The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea A Sociological Perspectiveijtsrd
Urbanization plays a distinct and important role in producing political relationships. Identity politics which is strongly linked to sense of belonging is an important dimension of political relationships in urban areas. This study examines the relationship between urbanization and the politics of identity in Buea. The research is a descriptive documentary research with data collected from secondary sources former studies and reports, newspapers, archival records and internet publications with few interviews. Data collection procedures included reading and note taking. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis whereby concepts and ideas were grouped together under umbrella key words to appreciate the trends in them. The Instrumentalist Theory of Ethnicity was the framework that guided the study. The themes were geared towards outlining how ethnicity has been a tool of political control. Data was gathered from the different epochs that have marked urbanization in Buea, from the Native Authority to the present Buea Rural Council, demonstrating how this has influenced relationships between natives and non natives. Results show that, starting as a colonial town, and most especially with her changing status as the capital successively of German Cameroon, British Southern Cameroons, and West Cameroon, coupled with the fact that she has had to harbour several institutions, Buea has experienced rapid urbanization. It also reveals that, just as colonialism is responsible for rapid urbanization in Buea, it has constructed differences between “us” and the “other” aimed at protecting indigenous minorities. In essence, the thesis demonstrates how the transition of Buea from a rural to an urban settlement has led to several types of relations across identity division, especially between insiders and outsiders as well as among native segments as each strives to dominate the political milieu. Although the non natives are in a demographic majority, they occupy a minority position within the Council. Most especially, the recruitment policy of the Councilfavours natives, to the detriment of non natives. Land restitution and re alienation has ushered in a paradigm shift from tensions between natives and non natives to an era of peaceful co existence. Fanny Jose Mbua "Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea: A Sociological Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33078.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33078/urbanization-and-the-politics-of-identity-in-buea-a-sociological-perspective/fanny-jose-mbua
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea A Sociological Perspectiveijtsrd
Urbanization plays a distinct and important role in producing political relationships. Identity politics which is strongly linked to sense of belonging is an important dimension of political relationships in urban areas. This study examines the relationship between urbanization and the politics of identity in Buea. The research is a descriptive documentary research with data collected from secondary sources former studies and reports, newspapers, archival records and internet publications with few interviews. Data collection procedures included reading and note taking. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis whereby concepts and ideas were grouped together under umbrella key words to appreciate the trends in them. The Instrumentalist Theory of Ethnicity was the framework that guided the study. The themes were geared towards outlining how ethnicity has been a tool of political control. Data was gathered from the different epochs that have marked urbanization in Buea, from the Native Authority to the present Buea Rural Council, demonstrating how this has influenced relationships between natives and non natives. Results show that, starting as a colonial town, and most especially with her changing status as the capital successively of German Cameroon, British Southern Cameroons, and West Cameroon, coupled with the fact that she has had to harbour several institutions, Buea has experienced rapid urbanization. It also reveals that, just as colonialism is responsible for rapid urbanization in Buea, it has constructed differences between “us” and the “other” aimed at protecting indigenous minorities. In essence, the thesis demonstrates how the transition of Buea from a rural to an urban settlement has led to several types of relations across identity division, especially between insiders and outsiders as well as among native segments as each strives to dominate the political milieu. Although the non natives are in a demographic majority, they occupy a minority position within the Council. Most especially, the recruitment policy of the Councilfavours natives, to the detriment of non natives. Land restitution and re alienation has ushered in a paradigm shift from tensions between natives and non natives to an era of peaceful co existence. Fanny Jose Mbua "Urbanization and the Politics of Identity in Buea: A Sociological Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33078.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33078/urbanization-and-the-politics-of-identity-in-buea-a-sociological-perspective/fanny-jose-mbua
With the coming of the new millenuim, the entire world has entered the globalized age, which is characterized by the US global power leading the world after the fall of the ex- USSR. The emergence of globaization rose several questions about the role of the US: Is it acting in favor preserving the world cultures, or trying to model the world according to the US Western and liberal values? This; in fact, has paved the way to rise of such theories, expliaing that the US has enetered a new phase of conflict which is basically cutural in order to survive and promote its cultural values.
arvinoor, arvinoor siregar, arvinoor siregar sh, arvinoor siregar sh mh, kasus arvinoor siregar, kasus arvinoor siregar sh, kasus arvinoor siregar sh mharvinoor, arvinoor siregar, arvinoor siregar sh, arvinoor siregar sh mh, kasus arvinoor siregar, kasus arvinoor siregar sh, kasus arvinoor siregar sh
A thorough analysis on Samuel P. Huntington's, Clash of Civilizations. The presentation starts with some basic information on the writer, the nature and history of civilizations as well as the basic reasons of their conflict. It continues with presenting and criticizing specific topics imposed by the writer and ends with our own ideas and implications based on the work of Samuel P. Huntington.
First published on 17th February 2008 in Buzzle, AfroArticles and American Chronicle
Excerpt:
It would be better for Serbia to be the first country to recognize Kosova; otherwise, 2008 Serbia will soon look like 1991 Yugoslavia, because Voivodina and Sanjak will be the next to secede.
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
With the coming of the new millenuim, the entire world has entered the globalized age, which is characterized by the US global power leading the world after the fall of the ex- USSR. The emergence of globaization rose several questions about the role of the US: Is it acting in favor preserving the world cultures, or trying to model the world according to the US Western and liberal values? This; in fact, has paved the way to rise of such theories, expliaing that the US has enetered a new phase of conflict which is basically cutural in order to survive and promote its cultural values.
arvinoor, arvinoor siregar, arvinoor siregar sh, arvinoor siregar sh mh, kasus arvinoor siregar, kasus arvinoor siregar sh, kasus arvinoor siregar sh mharvinoor, arvinoor siregar, arvinoor siregar sh, arvinoor siregar sh mh, kasus arvinoor siregar, kasus arvinoor siregar sh, kasus arvinoor siregar sh
A thorough analysis on Samuel P. Huntington's, Clash of Civilizations. The presentation starts with some basic information on the writer, the nature and history of civilizations as well as the basic reasons of their conflict. It continues with presenting and criticizing specific topics imposed by the writer and ends with our own ideas and implications based on the work of Samuel P. Huntington.
