The document discusses the basic concepts and principles of unity of command and span of control in organizational theory and public administration. It defines unity of command as the principle that each employee should receive orders from one superior only to avoid confusion. Span of control refers to the number of subordinates one supervisor can oversee directly. The document explores debates around these principles and factors that influence their application, concluding they are central to effective organizational functioning and public administration.
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This presentation provides the definition, principles and discussions on the Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory.
For more of this presentation: https://youtu.be/SZECH-gPW7E
SUBSCRIBE. COMMENT. LIKE. SHARE
Political Advertising Implications on Voters Behaviorinventionjournals
: Political Advertising is a communication tool where parties and candidates spend most of the budget ofthe electoral campaigns. In the recent years, political advertising became the primary method by which candidates reach out voters in Albania.And the important question in the present case remains; does political advertising work or not work in countries defined as emerging democracies? The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the potential impact of political advertising on higher voters’ turnout and their political choice. To help fulfill this objective willbe summarizedbasic theory of political advertising impact on emerging democracy and its implications on voters’ choice. Understandingelectorate voting behavior before and after being exposed to different media advertisements is a key element for political actors. This paper will present a theoretical framework in which further researches describing Albanian case could be developed.
Pitfalls of Impulse Purchase Behavior (A Case Study in Saudi Arabian Context)inventionjournals
The present study about pitfalls of impulse purchase behavior has been carried out from customers‘ stand point of view. The study intends to educate and to create awareness among those class and category of customers who surreptitiously fall prey of lucrative packages and offers of products marketed and merchandised in super/hypermarket and malls. The present research intends to create awareness among customers who hardly give priority to the inherent worth and durability of goods and services provided by the dazzling and mind blowing slogans. There are certain class and category of buyers identified and located by the expert or analysts and managerial apparatus of impulse purchase - offer lucrative products and slogans in order to give boost and fulfill their sales target. Furthermore, the promises mentioned in products‘ features are just a violation of the basic agreement either partially: in quality or in other characteristics.There are certain economists and humanists as well who have exposed pitfalls of impulse purchase practiced in various forms of lucrative offer marketed and merchandised to a certain class of buyers like women, house-wives, adolescent and customers in general who are ignorant and unaware of the pitfalls of impulse purchase. The scholars like Mosa Al Omran, Director, Al Marai Operation, KSA & Mishal Al Kadeeb, Director Operation Aujan Soft Drink, KSA have particularly argued and shown their concern from the buyers stand point that buyers - buying certain commodities or services- are having every right to receive and get whatever consumers are promised in lucrative offer. Furthermore, the organization of consumer‘s protection association of KSA emphasized the consumer have rights That every person with a natural and legal status obtains a commodity or services paid or granted gratis in fulfilling personal need or the needs of others. Hopefully this research paper will be helpful for various types‘ retail stores, marketing managers and marketing graduates of kingdom of Saudi Arabia to understand the implementation of impulse purchasing
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
This presentation provides the definition, principles and discussions on the Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management Theory.
For more of this presentation: https://youtu.be/SZECH-gPW7E
SUBSCRIBE. COMMENT. LIKE. SHARE
Political Advertising Implications on Voters Behaviorinventionjournals
: Political Advertising is a communication tool where parties and candidates spend most of the budget ofthe electoral campaigns. In the recent years, political advertising became the primary method by which candidates reach out voters in Albania.And the important question in the present case remains; does political advertising work or not work in countries defined as emerging democracies? The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the potential impact of political advertising on higher voters’ turnout and their political choice. To help fulfill this objective willbe summarizedbasic theory of political advertising impact on emerging democracy and its implications on voters’ choice. Understandingelectorate voting behavior before and after being exposed to different media advertisements is a key element for political actors. This paper will present a theoretical framework in which further researches describing Albanian case could be developed.
Pitfalls of Impulse Purchase Behavior (A Case Study in Saudi Arabian Context)inventionjournals
The present study about pitfalls of impulse purchase behavior has been carried out from customers‘ stand point of view. The study intends to educate and to create awareness among those class and category of customers who surreptitiously fall prey of lucrative packages and offers of products marketed and merchandised in super/hypermarket and malls. The present research intends to create awareness among customers who hardly give priority to the inherent worth and durability of goods and services provided by the dazzling and mind blowing slogans. There are certain class and category of buyers identified and located by the expert or analysts and managerial apparatus of impulse purchase - offer lucrative products and slogans in order to give boost and fulfill their sales target. Furthermore, the promises mentioned in products‘ features are just a violation of the basic agreement either partially: in quality or in other characteristics.There are certain economists and humanists as well who have exposed pitfalls of impulse purchase practiced in various forms of lucrative offer marketed and merchandised to a certain class of buyers like women, house-wives, adolescent and customers in general who are ignorant and unaware of the pitfalls of impulse purchase. The scholars like Mosa Al Omran, Director, Al Marai Operation, KSA & Mishal Al Kadeeb, Director Operation Aujan Soft Drink, KSA have particularly argued and shown their concern from the buyers stand point that buyers - buying certain commodities or services- are having every right to receive and get whatever consumers are promised in lucrative offer. Furthermore, the organization of consumer‘s protection association of KSA emphasized the consumer have rights That every person with a natural and legal status obtains a commodity or services paid or granted gratis in fulfilling personal need or the needs of others. Hopefully this research paper will be helpful for various types‘ retail stores, marketing managers and marketing graduates of kingdom of Saudi Arabia to understand the implementation of impulse purchasing
blic personnel administration, which is a significant aspect of public administration in the modern state, is rightly described by Herman Finer, a renowned British social scientist, as the sovereign factor in public administration. It is also called by such names as manpower management, personnel management, labour welfare management, and so on. The term personnel administration is known to have a wider connotation as it deals with numerous elements as classification is civil servants, recruitment, training, promotion, compensation, discipline and retirement benefits of the personnel in the government. All these aspects constitute the subject – subject of the article.
