put
into it. At the same time, contemporary situations demand that time is saved by being result-oriented. In J&K
bureaucracy, lengthy procedures have always overshadowed the actual goal achievement, as this system leaves a
wide scope for underrated performances, lack of dynamism and lack of creativity. Hence, it eventually results in the
under-utilization of human, infrastructural and financial resources in the public sector in J&K.
3. Conclusion & Recommendations
3.1. Rigidity of Rules in Bureaucracy
One of the major characteristics of bureaucracy is rigidity of rules. Impersonal rules are enacted to maximise
efficiency and to facilitate rational decisions. But we seem to be going too far with the same.
3.1.1. Timidity & Conservatism in Administration- A Result of Rigidity of Rules
It was found that too much inflexibility in rules or rigidity of rules, mostly results in timidity and conservatism
in administration. It is quite apparent in our system, as our administration is completely devoid of any dynamism.
Inflexible rules or rules of the book provide a kind of a security to the weak or the non-performers, as they can easily
justify their inaction under the garb of strict procedures. At the same time, it feeds their timid and conservative
attitudes. It was also found that the main reason behind the existing scenario were the unnecessary delays caused by
the rigid rules. Lack of dynamism, initiatives, innovations and creativity are the subsequent results of inflexibility of
rules in administration. Besides, the incompatibility of these rules with the contemporary administration makes the
things worse. Each one of these in-competences makes an administrator timid and conservative in his dealings and
action. It has also been found that in some instances, rigidity of rules may not always lead to timidity and
conservatism. That is mainly because the negative effects of the rigid rules are, at times, counteracted by the
desirable consequences like objectivity, justice, efficiency and ethical administration. These positive influences of
the strict adherence to inflexible rules in administration, often colours or covers up the timidity or conservatism that
may be caused in the process. Public may often, at times, overlook such undesirable characteristics and in fact,
justify them, in view of the objectivity, justice and efficiency shown in bureaucracy.
It is actually realised that timidity and conservatism are inherent in the bureaucratic system, because there is too
much emphasis on discipline and rules. Too much of discipline and rigidity of rules leads eventually to the rigidity of
personality, which further leads to timidity and conservatism in the behaviour of a bureaucrat. Both these
characteristics require security and this security is provided by the rules or the law. This is a vicious circle and gets
strengthened with each passing day in public administration.
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3.2. Following Means or Ends in Bureaucratic Procedures
The bureaucracy is oriented towards means or rules rather than the objectives or ends. Bureaucracy becomes
dysfunctional when its main goals, ends , objectives or functions of serving broad based public interests are replaced
by hidden and behind the rules‟ procedures.
3.2.1. Goal Displacement in Bureaucracy
Mainly goal displacement in bureaucracy was perceived as a corollary of over-bureaucratization, which leads to
hasty improvisations and panicky manipulations in the administration. Hence, the ultimate goals of the organizations
are left unachieved. Goal displacement was found to imply a lot of things together, besides the above view. It was
perceived as strict adherence to rules, whereby rules as means got transformed into ends. It also meant sticking to the
input-dominated structure, where output is incidental. Besides this, it implied frequently changing environment and
circumstances, where administrative machinery fails to cope.
All the above mentioned perceptions pointed out towards a bureaucratic evil, where the citizen is being choked
by the merciless “processes” and the end result is non-productive. Bureaucracy needs to be more goal oriented and
for that it needs to be more efficient. The stress in administration needs to be on effective performance and efficient
service delivery, rather than on obsolete procedures.
When bureaucratic procedures are result oriented, the output shall not be incidental or a transformation of the
means itself. Instead, goal achievement would be the main focus of all organizations. Goal orientation is a basic
requirement in a successful organization, and therefore, changes need to be incorporated in the bureaucracy to
maximize the same.
3.2.2. Importance of Means and Ends in Bureaucracy
It was found that following proper means was perceived as more important than pursuing the ends, in a number
of cases. It was also found that achieving the ordained objectives was as important as following the proper means, in
majority of the cases. This implied that bureaucrats wanted to avoid the risks associated with dynamic, result-
oriented methods, which facilitate the public. Following the proper means is always safer but less productive.
It was found that the primacy of means ensured growth and development in the long run and also ensured
justice. Sticking to the proper means also implied avoidance of corruption. But, one could not expect immediate
results. It was also found that many times both ends as well as means are important, as both are closely related. Most
of the times, means are justified only by the presence of ends. Also, prescribed or proper procedures always lead to
credible goals.
On the other hand, the primacy of achieving the ends or objectives in bureaucracy was not given much impetus.
It was mainly justified because modern governments need to be result-oriented to save time. Also, performance is
directly proportional to the goals achieved. This was the only reason behind the primacy of ends in our
administrative culture.
It seems very important that the bureaucracies become oriented more towards objectives and ends, rather than
the means and procedures, as is the present scenario. In the contemporary times, bureaucracies do not just exist to
safeguard the administrative processes, but they exist to accomplish various new and challenging tasks assigned to
them. It needs to be ensured that each proposal and each process is result-oriented and moves towards its objectives
and goals. In order to achieve all this, the bureaucrats need to become more dynamic, efficient and committed
towards their responsibilities. The age old rules need to be replaced by the latest revised rules, which are well
conversant with the latest information and the technological advancements. Administrative Reforms Commissions
have been set up for this purpose. The state of J&K too, needs to adopt and abide by the latest recommendations of
the Commission, so that the tenets of „good governance‟ can be adhered to. J&K government too, needs to be
reinvented and restructured.
British colonial rule left its legacy behind in the form of a bureaucratic system of administration in its colonies.
Since then, J&K bureaucracy has been floundering on the borrowed foundations and struggling its way up. Nothing
much has changed, with the same obsolete rules of the book and the sluggish pace of administration. Eventually, its
growth has got impeded to an extent where J&K bureaucracy eludes dynamism, efficiency and progress. The
stagnation in its growth can only be overcome if modern and informal models of governance, of the national or
international levels, are adopted. For the proper growth of J&K bureaucracy, a dynamically feasible and positive
environment needs to be created. There is the requirement of a complete paradigm shift in the administrative
patterns, so that the loose ends can be tied in their right perspective and the loopholes can be avoided.
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