First published on 17th February 2008 in Buzzle, AfroArticles and American Chronicle
Excerpt:
It would be better for Serbia to be the first country to recognize Kosova; otherwise, 2008 Serbia will soon look like 1991 Yugoslavia, because Voivodina and Sanjak will be the next to secede.
Assessing the impact_of_globalization_on_human_traJohnGacinya
Ever since contemporary globalization came on the world scene around 1990s, free movement of goods, services and ideas grew as a result of reduced barriers to international movement trade and investment. The economic flow of goods and services has gone along with movement of people across the globe. The voluntary and involuntary movement of people occurs around world and is associated with opportunities that exist out there. Communication and flow of information is in real time in the current period from one corner of the globe to the other is occurring at high speed. Beliefs, ideas and culture have been relayed fast through the Internet, Smart Phones and other Communication devices.
There are four major types of global interaction and these include:
a) Communication, or the movement of information, including
the transmission of beliefs, ideas, and doctrines
b) Transportation, the movement of physical objects, including
war material and personal property as well as merchandise
c) Finance, the movement of money and instruments of credit
d) Travel and movement of persons. This includes voluntary
movement which is travel and migration as well as involuntary
movement which is human trafficking and forced migration
SPACE OVER TIME THE CHANGING POSITION OF THE BLACK GHETTO MoseStaton39
SPACE OVER TIME: THE CHANGING POSITION OF THE BLACK GHETTO IN THE UNITED
STATES
Author(s): Peter Marcuse
Source: Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 13, No. 1, Spatial
segregation, concentration, and ghetto formation (1998), pp. 7-23
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41107729
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SPACE OVER TIME: THE CHANGING POSITION
OF THE BLACK GHETTO IN THE UNITED
STATES1
Peter Marcuse
ABSTRACT Ghettoizcition is increasingly of concern in countries around the world.
The manifestation that causes the concern is known primarily from the United States.
But it is not a simple phenomenon there, and has gone through many changes over
the past several centuries. The article describes the ghetto of several historical
periods: in the aftermath of slavery, during a period of acceptance between the two
World Wars, in pursuit of integration after World War II, and as today 's quite dif-
ferent outcast ghetto, a ghetto of exclusion, in a period during which for the first
time it is perceived as a permanent component of urban society. Whether the nega-
tive results of these developments can be overcome remains a contested question.
1 Introduction
Concern about ghettos, about the segregation of minority groups, is heard almost
everywhere around the world today. Whether it be of blacks in the United States,
Turks in Germany, Algerians in France, Muslims in Serbia, Palestinians in Israel,
Pakistanis in Birmingham, the worry is that the apparently increasing clustering of
individuals of one ethnic or religious or cultural background within a limited area
within a city (or a nation) can give rise to a multitude of problems, both to those
living within such clusters and to those in the society outside. Yet all clustering is
not alike (see also Bolt, Burgers and Van Kempen in this Issue). Clustering may be
voluntary, and represent affinity and solidarity, or it may be involuntary, the result
of segregation and discrimination. It may be transitional, or it may be permanent, of
a group on the way up and out, or a group held down and oppressed. The issues are
complex. And what makes the matter even more complicated is that the same
cluste ...
THE COSMOLOGY OF HERITAGE IN LATIN AMERICA: FROM EXPLORATION TOWARDS INDEBTNESS SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
In the present essay review we discuss to what extent heritage does not play an ideological
function invisivilising the real causes of events. In sorne respects, anthropology as well as other
social sciences instilled the needs "of being there" which was conducive to the Iogic of exploitation
introduced by colonialism. Today this submission is successfully achieved by means of heritage.
What is the position of Latin America in this stage?. From the sense of exploration of 19s century
towards financial indebtness, West has created an allegory of Otherness in order for its conquest
to be ideologically legitirnated.
Migrations and the Net: new virtual spaces to build a cultural identityeLearning Papers
Author: Linda J. Castañeda, Paz Prendes, Francisco Martínez-Sánchez.
This paper presents some of the reflections, projects and results around the topics of multiculturalism and migration attained by the Educational Technology Research Group at the University of Murcia, some of them integrated in the Interuniversity Cooperation programmes promoted by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI).
<serbian />
Presented by Ting Wang
tammywt6@gmail.com
5th November 2009
Prepared for 2009 Graduate Seminar.
Information Society & Multiculturalism (Prof. Han Woo Park), at Yeungnam Univ. in S. Korea.
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
The central purpose of the study is to evaluate the programs, project planning and management in Ethiopian Red Cross society and its comparison with procedures of project planning and management system. The study found that Ethiopian Red Cross society has been working on a lot of community development projects in Ethiopia for several decades. Most projects were principally emphasized on disaster and risk reduction. Different organizations use diverse project procedures to achieve the anticipated objectives. This also true for the Ethiopian Red Cross society projects. The Ethiopian Red Cross society had integrated some unique style of project planning and management system in its project. Thus, there was no total departure in the whole system of project development phases. Every cycle of the project life spans are used beginning from the point of concept initiation to final implementation and closure phases.
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
The study was conducted on issues affecting the academic achievement of female students in selected primary schools of Jimma Arjo woreda while its objective was to investigate the major factors that affect the academic achievements of female students in primary schools of four sampled primary schools/Arjo primary school, Andinnet, Arbi-gebeya and Wayu Warke primary schools. Female students academic achievements show an upgrading from time to time, but still the rise is delicate when contrast to males. The finding identified the five broad categories, Family related, school related, socio-economic related, cultural related were the major factors that affect the academic achievements of females’ education. The common issues household responsibilities, low awareness of parents towards females education, parents financial problems, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, the nature of teacher student relationship, the study behavior female students implement, teaching method teachers use, early marriage, less avails of role models are the main reasons for squat academic achievements of female students on education. To alleviate these upward parents awareness to wards the benefit of educating females, motivating female students, providing financial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilities and protecting female from abduction and early marriage/from any harmful traditions were recommended.