The Relationship between Performance Measurement Systems and Corporate Strate...inventionjournals
The study identified the effect of performance measurement in corporate strategy formulation processes in Syrian banks. This has been done through a survey of the views of senior management in the banks of the study sample, the study aimed to identify the level of performance measurement and what is the style of measurement used in these banks, in addition to the identification of strategy formulation processes, and the role that provided performance measurement systems for strategy formulation processes in studied banks. In order to achieve these objectives the researcher prepared a questionnaire, has distributed questionnaires on the banks of the study sample, where the study examined two government banks and seven private banks. The distributed questionnaires has reached (147) form, and the recovered (116), which represented the percentage (78.91%) which is acceptable to represent the community of study. The researcher analyzed data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and to identify the descriptive statistics for the sample of the study and its characteristics, as well as to prove the validity of hypotheses.
Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction in Nigeriainventionjournals
Despite the unique role of FDI flows in enhancing an economy, Nigeria poverty incidence still soars. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the effect of foreign direction investment on poverty reduction in Nigeria using an econometric model of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Findings revealed that foreign direct investment, trade openness, market size, foreign aids, exchange rate, external debt and technology are statistically significant in explaining poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that government should provide adequate infrastructure and policy framework that will be conducive for doing business in Nigeria in order to attract the inflow of FDI.
Impact of Sales Promotion’s advertised on TV on Buying Behavior. [With Specia...inventionjournals
: Companies and marketing practitioners are increasingly researching the buyer behavior of consumers to further understand what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy and why they buy. These questions help companies with marketing strategies concerning their products, the price of their products, their channels of distribution and promotional elements used. Graduating to developing country status in 2014, Sāmoa imports most of its FMCG or Fast Moving Consumer Goods from countries such as New Zealand, China, Vietnam, Thailand and India. Wholesalers and supermarkets largely use Television Advertisements to communicate Sales Promotions of FMCG products. While research on Buyer Behavior is well documented in literature, studies on buyer behavior in Sāmoa are nonexistent. This paper presents the results of a study designed to compare the impact of Sales Promotion’s advertised on TV on buying behavior of women consumers’ in Sāmoa to Sonkusare (2013), and Mathew and Aswathy (2014) studies conducted in India. It was found that women consumers’ of FMCG products in Sāmoa were influenced by price and in-store sales promotions than quality or company image and also viewed Sales Promotion’s advertised on TV as an informative medium to raise consumer awareness of FMCG products rather than a medium that stimulates the desire to purchase FMCG products.
Marketing Mix Effect on the Decision of Customers in The Matter In Choosing T...inventionjournals
The purpose of research is to analyze the extent of the influence of product to the customer's decision in choosing a house purchase loans at PT BNI Griya> BNI (Persero) Tbk Branch 46 Makassar, the study population of customers who took credit purchases (mortgages) on PT.BNI (Persero) Tbk Makassar branch numbering as many as 1,575 people customers, sample using the formula slovin so sampling is set at 94 Respondents., Methods of data analysis used is multiple regression analysis. Research results show that the marketing mix (product, promotion, location, employees, infrastructure and service processes) in regression positive and significant impact on the customer's decision, while variable rates negative and significant effect on the customer's decision, while seen from the test results either partially and simultaneously the marketing mix and significant effect simultaneously on the customer's decision in choosing a mortgage BNI Griya, dominant variable affecting customers in selecting the mortgages BNI Griya is a product, the reason being that the product has a regression coefficient greatest when compared regression coefficient of other variables in the marketing mix
Competence Influence, Empowerment, Facilities Work Effectiveness against Huma...inventionjournals
Tourism is one of the leading sectors Indonesian government to generate foreign exchange, therefore development and management of tourist areas should receive serious attention from the government by involving the relevant stakeholders and participation of the whole society. This study aims to determine the effect of Competence, Empowerment, Effectiveness Against Facility Work Human Resources Tourism in South Sulawesi. The analytical method used is explanatory research with multiple regression analysis sample was 150 taken incidentally, among others: staff at the Department of Tourism of South Sulawesi province 40 people, employees of the hospitality 40 persons, local travelers (national) 30, witawan foreigners (foreign ) 40 people. The results showed that, either simultaneously or partially three independent variables significant positive effect on the effectiveness of HR Tourism. Thus competence, empowerment and work facilities needs serious attention.
Coordination Planning Needs of State Property in the Center Of Community Deve...inventionjournals
BBPMD Malang in its effort to achieve the goal is to be supported infrastructure that helped facilitate the activities of the office. The implementation of effective planning and coordinated rules are supported by clear goods in carrying out its duties and responsibilities will create jobs and better results. Given the importance of planning needs of state property for the government as well as the amount of state expenditures associated with these assets, it has become imperative for the government to coordinate the planning needs of state property in a professional, effective and forward the economic aspects that expenses to be precise goals, proper use, proper implementation and proper in accordance with the legislation in force. Of course, coordination is easier said than done. There are the obstacles or problems that arise in the implementation and coordination of those barriers must be minimized in order to coordinate the planning needs of property of the State could be going according to plan. This thesis research examines key issues regarding the coordination of: (1) How to coordination in the planning needs of the State Property conducted by the Center for PMD Malang? (2) What are the barriers - barriers faced in coordinating the planning needs of the State Property conducted by the Center for PMD Malang?This study aims to identify and analyze coordination in the planning needs of the State Property in the Great Hall of PMD Malang is already well established and know the obstacles - obstacles encountered in implementing the coordination of planning needs of the State Property conducted by the Center for PMD Malang. The data analysis technique used is the type of qualitative research with descriptive approach using analytical methods Milles, Huberman and Saldana. Data collection techniques in this study using: (1) interview, (2) observation, (3) documentation. Researcher as a instrument, then performs validation by understanding the research methods that will be using triangulation. The results showed that the coordination in the planning needs of state property cannot be up there are still many obstacles that exist. Vertical internal coordination has not gone well, horizontal internal coordination goes well, the internal coordination diagonal run well, and external coordination goes well. Barriers experienced by coordination are the lack of discipline of employees in completing the work, the lack of direct contact between agencies, implementation coordination meetings that are not scheduled. Based on the study results and conclusions can be submitted suggestions that should BBPMD Malang create Standard Operating Prosedures (SOP) and follow the training or training on planning BMN needs. Great Hall Malang PMD can also benefit from the coordination meeting for the determination of the proposed by plan needs of BMN
The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Procurement and Supply Management: A Conceptual...inventionjournals
The ongoing discussions about a „digital revolution― and ―disruptive competitive advantages‖ have led to the creation of such a business vision as ―Industry 4.0‖. Yet, the term and even more its actual impact on businesses is still unclear.This paper addresses this gap and explores more specifically, the consequences and potentials of Industry 4.0 for the procurement, supply and distribution management functions. A blend of literature-based deductions and results from a qualitative study are used to explore the phenomenon.The findings indicate that technologies of Industry 4.0 legitimate the next level of maturity in procurement (Procurement &Supply Management 4.0). Empirical findings support these conceptual considerations, revealing the ambitious expectations.The sample comprises seven industries and the employed method is qualitative (telephone and face-to-face interviews). The empirical findings are only a basis for further quantitative investigation , however, they support the necessity and existence of the maturity level. The findings also reveal skepticism due to high investment costs but also very high expectations. As recent studies about digitalization are rather rare in the context of single company functions, this research work contributes to the understanding of digitalization and supply management
Despite ranking and rating being greatly considered similar and being used and referred interchangeably ranking and rating have a severe distinction amongst them. Generally, rating and ranking measurements criterion and both have had numerous advocacies of different theories, views and proposals. This paper solely serves the purpose of considering the differentiation and distinction between Rankings and Ratings and furthermore concludes how one is superior to the other. Critics have presented the points that ratings are a drawback as they tend to consequent as generally appointing all subjects high rankings, and one ratings entail the factor of multicollinearity or the feasibility of predicting one rating from the other with a considerable extent of correctness
"Implementation Of The National Parliament" Lofap "To Improve Performance Of ...inventionjournals
Policy National Parliament "LOFAP" is legislation governing the administration of the General Secretariat of the National Parliament of East Timor aims to improve the performance of civil servants in the Secretariat General and the implementation of Law No. 15/2008 on Lei Organica de Funcionamento e administração Parlamentar provide motivation for civil servants in carrying out the work that improve employee performance and increase employee career, eventually will drive the achievement of organizational objectives, the implementation of Law No. 15/2008 on the General Secretariat because the civil servant status at the General Secretariat in contrast to civil servants in general in East Timor. The purpose of research, first: to describe and analyze the indicators of performance evaluation of civil servants in the Secretariat General under PP Regime 19/2011 on do Desempenho da Avaliação dos Trabalhadores da administração Pública. The second: to determine and analyze the efforts undertaken by the General Secretariat after the implementation of Law No. 15/2008 to improve the performance of civil servants and the third: to describe and analyze the factors supporting and hindering the implementation of Law No. 15 in 2015 to improve performance civil servants in the Secretariat General. This research used a qualitative research with descriptive approach. The data collection was done by using interviews, observation and documentation. Data validation was done based on four criteria, namely: 1) Credibility, 2) Keteralihan, 3) Addiction, and 4) Certainty. The process of the data analysis used a technical data analysis interactive model of Milles and Hubberman in Saldana. The results of this study revealed that in evaluating the performance of civil servants in the General Secretariat by PP. No. 19/2011, the General Secretariat can effort to improve the performance of civil servants such as Resources, Bureaucratic Structure, Training and Comparative Studies, and Financial Resources. Enabling and inhibiting factors, among others: supporting factors that Financial Resources and Infrastructures. While, some factor obstacle in improving the performance of civil servants, namely Communications, Disposition and time civil servants in the Secretariat General of Parliament.