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Agricultural Informatics is a valuable domain in the field of interdisciplinary sciences. This is responsible for the applications of Information Technology, Computing and similar technologies into the agricultural activities. This is the combination of Agricultural Science and Information Sciences. The field due to technological nature is much closed with the Agricultural Engineering or Agricultural Technology. There are many allied and similar nomenclature of the fields but all of these are primarily responsible for the same purpose. The field is rapidly increasing in recent past and most practiced in the developed nation. However, in developing countries as well Agricultural Informatics becomes an emerging field of practice and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics is growing both in pre and post agricultural activity. This branch is considered as branch of Information Sciences & Technology due to its technological applications in the field of agriculture and allied areas. Information Sciences are the broadest field within the allied branches and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics educational programs have started in recent past in different level and stream of education viz. science and technology. However within the broad periphery of Information Sciences it could be offered in other streams and under the wide variety of Information Sciences. This paper is broad and interdisciplinary in nature and deals with the aspects of the Information Sciences and Technology including features, nature, scope and also the potentialities in respect of Agricultural Informatics.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The outbreak and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to the West African sub-region have brought significant changes to the different aspects of our lives and grounded educational and socio-political and economic activities of ECOWAS member states. The pandemic has exposed the poor state of the health systems and shortage in medical supplies and protective gears to cope with the health emergency. In response, strict restrictions were put in place to curb the spread of the virus and these have drastically affected peoples’ lifestyles. However, there has been huge increase in the use of technology in business, education, religion and other activities as people adapt to the changing times in the sub-region. It is the argument of this paper that things cannot return to the way they were before the pandemic, but West African states must strategically plan for the Post COVID-19 era to survive the massive wave of unemployment, socio-economic meltdown and changes in lifestyle. The paper concluded that while the fight against the virus in the sub-region was not collective, post-pandemic recovery must be coordinated, strategically plannedamong member states. It was recommended that the governments should be flexible enough to retain the use of ICT and technology alongside the conventional ways of doing things in the post-pandemic era.
Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.
This study examines and explicates the lexico-semantic parameters, which Joseph Edoki deploys to convey his themes in The Upward Path, his second novel. Edoki is a contemporary Nigerian novelist who is preoccupied with the socio-political problems in Africa with the hope of a brighter future. The novel is the story of Mr. Gaga, a Rhwandan American PhD student, on a fact finding mission in Savannah, an African country, for his Thesis entitled ‘’ Why Africa is Underdeveloped’’. For failing to portray Africa in line with the negative views about the continent in his proposal, Gaga’s supervisor recalls him back to America in anger. But in defense of his conviction and research findings about Africa, Gaga remains in Savannah to complete his Thesis. This study is of significance because as a linguistic study, it will serve as a springboard to future researches in the language of African literature. Moreover, the good governance, which Edoki presents in Savannah, the fictional country, in which the novel under study is set, is a blue print for the development of Africa.
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The art of using language for public expression in order to persuade target audience to support development initiatives is a key reason for graphic communication. This requires communication actors particularly, the graphic encoder to know salient input and output variables of communication for effective mediation. However, the prevalence ignorance of these variables, often results in ineffective media production that is counter-productive to development. Therefore, this paper focused on production of practical rhetoric in graphic language for development programmes. The paper employed the critical-historical-analytic examination and content analysis methods. It introduced the reader to the need for practical rhetoric in visual communication. Furthermore, it highlighted the salient input and output variables that the graphic communication actor need be conversant with in order to produce visual rhetoric, using the McGuire’s Communication/persuasion Matrix. And it exemplified graphic media that result from application or neglect of the knowledge of the variables. The paper found that consideration of the variables afforded production of effective rhetoric in graphic language. The paper ended with the need for graphic encoders to internalize knowledge of the input and output variables and utilize it during the process of media production to generate visual rhetoric with desired effect.
The Niger delta of Nigeria has been besieged by a lot of crises, which have posed serious security risks to the region. This has adversely and seriously affected not only the region, but Nigeria in general. The processes of crude oil extraction in the Niger delta have resulted in ecological degradation and oil pollutions, thereby doing a lot of damages to the farmlands and fishing waters of the people, whose major occupations are farming and fishing. Petroleum, the main source of Nigeria’s revenue is obtained in the Niger delta. Yet, Deltans are confronted with a lot of problems; they are impoverished, exploited, neglected and marginalized despite the economic value of the region to the Nigerian economy. No serious or commensurate efforts are made by the government or the multinational oil companies operating in the region to compensate the people for the losses they suffer through oil pollutions. This has resulted in a lot of protests and violence, culminating in the social unrest in the region. To this effect, there have been reactions to the crises in diverse ways. Though such efforts have yielded little dividends, the crises have persisted. Niger delta deserves priority attention in terms of human and infrastructural developments. In the literary circle, some Nigerian literary artists have expressed concern over the issue with a view to creating awareness on the seriousness of the crises, and advancing suggestions that will proffer permanent solutions to the problems. This paper examines and expounds how Helon Habila deploys the mood system as a language tool in his novel, Oil on Water, to address the Niger Delta crises. He advances suggestions to put an end to the crises in order to restore peace, and enhance sustainable development in Nigeria.