A Dynamic Panel Data Model for Analyzing the Relationship between Military Ex...inventionjournals
Several alarming and largely ignored trends in the structure and size and of military spending of less developed countries (LDCs) have appeared during the past five decades. This study analyses the defensegrowth relationship for 54 developing economies by using cross-section data such as random effect, fixed effect and system GMM model. The empirical results, bearing in mind the possible inaccuracies of the data set and given the chosen model, suggest that defence spending has a positive relationship with both the rate of economic growth and population in the sample countries.
Life Insurance Company of Liability under Insured Fund Management Based On Go...inventionjournals
This important think for this research about the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), which can serve as guidelines liability life insurance company and managing a fund. As we know that PT. Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) as one of the oldest companies in Indonesia who has experience with a range long enough, so that you have more opportunities to learn and make improvements in service quality improvement responsibilities in managing the funds of the insured. This research is supported by a variety of sources, both the primary and secondary as well as sociology of law, so that the journal presents about explanations and conclusions appropriate methodology and perspective of the data. GCG principles in life insurance companies studied in this journal aims to increase efficiencies, increase productivity, and improve the quality of care in the management of funds such as account for the insured. Business insurance is having great potential to support the national economy, a business that has managed by collect some premiums from public funds. In this case, legislation adequate and binding on Indonesia intended as optimal achievement in the field of supervision, resulting in the insurance business situation, especially the life insurance industry is transparent, healthy and able to do the best service to all stakeholders in the industry of life insurance business. But in reality, there are many insurance companies that fail in securing public funds that have been collected by the payment of premiums
Effect of Emotional Quotient, Servant Leadership, Complexity of Task, Cultura...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to analyze and examine the influence of emotional intelligence, servant leadership, the complexity of the task and organizational culture on work motivation Civil State Apparatus (ASN) in Wajo South Sulawesi province. To analyze and examine the effect of emotional intelligence, servant leadership, the complexity of the task, the organizational culture on the performance of the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in Wajo South Sulawesi province. To implement this purpose we used data collection techniques through documentation and questionnaires, using data analysis techniques Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS Software help release 21. The results showed that emotional intelligence is a positive and significant effect on work motivation, so in this study the hypothesis was accepted. Emotional intelligence on the performance of the civilian state apparatus and significant positive effect, so the hypothesis is accepted. Servant leadership and significant positive effect on work motivation, so the hypothesis is accepted. Servant leadership positive and significant impact on the performance of the civilian state apparatus, so the hypothesis is rejected. The complexity of the task and a significant negative effect on work motivation, so the hypothesis is accepted. The complexity of the task and a significant negative effect on the performance of the civilian state apparatus, so the hypothesis is accepted. Organizational culture positive and significant effect on work motivation, so the hypothesis is accepted. Organizational culture positive and significant impact on the performance of the civilian state apparatus, so the hypothesis is accepted. Work motivation positive and significant effect on the performance of the civilian state apparatus, so the hypothesis is accepted
Analysis of Employee Retention Strategies on Organizational Performance of Ho...inventionjournals
Globally, the retention of skilled medical staff in health care sector has been a serious concern to management due to higher turnover of medics. The desired critical measures for retention strategies of medics need to be done to sustain competition among health care providers. The purpose of this study was to analyse of employee retention strategies on organizational performance of hospitals in Mombasa County. The study was guided by the following objectives; to analyse the relationship between recruitment strategies and organizational performance, to examine the extent to which supervision strategies affects organization performance,. The study employed descriptive correlational research design. Target populations of 102 respondents, the study had a sample size of 102 respondents all drawn from senior staff in the County’s ministry of health department. Sampling procedure will be census. Semi-structured Questionnaire will be used, Likert five point scale questionnaire will be used, factoring Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis was used to measure the relationship between variables. Data was presented in cumulative frequency tables. The finding the study were The relationship between recruitment strategies and organization performance of public hospitals in Mombasa County was found to be positive and significant in that its R was 0.485 and had a p-value less than 0.05 (ε= 0.006). The regression results revealed that supervision strategies effect on performance was statistically significant (overall p-value = 0.036).The study concluded that all the employee retention strategies need to be improved because they have been found to have a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study recommended that the management of public hospitals in Mombasa County should improve on employee retention strategies because they have been found by this study to have a positive effect on the organizational performance
IS Plastic Money Matter for Consumer Buying Behavior? An Empirical Analysis f...inventionjournals
The study explored the effect of plastic money on consumer’s buying behavior .In this study the data was collected through the questionnaire among the customers in market place, supermarket, and grocery store by using convenience-sampling techniques. Simple linear regression analysis was used to answer the questions of study. SPSS system was used to interpret the data. The independent variable is use of plastic money where as dependent variable is consumer buying behavior and reliability of data is 0.709
Environmental Management System and Green Productivity (EMS_GP) Implementatio...inventionjournals
the cement plant has many environmental aspect that can lead to pollution. For managing this effects we must use of environmental and productivity technique to minimize this effects. In this study, the Kurdistan cement plant as a case study had studied by use of two important technique: green productivity and environmental management systems as ISO. For there more, this plant environmental aspect had identified by brainstorming and specialist opinion. Then those causes are specified and for each one proposed an option for controlling it. Finally in order to applying this options, these are prioritized by ranking them. The spraying water on dust from mining and transportation is first option to applying.
Application of Servqual Method in Providing Services of Two Private Education...inventionjournals
In The Course Of This Article We Will Be Treated To Quality Management In Providing Educational Services, Showing The Five Dimensions Of Parasuraman , Using The Servqual Method , Demonstrating The Expectations Of Customers Regarding The Services Of The Industry Social Service Schools - ( Sesi ) " Dr. Francisco Garcia "And" Dr. Adalberto Ferreira Do Vale , " Which Could Serve As A Model For Other Institutions In The Same Segment . By Following , It Was Also Treated The Tangibility Dimensions , Reliability, Promptness , Empathy And Security Among These 22 Questions To Indicate Customer Satisfaction As The Expectation That The Method Shows The Results .
Prioritizing the Effecting Factors in Organisational Structure of the Iranian...inventionjournals
The purpose of this paper is to identify and investigate the relevant factors in organisational structure of the Iranian southern ports which are located at Khuzestan state such as Abadan, Khorramshahr and Imam Khomeini port. It should be noted that two stages have been carried out in terms of the required infrastructure for implementation of knowledge management. In the first stage by analyzing the research data from the questionnaire and by using the single-sample t-test the situation of the above mentioned ports in terms of the required infrastructure of knowledge management has been reviewed and the hypotheses were tested. To capitalize on knowledge management, an organization must be swift in balancing its knowledge management activities. The results of these research shows that the condition of the ports is not suitable in respect of the infrastructure to implement the knowledge management. In the second stage, by using the grey relational analysis the ports have been evaluated by considering the five effecting factors such as information technology, organisational culture, organisational structure, human resources and change management. By referring to the port grey relational factors the following ranking in organisational structure of knowledge management has been achieved for the ports: Imam Khomeini port as first rank, Khorramshahr port as second rank and finally Abadan port as third rank in this research.
Mini-Paper #2
Classical Organization Theory
Organization and Theory
My essay is based on chapter one of Classics of Organization Theory; which is focusing on the classical organization theory. I will discuss issues dealing with the history of the classical organization theory and some of the theorists that contributed to the theory; such as Henri Fayol, Frederick Winslow Taylor, and Luther Gulick.
The history of classical organization theory can be traced back to Muslims, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, and other origins dating back to the medieval times and biblical times. One example of usage of the classical organization theory is in the Book of Exodus, Chapter Eighteen. Moses’ father-in-law, Jethro chastised Moses for failing to create an organization where he can delegate responsibilities for the administration. Later, in the eighteenth century, in Great Britain, the factory system was implemented. The factory system caused problems where managers had to arrange for organizing reliable large-scale production. Great Britain is also the birthplace of the economic organization.
Henri Fayol was a former French mining engineer, who developed the basic theory of business administration. He was also one of the most influential contributors to modern management concepts. His main theory that is explained in the book discusses the principles of management; which includes the division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual and general interest, remuneration of personnel, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps.
1. The division of work’s main objective is to create better work with the same amount of effort. It permits the reduction in the number of objects that attention has to be focused on.
2. The second principle of management is authority and responsibility. Authority is considered to be the right to give orders and have power of obedience. Responsibility is considered as a consequence and counterpart. The degree of responsibility has to be established.
3. Discipline is the third principle of management. It is considered the obedience, application, and energy of respect that is observed in accordance with the standing agreements between employees and firms.
4. The fourth principle of management is unity of command, which arises from general and ever-present necessities. The dual command is very common and wreaks havoc in large and small situations.
5. Unity of direction is the fifth principle of management, which is expressed through one head and one plan for a group of activities that have the same objective. It is very important to the unity of command, but should not be confused with the fourth principle. Unity of direction is provided for the body of a corporation.
6. The sixth principle of management is subordination of individual interests to general interests, which means ...
INF220 Grading Rubric
Assignment: Identifying Opportunities
Instructions
Select a company described in the Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Forbes, or another reputable business application. Visit
the company’s Web site to find additional information about that company and see how the firm is using the Web. On the
basis of this information, briefly identify important business processes and the firm’s business strategy. Suggest
information systems that might give that particular business a competitive advantage, including those based on Internet
technology. Your paper should be two double-spaced pages in length (excluding title page) and in APA format. Be sure to
integrate vocabulary from the text to demonstrate your understanding of concepts.
Grading Criteria
Identifying Opportunities
8 percent
Content Criteria Weight
The paper:
• identifies a company described in the Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Forbes, or another
reputable business application.
2
The paper:
• briefly identifies important business processes and the firm’s business strategy.
2
The paper:
• suggests information systems that might give that particular business a competitive
advantage, including those based on Internet technology.
2
Writing Skills
Sentences are complete, clear and concise .5
Paragraph and sentence transitions are present, logical and maintain the flow throughout the paper. .5
Research Criteria
The paper includes a minimum of one to two sources including the textbook. .5
Style Criteria
Must be 2 pages double spaced in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
approved style guide.
.5
Running head: THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENT1
THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENT5
The Concept of Government
Name
Institution
The Concept of Government
Max Weber had a different view of government. In his classification, he wrote that government is all about authority. He therefore, distinguishes authority in three different aspects, each of which is directly related to a particular brand of governance that is operative in a certain contemporary society. He however, notes that in order to achieve a particular form of governance in any democracy, there must be some prevailing conditions that must be favored by that particular society.