The purpose of the research is to examine importance of Georgia’s current relations with its neighboring Russia and Azerbaijan and to estimate risks that deterioration of these relations can bring to Georgia’s economy. Of particular interest is to understand who stands behind the tensions happened in Georgia in the run-up to the tourist season of 2019 or at least to figure out possible motives behind the events. Interdependence of the states is analyzed through historical review of their relations and estimation of their current mutual interests. Considering risks and aspirations of the sides in the tensions, the motives behind are suggested. The data received depicts that none of these tensions were initiated by Georgia following its interests, on the contrary, its ruling party’s most visible achievement had been the ability to maintain positive and beneficial relations with both Russia and Azerbaijan. Thus, the Georgian government considered to be a victim in this case. The paper concludes that Georgian government is unable to react on provocations in a timely fashion due to absence of agreement in the ruling party and being quite fragile for outside forces that try to influence the country’s political processes. Unless Georgia manages to build more interdependent or less dependent relations with superpowers, it will be unable to avoid repetition of such manipulations.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
Globalization and liberalization puts the emphasis on exports as a technique in which developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini should adopt to expand their markets beyond their domestic market. For the developing countries to be international competitive in the global markets they need to minimize their production cost particularly on the products that are being exported. The production of most of the exported commodities needs lot energy from oil; hence there has been tremendous increase of oil and its by-product worldwide. The current oil demand for most countries in the world is not met because of insufficient reserves for crude oil in most countries. The Kingdom of Eswatini does not have an oil reserves or oil-refining facilities hence they depends on imports from the neighbouring states in order to meet the consumption requirement. The oil price shocks in the global market normally have adversely effects on various macroeconomic variables such as exchange rate since the oil is traded in US dollars. Oil and exchange rate are considered to be essential factors for domestic economies for developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini. The purpose of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between Lilangeni-dollar exchange rate and crude oil price by using the Toda-Yamamota approach. The study used daily time series from January 01st, 2005 to April 30th, 2018 of nominal exchange rate of Lilangeni (Eswatini currency [SZL]) vis-à-vis United States dollar (USD) data as well as the global price of Brent crude oil data that was used as a proxy for the Global crude oil price. The results from the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causality from the global oil price to the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate (SZL/USD). Hence the study concluded that the global crude oil price influence the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate. Therefore the study recommends that in the formulating of Eswatini’s exchange rate policy emphases should be on the global oil prices in order not to misalign the Eswatini’s currency.
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
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Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241
Vol. 5, Issue. 11, pp: 106-112, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.511.106.112
Academic Research Publishing
Group
106
Original Research Open Access
Multicultural Inevitability: Case of Georgia
Vladimir Liparteliani
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
Abstract
The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in
modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for
endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-
right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in
Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the
general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very
important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the
accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be
perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and
one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will
enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
2. Understanding Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is often perceived as a modern invention by its detractors, and also, even more outrageously,
equated with the genocide of national identities and states VESPA (2016). Such a negative image is also actively
promoted by rightist movements in the West and by those who interpret liberal-democracy as the tool of some
“Global Conspiracy” in which multiculturalism is an inseparable part of an “enslavement process” (Solargeneral.org,
n.d).
Opponents treat assimilation as an essential part of multiculturalism and consider it as a threat for a mainstream
culture. In this steam of reasoning, assimilation eliminates cultural differences though loss of one’s distinctive traits
that are replaced by the language, values, and other attributes, thus threatening dominant culture’s exclusiveness.
However, it will be necessary to return to these theories later and discuss them in more details. There are
consequences facing those in Georgia who criticize multiculturalism as an ideology and among the same who often
hold more or less the same opinions, and are guided by similar arguments. But for now we will begin investigating
multiculturalism in Georgia by finding a better approach to understanding it.
When we first hear of something, most of us try to recall whether we heard anything about it before, and if so,
what exactly links us to it. We will use the same approach to figure out what multiculturalism is. To start with, we
will review multiculturalism in its historical context. This implies ignoring its ideological aspect and addressing its
historical reality and role in different societies.
Multiculturalism is indisputably an actuality of world history, having been an indispensable part of cultural
contacts from the earliest known civilization, that of the Sumerians of the fourth millennium B.C. “…what made the
land of Sumer so critical was that it was where long-range trade routes over land and sea first came together…
always and everywhere, civilizations involved polyethnic mingling, and attracted people who came from a distance
to live, temporarily or permanently, in relatively close proximity… today this phenomenon is only intensified by the
enormous capacity of modem transport and communication” (Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1999). Cultures in
general, and particularly modern ones, are so multicultural and intertwined that even if you wanted to, it would be
almost impossible to find strict differences between them.
That of Georgia is no exception. Today’s globalized way of life excludes any doubts concerning the
multicultural vector of development for any country. Furthermore, we can demonstrate multiculturalism’s historical
role by looking at the composition of Georgia’s peoples, which have always been very diverse. “Historically,
Georgia (like most other countries) has almost never been mono-ethnic. This was primarily predetermined by its
geographical location”(Topchishvili, 2005).
Topchishvili stresses that nation does not pertain to natural but rather is a socio-cultural phenomenon. One that
is continually developing, living organism, which over centuries absorbs the features and characteristics of different
peoples. Every nation undergoes a long process of development, and, of course, always changes its form.
There is no nation in the world which has not emerged from interrelations with others. We are unlikely to find
any nation with a pure bloodline and untapped culture, and even if such an entity exists somewhere it will not have
the status of a nation, merely a tribe (Topchishvili, 2005).
2. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
107
The idea of tolerance itself is not something new and fits well in historical format of traditions and cultures of
different peoples. Georgia and the whole Caucasus region, being one of the most polyethnic regions in the world, is a
great example in this context. Due to its geographic location Georgia has always been a point of contact for different
civilizations and distinct with ethnocultural diversity throughout history. Culture of tolerance has been formed by
influence from neighbors, invaders and trade partners of the country enriching it with new borrowings but at the
same time allowing Georgians to keep their distinctiveness. Located at the crossroads of different parts of the world
and serving as a bridge for fundamentally different cultures and philosophies of the north and south, east and west,
Georgia, combining it all, is itself unique and self-sufficient.
Already in ancient periods, between 3rd and 7th C.E. Iberia (Georgian Kingdom of Kartli 302 BC–580 AD)
maintained dangerous existence between two great powers of that time, Persia and The Byzantine Empire - rivals for
control over the Caucasus. Georgian kings in order to preserve freedom had to play one off against the other. Such
attempts at «balancing the scales» of course had an impact on cultural and religious spheres, building rich socio-
political, cultural and demographic mosaic. There even were times of dual faith in Georgia, when Mazdaism
(Zoroastrianism) had been accepted by eastern part of the country as a second official religion alongside with
Christianity by the middle of the 5th century.