Firstly, Max Weber discussed the charismatic governance or authority. In this type of governance, there is a person who possesses particular traits that make them extraordinary (Beetham, 2013). Charismatic governance entails leaders who are not only capable but also possess the superior charismatic power to rally different people who are prone to conflicts behind their governance. The power that charismatic people derive comes from the massive trust as well as the unbreakable faith that people put in them. This kind of leadership is problematic since it is sometimes based on some promises that the charismatic individual will overhaul a system that is unjust. It is h.
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11Authority, Power, and Politics
Hero Images Inc./Hero Images/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter and studying the materials, you should be able to:
Discuss the nature and use of formal authority.
Employ the sources of power.
Utilize power effectively.
Respond to organizational politics.
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Political maneuvers often have direct implications for
the workplace.
Mj0007/iStock/Thinkstock
11.1 Authority
The use of personal and organizational power is part of everyday life in organizations. Many times, managers exert power in order to achieve legitimate company
goals, simply as part of "doing the job." Although some construe company politics to be "distasteful" or "unpleasant" and try to avoid what might be termed
"political" situations, wishing them away is not possible. Not every use of power has a negative intention or outcome. Consequently, understanding the processes
and intentions involved can help shed light on this important aspect of organizational life and help individual employees and managers adapt to them.
This chapter examines authority, power, and politics as separate topics even though in actuality a substantial overlap exists between the concepts. Persons
holding positions of authority also possess power. Employees engaged in political activities are likely to use the sources of power to move into positions of
authority, and so forth.
Authority can be viewed as primarily a formal organizational process linked to the organizational hierarchy, as displayed in an organization chart. In that
context, delegation is the movement of authority from a higher-ranking to a lower-ranking organizational member within the chain of command or from one
peer to another of the same rank. Even then, however, two perspectives exist: one suggesting that authority can only �low downward and another arguing that it
moves upward through the hierarchy. Both perspectives will be analyzed in this chapter.
Power contains both formal and informal elements. The basic elements of power, as well as the uses of power, are examined in this chapter. The interaction
between topics becomes evident in the OB in Action box below regarding "right to work" laws.
OB in Action: Power, Politics, and Right to Work Laws
The national political landscape experienced a dramatic shift in 2016 with the election of
Donald Trump to become U.S. president. Less attention seems to have been paid to the
down-ballot (local and statewide election race) implications of.
Question 1As I am the responsible Captain of the county jail my.docxIRESH3
Question 1:
As I am the responsible Captain of the county jail my objective responsibility will be responsibility to the organization. However all objective responsibility involves responsibility to someone or some collective body and the expectation coming from outside. In my position I will be in authority to provide security inside the county jail and provide safety for the outside citizen. In the other hand, my subjective responsibility will be expression about my personal values, moral, and believes. I should be accountable to my subjective responsibilities in order to carry out objective responsibilities.
In my position it is normal to face some of any ethical authority. I might be face conflict of authority with upper level supervisors, upper level supervisors form outside the units, and with the jail commander. However, as I am responsible to oversee daily operation of the jail in multiple capacities also I am responsible to evaluate the upper-level supervisors on an annual basis I may face disagreement form upper-level supervisors if he do not want to do the evaluation or if he refuse my ideas. Also, as a captain in such a big position I may miss use of authority towards my employees. Such position with high level of authority is not that easy and some people may miss use in some areas. For example, I might be not fare with some staff working with me. However, I can solve those issues or those conflicts by clarifying my subjective and objective responsibilities, clarify my mission which are safety and security, serve the public needs instead of assisting my supervisors to achieve their goals in not being helpful in dong the evaluation about them which is against my objective authorities. In additions, I should follow the rules and laws rather than personal authority that mean I have to know how to make fairness for all people at the same level.
Regarding the ethical rule that I might face is outside- inside rules. For example in the outside rule I might have problem with my parents because they want me to give up my job due to a fetal fight happened in the jail that causes sever medical condition to some people. In the other hand, Inside rule, as a captain for the county jail and responsible for the facility safety and security in the absence of the jail commander I will refuse to leave my position because this is part of my objective and subjective responsibilities.
There are two general approaches responsible conducts inside the organization, which are internal control and external control. In the internal control, I have to use value and moral in order to shape the professional standards in the organization and to enhance the ethical conduct. Whereas, in the external control, that involves law, regulations, and rules I have to provide external control in order to maintain the desired conduct not only for me but also for providing ethical environment around all positions. For example, I can set a law states that all employee ...
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The Basic Concepts and Principles of Unity of Command and the Span of Control
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 6 || June. 2016 || PP—14-18
www.ijbmi.org 14 | Page
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Unity of Command and the
Span of Control
Dr. S. B. M. Marume1
, R.R. Jubenkanda2
,
1
BA, Hons BA, MA, MAdmin, MSoc Sc, PhD
2
BSc, MSc. Econ, MSc, DPhil (Candidate) Zimbabwe Open University
ABSTRACT: The two basic principles of unity of command and span of control are centrally indispensable to
the study of organizational theory and practice in particular, and in general terms, to successful, efficient and
smooth public administration practice in both developed and developing societies. These two basic concepts and
principles constitute the subject matter of this article.
Keywords: unity of command, span of control, basic concepts and principles, organizational theory and
practice, central and indispensable.
I. Introduction
In the study of organizational theory and practice, a primary element of public administration, the basic concepts
and principles of unity of command and span of control are both central and indispensable to successful public
administration practice in any country, both developed and developing countries. The two concepts and
principles constitute the main foci in this article
II. Purpose Of The Article
To define, explainand demonstrate the roles played by the two basic concepts and principles of unity of
command and span of control in organizations
III. Unity Of Command And Span Of Control
The two basic concepts and principles of unity of command and span of control will be looked at separately in
this article because of their distinct roles in the study of organizational theory and practice. They are treated as
follows:
3.1. Unity of command
3.1.1. Meanings
Unity of command means that an employee should receive orders from one superior only. In other words, it
means that no employee should be subjected to the order of more than one superior. Thus, it stands for single
boss for each person or mono-command.
3.1.2. Definitions
Henry Fayol: “For action whatsoever, an employee should receive orders from one superior only.”
Pfiffner and Presthus: “The concept of unity of command requires that every member of an organisation
should report to one, and only one leader.”
Dimock and Dimock: “A corollary of the chain of command is unity of command, the principle that each
employee should have only one boss.”
William Fox and Ivan H. Meyer: “Unity of command means organizational principle that each person within
the line of authority should be responsible to only other person. An employee who is responsible to various
persons in authority will presumably be confused, ineffective and irresponsible, while an employee receiving
commands from one supervisor is presumably methodical, efficient and responsible. It is a central idea in Luther
Gulick‟s organization theory, which refers to subordinates and not to those issuing commands.
3.1.3.Arguments for the unity of command
The observance of the concept of unity of command is essential to avoid confusion and manipulation in
organisations. Duality or multiplicity of command keeps an employee under confusion and conflicting situation,
for instance, “whom‟ to follow and „what‟ to follow. Further, a subordinate can also evade orders by playing-off
one superior against another, which undermines the organizational purpose.
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Henry Fayol is the most important advocate of the principle of unity of command. He asserted that, “should it
be violated, authority is undermined, discipline is in jeopardy, order disturbed and stability threatened… As
soon as two superiors wield their authority over the same person or department, uneasiness makes itself felt and
should the cause persist, the disorder increases, the malady takes on the appearance of an organisation troubled
by a foreign body, and the following consequences are to be observed: either the dual command ends in
disappearance or elimination of one of the superiors and organic well-being is restored, or else the organism
continues to wither away. In no case is there adaptation of the social organism to dual command.
According to Fayol, the following factors result in dual command.
Dividing up authority between two members
Imperfect demarcation of departments
Constant linking up, as between different departments natural intermeshing of functions and duties often
badly defined.
Gulick and Urwick have also supported the principle of unity of command. They believed that, “ a man cannot
serve two masters.” Hence, they concluded that, “well-managed administrative units in the government are
almost without exception headed by single administrators.”
Gulick explains the importance of this principle, “any rigid adherence to the principle of unity of command may
have its absurdities. But they are unimportant in comparison to the certainty of confusion, inefficiency and
irresponsibility which arise from the violation of the principle.”
3.1.4. Arguments against the unity of command
The concept of unity of command has been opposed by many writers. Seckler-Hudson argues, “the old concept
of one single boss for each person is seldom found in fact in complex governmental situations. Many
interrelationships exist outside the straight line of command which require working with, and reporting to many
persons for purposes of orderly and effective performance….the administrator in government has many bosses
and he can neglect one of them. From one he may receive policy orders; from another, personnel; from a third,
budget; from a fourth, supplies and equipments.”
J.D. Millet advocates the theory of „Dual Supervision‟ in place of unity of command. He argues that the concept
of unity of command needs to be reconciled with the recognition that supervision of any activity may be dual –
technical (professional) and administrative. These two types of supervision may be exercised by different
individuals. The former may be concerned with the professional competence in the performance of a job, while,
the latter may be chiefly interested in the efficient utilization of men and material resources available for the job.
He concludes that “it should be kept in mind that under no circumstances an employee is subject to conflicting
commands.
According to Herbert Simon, the principle of unity of command conflicts with the principle of specialization. He
says, “One of the most important uses to which authority is put in an organisation is to bring about
specialization in the work of making decisions, so that each decision is made at the point in the organisation
where it can be made most expertly. If an accountant in a school department is subordinate to an educator, then
the finance department cannot issue direct orders to him regarding the technical accounting aspects of his work.
Similarly, the director of motor vehicles in the public works department will be unable to issue direct orders on
care of motor equipment to the fire-truck driver.” He continues: “The principle of unity of command is perhaps
more defensible if narrowed down to the following: In case two authoritative commands conflict, there should
be a single determinate person whom the subordinate is expected to obey, and the sanctions of authority should
be applied against the subordinate only to enforce his obedience to that one person.”
F.W. Taylor has also rejected the principle of unity of command. In its place, he advocated the concept of
“functional foremanship‟, under which a worker receives orders from eight supervisors, or functional foremen.
This ensures specialization and expert supervision.
3.1.5. Factors affecting unity of command
Moreover, the concept of unity of command has been affected by the following two factors which are the result
of growing size and complexity of modern organisations.