«Araboba» is also worth to be mentioned - the period of Arab rulers’s domination in Georgia, continuing from
7th century until the final defeat of the Emirate of Tbilisi from King David IV in 1122, or devastating invasion of
Mongols in the Caucasus and creation Vilayet of Gurjistan until the Turco-Mongol onslaught ruled by Temur in the
last quarter of the 14th century. Particular attention in this case deserves settlement of more than 200000 Kipchaks in
1118-1120 years with a purpose of protection the country’s borders and their future assimilation (Japaridze et al.,
2012).
All these events could not pass without leaving impact on society, culture and religion of Georgians. Being a
stage of constant wars between Persian and Osman Empires in the late middle ages dividing the country on the
western and eastern parts, no surprise that Georgians, being Christians but strongly influenced by muslim neighbors,
absorbed diverse features creating very specific own culture. Constantly changing situations on the borders,
emergence and vanishing of new cultures in the region and migration have always been reality for the country rather
than exception, contributing to what we consider to be Georgian culture today. Georgia’s diverse composition is a
great example of the universal multicultural past, present and probably future. The treasure of world literature called
“The Knight in the Panther's Skin,” by Shota Rustaveli, is undeniably a product of Georgian culture and is a prime
conveyor of Georgian identity. But it could hardly have been created were it not for the multicultural reality of the
Kingdom of Georgia of that time.
Information we get from Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, perfectly describes naturalness of multiculturalism for
Georgia of the beginning of the 18th century : «There are five Greek Churches in Teflis, four in the city, and one in
the suburb; seven Armenian Churches, two Mosques in the Citadel, and a third which is deserted…there are
approximately 20.000 inhabitants in Tiflis. 14.000 of them are Armenians, 3.000 muslims, 2.000 Georgians and 500
Roman-Catholics». These lines from handbook of the traveler depict how diverse the capital was in ethnic, religious
and cultural sense for that period. Not for nothing, the popular saying coming from Georgian peasants exists: “We
are all children of Adam,// Tatar is also our brother,//Between us and Armenians,//What is the difference?”
Topchishvili (2019a) Exactly due to such a diverse history many question whether to consider Georgia as a part of
Europe or Asia in cultural aspect. Intelectuals still find the question to be contentious. While Europeans view
Georgia as Asia, the last one sees it as Europe.
Very close relations with the northern neighbor, Russia, from the end of 18th century and its strong impact on
Georgia until the moment should be mentioned in a bit more detailed way. Not only in the period of being a part of
Russian Empire Georgia was influenced in different aspects, treating the Empire as the replacement of the long-lost
Orthodox ally, the Eastern Roman Empire, but later in the Soviet Period the level of Russia’s impact achieved its
peak due to technologies as well as political and economic ties. The term «sovetskiy chelovek» was applicable to all
citizens of the USSR including Georgians and consequences of that identity we see even now. The soviet identity
played role of an institutional background in which identities of titular and non-titular ethnicities were forming. The
soviet identity did not mean an ethnical sense, it rather was a civic identity. However at the same time it was still
including some ethnic characteristics, for example being a soviet citizen meant being able to speak Russian language
and know Russian culture as it served as a communicative instrument between different people. The situation with
coexistence of ethnicities and cultures together was worsen by the concept of a titular nation. Representatives of
different ethnic groups simply could not understand on what basis one group of people could be given a status of
titular and others in spite of any attempts would never achieve this status. This all rose a level of ethnic complaints
among people living side by side in the same republics. In spite of attempt to create multicultural society and unite
different cultures and peoples together, the wrong approach and ideology did not allow the country to succeed in
this. The authorities used to manage peaceful coexistence of nations mostly relying on power and undemocratic
decisions. As the result, during the process of «de-sovetisation» many conflicts raised on the ethnical ground. Due to
strong attachment of the soviet identity, «sovetchina», to Russian national identity, a deep alienation towards it
appeared. All Russian became associated with all imperialistic and soviet and was strongly opposed Barbashin
(2012). The tendency is the case at present.
Significant moment in the history of multiculturalism in Georgia, as well as, all post soviet states was
acceptation of new liberal constitutions in 90s. Finally rights of ethnic minorities were legally protected and
theoretically no any barrier could exist for prosperity of multiculturalism in the states. However, deepening in the
problems and looking at the facts we are certain that theory and practice are too far from each other in this sense.
3. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
108
Georgia’s diverse composition is a great example of the universal multicultural past, present and probably
future. The treasure of world literature called “The Knight in the Panther's Skin,” by Shota Rustaveli, is undeniably a
product of Georgian culture and a prime conveyor of Georgian identity. But it could hardly have been created were it
not for the multicultural reality of the Kingdom of Georgia of that time.
It is difficult to argue that our modern reality has developed totally due to multiculturalism, because innovation
may, amongst other things, also be provoked by the discrepancy between insiders and outsiders. Cultures have a
very ambivalent attitude towards newcomers who, with their own cultures (folk ways), are usually perceived as a
challenge to established system of values, traditions and rituals. But at the same time, however, it is important to
understand that in any society, over time, innovation appears which later partly disappears and partly will become a
tradition over time. Thus, any current tradition once was an innovation and some of current innovations once will
become a tradition (Topchishvili, 2019b).
If a country’s internal security is put under threat the members of this culture may see strangers as threatening,
thinking, and “We have to protect our identity more and learn how to deal with strangers”. But in such situations
changes are inescapable, because even attempts to resist change lead to change, and thus intercultural contact
becomes a source of innovation. This has been so for centuries, if not the whole history of humanity, and there are
myriad examples.
Hence multiculturalism is a historical necessity, inevitability and is an essential part of humanity’s progress.
Even societies’ fear of multiculturalism (often caused by unawareness) leads towards changes and innovations which
prove that nation and culture are not static but dynamic and continually developing phenomena in which
multiculturalism plays a key role. So what stops people perceiving this as a matter of course? Today, in the era of
globalization, which is inherently global political, economic, religious and cultural integration and unification, due to
the simplification of movement around the world, and thanks to opened borders of almost all countries, the
development of technologies, and in particular of the Internet, people got the opportunity to acquaint people from
other countries with their own and original cultures. Multiculturalism acquires global tendency and becomes
essential part of globalized reality. Countries refusing to accept the reality are doomed to be isolated from the
developed world. The importance of multiculturalism has been growing throughout the human history in step with
increasing level of globalization.
3. Criticism of Multiculturalism
For the last few decades in the West, the strategy of the assimilation of newcomers, thus the regulation of
intercultural and interethnic relations, has been changed by the adoption of the concept of cultural pluralism, i.e.
multiculturalism. It should be noted that in this situation we are faced with the ideology of multiculturalism rather
than its historical role. The main feature of this concept is tolerance of other cultures and ethno cultural identities.
But in the same ratio that as multiculturalism has become ingrained in European societies, criticism of it has
unfolded. The main argument against it is that this policy does not resolve disagreements between hosts and
newcomers, but on the contrary increases contrasts and leads to social and cultural conflicts. The argument is based
on the idea that encouraging minorities to express their distinct identities and practices creates the social exclusion of
these minorities, whereas the proper approach would be to assimilate these minorities and ensure their
Europeanization.
Critics also condemn the way newcomers are treated, insisting that immigrants are not necessarily required to
learn the host country’s language but then live in some ethnic enclave on government subsidies, and thus on the
taxes of their hosts (Weigel, 2018).
But it is very important to understand that this criticism has quite symbolic form, which often turns into
populism, and is used as a tool in the hands of right-wing parties. For example, subsidies only apply to those who
seek refugee status in Europe, and are bestowed by governments, and strictly in accordance with the law. The sums
are only enough to buy food with, thus this money is spent within the country which gives it, hence not inflicting any
damage to its economy.
With regard to criticism of giving minorities the opportunity to express their distinct identities and practices, we
need to understand that this pertains to the so-called celebratory model of multiculturalism, which encourages
citizens’ ethnocultural diversity: it provides support for the different traditions, customs, music and cuisine which
exist in a multiethnic society (Kymlicka, 2012). Here nationalism is to be explained as the issue of nation is usually
a core subject in criticism of multiculturalism. However the sense of nationalism’s theory only proofs its
inalienability from multiethnic basis. It is important to consider nations as a product of nationalism thus of a nation-
building process. Explanation of a nation’s concept is not an easy task, but several key moments connected with
multiculturalism could be mentioned. For example B. Anderson (and many others) claim that a nation is an imagined
political community because members of it will never know, hear or meet most of their fellow-members. They may
be very different from each other and even understand and see their «common» nation from a different perspective,
but have an imagined sense of community and solidarity. Thus, a term «imagined» gives as permission to consider
the concept as a matter of subjective thought.
While there are no strict rules and standards distinguishing people on who pertain to a particular nation and who
don’t, most nations are limited and do not allow everybody to join it that sometimes makes necessity and role of a
nation even more debatable in the modern realm, and the tendency towards rejection of nation’s concept is clearly
seen, particularly in states with leanings in favor of multiculturalism, justly considering it to be an essential part of
any modern state.
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Worth to mention that many intellectuals, consider the idea of a nation to be a narrative of specific kind. Its
actualization of separate themes has a situational character. «The targets of national narratives are the heart of
humans and not the minds» (Chkhartishvili, 2013) Thus, bearing these characteristics in mind we can assert that
what understood as a nation is blurred enough and ideas on multiculturalism’s threat for a nation are quite
ambiguous.
Back to the issue if minorities’ desire to manifest their distinct identities and practices, here to be mention that in
a democratic society it should not be a matter of anxiety as judicial authorities serve as a guarantor that any wild and
inappropriate rituals newcomers might practice are strictly regulated and treated as criminal acts. For example,
female circumcision and forced marriage are crimes in all civilized countries.
The celebratory features of multiculturalism serve as an engine of innovation and development for societies.
Even though the superficiality of so-called celebratory multiculturalism is often criticized due to its lack of
usefulness in addressing real social and economic challenges, this is due to the wrong implementation of
multicultural policies rather than multiculturalism itself.
Many wrongly accuse multiculturalism of direct support for homosexuality through the protection of minorities’
rights. However, people often forget that in a democracy none of the resolutions concern is accepted by governments
without the support of the majority of the population. The most germane example in this regard is referendum that
was passed in Ireland in 2015 concerning same sex marriage (The Irish Times, 2015). Therefore, the right to vote
and fair elections, as well as referendums, deserves to be given much more attention. Moreover, monitoring in such
cases is to depict the actual position of citizens.
All described above covers only the most frequent criticism of cultural pluralism and shows that it does not
stand up to scrutiny. In addition, to strengthen multiculturalism’s position, it would be useful to pay more attention
to advantages that multiculturalism brings, and back to its historical role, to accept cultural pluralism as inevitability
of any nation.
From analyzing general multiculturalism’s criticism, we are moving to its condemnation in Georgia within the
context of the far-right march which was first held in Tbilisi in the summer of 2017. This was the first such event in
the country’s modern history, and it served as a stage for claims by the radical right party “Georgian March” and
voiced threats that immigration brings harm to Georgia. Several main slogans of the march were “We’ll clear our
streets of foreign criminals!”, “What is Georgian is for Georgia alone”, “Go back where you belong!”. As one of
leaders of the above mentioned party Sandro Bregadze said: “the idea of the march is not new, but the decision to
hold it was accelerated by the increased criminal cases by immigrants in Georgia (Expressnews, 2019)”. After that
the march had been held several times by the mid 2019 and in all cases messages to the public had ultra-right
character. Even though activists’ actions are not illegal, emphasis is still placed on foreigner’s criminal actions, thus
emphasizing ethnical and cultural background of offenders. There were some cases connected with desecration of
Churches, harassment, physical violence by immigrants from Middle East, etc. Even though these cases are
particular, rightists use this information to play on the emotions of citizens; they were able to get more and more
public attention. Disinformation and gutter press, as for example «Asaval-dasavali», contribute to the rise of right
sentiments in the country. In 2018 there was an article by Nikoloz Mjavanadze devoted to the «problem» of
reportedly huge flow of Iranian citizens to Georgia during the last several years. Allegedly, 70 % of all sold
apartments are purchased by Iranian citizens and in the nearest future there will be Iranian, Turkish, Arabic and
African neighborhoods in Tbilisi where Georgians are not going to be welcome. For sure, thanks to official statistics
we can dispel it, however some parts of citizens tend to rely on such tabloids and are easily misled (Mythdetector,
2019 ).
The issue of LGBT rights in Georgia is also in the spotlight of rightists, especially as it causes a strong public
outcry and helps to highlight ideas of the right-wing parties intertwining issues of migration and tolerance. They
actively use it to pay attention to their movement. The recent events can be used as the example in this case:
members of «Georgian march» together with a businessman of ultraconservative views and businessman Levan
Vasadze, held a rally against the premiere of the 2019 Swedish-Georgian drama film - And Then We Danced
scheduled for November. The protesters claim there is no place for propaganda of homosexuality in Georgia, while
stating that people of a different sexual orientation can feel absolutely secure in the country and no any
discrimination exists against them.
In 2016 Bregadze was running for parliamentary elections with an open campaign against immigrants and gays
in Georgia. Although the attempt was unsuccessful, every year the party's supporters’ increase in numbers. The
appetite for far-right ideas has dramatically increased in the period from 2015 to mid-2018 according to the research
by Crrc-caucasus.blogspot.com. (2019). It is worth mentioning that the right-wing ideas are also represented in the
Parliament by traditional-values party “Patriot’s Alliance” having five seats. The party is a brilliant example of
contemporary European illiberal populist movements supporting “protectionist measures and is particularly generous
on welfare spending. The party pledges to decrease the state pension age and provide free housing, healthcare
services, food, clothing, transport and medications to the socially vulnerable. It also promises to establish a state-
sponsored fund for providing non-interest loans and property, as well as the state-funded lawyers, accountants and
managers to start-up businesses “. However, such populist claims easily find support from population in young
democracies.
Attitudes that exist among right movements in Georgia are first of all against immigration and draw their policy
upon traditional values and religiosity criticizing multiculturalism and interpreting it as a threat for Georgian culture
and at the same time undermine democracy claiming to prohibit foreign NGOs in Georgia accusing them into
waging war on Georgian culture (Nikoladze, 2019).
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It appears to be quite dangerous according to the difficult macro-economic situation in Georgia. Taking into
account the fact that far-right sentiments easily grow during economic crises (Foreign, 2019) we may be absolutely
sure that the complicated situation in Georgia with touristic sector (after banning flights from Russia) resulting into
economic crisis, currency devaluation (RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty., 2019) will only play into the hands for
radical attitudes among citizens. Particularly vulnerable part is unemployed 12.7% population being a target
audience of rightist (Geostat, 2019).
4. Role and Importance of Multiculturalism for Georgia
It would be difficult to underestimate the role and importance of multiculturalism, particularly knowing the
composition and history of Georgians. Multiculturalism is not even a choice for Georgia but rather is a historical
reality. The fact that people identify themselves as Georgians at the same moment possess tradition, cultures and
languages different from each other should be a key and basis for creation of a new multicultural approach for
newcomers. For example, Svans, Megrelians and Kakhetians speak three different languages where one is common,
and have different traditions and customs. Even though languages pertain to one group, it would be impossible for a
Svan to understand Megrelian and vice versa.
Their cultures, even being united by the same religion, still have significant difference. For example, funeral
traditions, religious customs or pagan beliefs. However, today the borders between ethnic groups of Georgians
become more blurred due to progress: better road, communication and mass media, thus only increasing the
consolidation of the people. Thanks to the fact that all ethnic groups identify themselves as Georgians we do not
have separatism tendencies in these cases. For example, ethnic group of Adjarians, being part of Turkish Empire for
centuries and following Islam, are perceiving themselves as Georgians.
The totally different story is with those ethnicities in Georgia who, in spite of living on the same territory for
centuries, do not consider themselves as Georgians, as for example Abkhazians, Ossetians, Azerbaijanis or
Armenians. So, exactly correct multicultural approach would serve as a tool for dealing with such type of problems
in order to avoid separatism issues and disintegration. We also need to recall the VI article of the Kars’ agreement
and mentioned there conditions under which Turkey agrees to cede to Georgia suzerainty over the town and port of
Batumi: “the population of the localities… shall enjoy a greater measure of local administrative autonomy, that each
community is guaranteed its cultural and religious rights, and that this population may introduce in the above-
mentioned places an agrarian system in conformity with its own wishes (Groong.usc.edu., 2019)”. Hence, Georgia
should be very careful with the issue of multiculturalism and population’s cultures and religions otherwise it all may
threaten country’s integrity.
Dealing with this issue is going to be task for Georgia if it wants to pretend on being a successful state in the
future and bring back currently occupied territories. However, it does not mean that all peoples living in the country,
must consider themselves of Georgian ethnicity, but it is to create conditions where they understand their culture is
secured and they are not afraid of losing their identity being part of Georgian society and having its citizenship, thus
to help them feel undisputable and inherent part of the country. Hence, those problems existing with this issue must
be solved urgently. The detailed information on existing problems provided below.
5. Multicultural Future
Very few could accuse ethnic Georgians for lacking sufficient tolerance towards ethnical minorities or
minorities in general. For example, a rich mosaic of religious groups in Georgia not only allows these groups exists
side-by-side, but provokes mutual exchange of traditions, thus enriching and complementing each other. This feature
of religious tolerance of Georgians, was noted by many and one of them was the French traveler Jean Chardin back
to the second half of 17th century he wrote: «…The liberty that everyone enjoys in Georgia, of living according to
his own religion and customs, and of freely defending them (Chardin, 1815).’ These words are relevant even now,
proof is that after having two military conflicts within 17 years and being in constant tense with Russia no any cases
of ethnic Russians, Ossetian or Abkhaz rights have been violated on a national basis. Or today while having 20% of
the country occupied, Georgians have never intended to harass ethnic Russians. What could be better example of
multicultural and tolerant nature of Georgian people?
The situation with ethnical composition is analogous. While Georgians account for the vast majority of the (86.8
per cent) of population (occupied territories excluded) the second and third places belong to Azerbaijanis and
Armenians with 6.3 and 4.5 per cent, respectively. The other 2.5 per cent are divided between Russian, Ossetians,
Yezidi, Ukrainians and Kists (Census, 2016). The numbers would definitely look differently, if not the occupation of
20 per cent of the country, and would support multinational situation of the country with more Abkhazian and
Ossetian ethnic minorities in it.
It is worth noting that similarly to religious minorities, ethnic groups live side-by-side, complementing and
enriching each other, thus creating specific and unique model of a Georgian populace, where the word Georgian is
understood as a model of citizenship and equally pertains to all those living in Georgia. Although the hatred towards
ethnic minorities in everyday life is not mentioned, we still have to recognize that there are plenty of problems on the
official level.
If we have a deeper look into the issue we see there are enough problems with rights of ethnic minorities in
Georgia, that strongly undermine its democracy. For example, the fact that in the regions with major non-Georgian
population the language barrier exists. In Kvemo-kartli region people who are not fluent in Georgian language
account for 38,5 %, approximately half of them do not speak Georgian at all. In Samtskhe-Djavakheti the situation is
6. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
111
not better, the indicator is on 36% (Census, 2019). This makes a serious problem for these people to participate in
social life of the community. Moreover, lack of language knowledge arises problems as information isolation of
these people and impossibility to maintain relations with local official institutes and their representatives, thus
causing alienation.
It is worth mentioning that the physical absence of ballots in ethnic minorities languages during elections also
strongly undermine democratic stability in the country and violate the voting rights of citizens, thus makes it
impossible for many citizens to vote or increases probability of being manipulated.
Consequently, mistrust towards country’s internal politics is growing among ethnic minorities. According to
OSGF research, only 12.6% of ethnic minorities members rely on political parties. Research also demonstrates that
in political reality of today’s Georgia there are no political parties expressing interests of ethnic minorities (TV,
2019). Thus all this is very interdependent.
The Union of Democratic Meskhs indicates that only in the Akhalkalaki office branch assisted 139
beneficiaries. They were helped in filling out applications for governmental agencies, as they lacked Georgian
language skills: especially reading and writing. According to the Georgian administrative law any document of
foreign language must be translated into Georgian and notary certified to have official power. Thus, it creates
additional problems and challenges for ethnic minorities connected with costs of translation and notary service and
as a result is quite time consuming (Gdi, 2019).
The next problem connected with language is education. For example, in regions with major Azerbaijani
population children are taught by Georgian teachers who do not speak Azeri language, thus such education seems to
be of low quality. The situation is not much better in Armenian schools where the educational program is based on
Armenian official educational program and uses their materials, books, but at the same time level of Georgian
language teaching is inappropriate (JAM News, 2019), thus minorities can’t obtain a qualified education in official
language and learn it. Additional problems appear when youth can’t obtain university education due to lack of
Georgian language skills, they stay in their provinces without opportunities for career growth and integration.
All explained above are not isolated cases rather than today’s reality of Georgia’s internal policy and
multicultural problems within it.
6. Georgian Citizenship – Historical and Ideological Multiculturalism
The unifying and integrating model of citizenship should be premise for «Georgia of future» where
multiculturalism should be reevaluated, renewed and presented as an ideological framework for better integrating of
newcomers from the near neighborhood as well as China, Africa, Middle East and India. Problems that exist with
national minorities in Georgia must be resolved on the basis of new multicultural agenda. The priority should be
given to Georgian language, however allowing minorities learn their own languages. Minorities should be actively
informed about importance of learning Georgian language for career perspectives and their integration into the
society.
Earmarking a day for manifestation of multiculturalism is must. Festival on that day of solidarity between
different ethnicities and cultures should be celebrated where importance of roles of these peoples will be highlighted
and every culture will be endowed with responsibility for Georgia’s integrity and prosperity. Multiculturalism is to
be involved in school program and where its role and importance must be explained. Exams of Georgian language
and lectures of multiculturalism should be exposed to those who obtain citizenship without Georgian high school
education.
The new model of citizenship itself should be a guarantee that people holding it respect and understand the
importance of multi-ethnical composition of Georgia and tolerate different nations and cultures within the country
and treat each other as Georgians first and only then as representatives of other cultures. Multiculturalism should be
a part of country’s strategy and ideology due to its importance for integrity.
New model of Georgian citizenship, is an embryo at this moment which cannot be left on its own,
therefore closely monitoring is important. It is needed to be carefully considered otherwise, if ignored, it may have
tragic consequences for the country’s statehood and its integrity. Besides, this new model of citizenship, if properly
designed may be very useful in the process of de-occupation of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region.
Multiculturalism has always existed and remains an absolute inevitability of any modern society. The
matter of its benefit and harm is absolutely dependent on the way it is handled. Thus the right approach towards
multiculturalism in such situation is the key thing.
7. Conclusion
The paper has analyzed and determined the place and role of multiculturalism in Georgian society by exploring
multiculturalism’s historical context. It concludes that cultural diversity of the country always was and still remains
as one of the main factors driving its development. The author concurs that impact of policy of cultural diversity is
strongly depended on the way it is handled, thus to suggest that new approaches towards applications of
multicultural policies are needed.
The changes in this regard could be unified and imposed on society under the idea of the new model of
Georgian citizenship with new responsibilities and requirements in achieving it. However, this model is only partly
described without going deeper into details allowing others to supplement the idea with suggestions or criticism.
7. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
112
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