(i) Adoption of plural headed bodies like „boards‟ and „commissions‟ as the heads of administrative agencies
as against „bureaus‟ (headed by a single individual).
(ii) Increasing number and growing influence and power of staff and auxiliary agencies which are manned by
specialists.
3.1.6. Two Varied Interpretations of unity of command
In addition to the above, the concept of unity of command is also interpreted in two other ways:
It means that all the units of an organisation should be integrated or brought under the authority of one head
like a President, Cabinet, a Minister, a Secretary, a Chairman or some other body or officer.
3. The Basic Concepts And Principles Of Unity Of Command And The Span Of Control
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It means that the head of the organisation should be a single individual. More elaborately it means that there
should be only one person and not a body of persons at the apex of an organisation, and all lines of
authority should be concentrated in his hand.
In the first sense, unity of command is incompatible with the independent or autonomous units of organisations
like the public corporations or constitutional bodies in India or the independent regulatory commissions in USA
and so on. In the second sense, it is incompatible with Commission type or Board type of organisations like the
Election Commission, the Union Public Service Commission, the University Grants Commission, the Railway
Board, the Flood Control Board and so on. Hence, the most widely accepted interpretation of unity of command
is the one given above.
3.2. Span of Control
3.2.1. Meaning
The principle of span of control means the number of subordinates or the units of work that an officer can
personally direct, control, and supervise. It is also known as „span of supervision‟ or „span of management.‟
According to Dimock and Dimock, “The span of control is the number and range of direct, habitual
communication contacts between the chief executive of an enterprise and his principal fellow officers.”
3.2.2. Definition
According to Fox and Meyer, (1995), p121, by span of control, it is meant that one of the earlier principles of
administration which states that there is an upper limit to the number of subordinates any administrator can
directly supervise, generally set at 12, and advises administrators to eliminate any violations of this principle by
reducing the number of officials reporting to them by either emerging certain offices or stretching out the scalar
chain.”
3.2.3. Relationship with Hierarchy
There is a close relationship between hierarchy and span of control. That is, the number of levels in a
hierarchical (scalar) organisation depends upon the span of control of a superior officer. Narrow (smaller) span
of control increases the number of levels in the organisation and thereby creates tall structure. On the other
hand, wide (larger) span of control decreases their number and thereby results in a flat structure.
3.2.4 Views on Limit
The principle of span of control in public administration is related to the concept of „span of attention described
in psychology by V.A. Graicunus, the French management consultant. This concept says that there is a limit to
the number of things one can attend to at the same time. In other words, the span of attention of a human being
is limited as there are limits to the range of human capacity and attention. Thus, it follows that there is a limit to
the span of control which is nothing but the span of attention applied to the job of supervision of subordinates by
the superior.
However, the opinions of various writers differ on the exact limit of span of control.
Sir Ian Hamilton felt that a supervisor could supervise 3 to 4 subordinates.
V.A. Graicunus found that a superior can supervise the work of 4 to 5 subordinate directly.
LyndallUrwick believes that a supervisor directly 5 to 6 subordinates at the higher levels, whereas, the span
of control varies from 8 to 12 at the lower levels, where the work is more simple and routine.
Lord Haldane and Graham Wallas felt that a chief executive could supervise 10 to 12 subordinates without
being overburdened.
American Management Association stated that a superior could supervise 9 subordinates.
According to V.A. Graicunus, while the number of subordinates reporting directly to an executive increases
arithmetically, the number of potential relationships increases geometrically. This is because supervision is not
limited to individual subordinates, but also includes the numerous permutations and combinations of their
mutual relationships. The total number of all relationships to be supervised would be – direct single + crosses +
direct group. His theory can be mathematically expressed as n(2n/2 + n - 1), where n stands for the number of
subordinates reporting directly to the supervisor.
Though, there exists no unanimity over laying down a definite number constituting the span of control, there is a
general agreement among writers on administration that shorter the span, the greater will be the superior-
subordinate contact and in consequence, more effective control, supervision, and direction. However, Seckler-
Hudson views differently. He says, “There are dangers inherent in excessively limited span of control, such as,
the risk of detailed supervision of the subordinates and the resultant failure to stimulate them or to fully use their
capacities. It is possible also that short span of control means long chain of commands.”
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3.2.5. Factors determining span of control
The exact length of span of control depends on the following variable factors.
Function:
It refers to the type/nature of work to be supervised. The span of control is more when the work to be supervised
is of easy, routine, mechanical, and homogeneous character than when the work is difficult, non-routine,
intellectual, and heterogeneous character. In this context, Luther Gulick observed that a chief of public works
can deal effectively with more direct subordinates than any Army General because all of his immediate
subordinates in the department of public works will be in the general field of engineering while in the army
there will be many different elements such as communications, chemistry, and so on.
Time:
It refers to the age of the organisation concerned. The span of control is more in old organisations than in newer
organisations. This is because, in older organisations, things get stabilized, while newer organisations will have
few precedents.
Space:
It refers to the place of work to be supervised. The span of control is more when the supervisor and the
subordinates to be supervised are under the same roof, than when the subordinates work in different rooms or at
a distance from the supervisor. In this context, LyndallUrwick made a distinction between „direct supervision‟
and „access‟ to the boss, implying that while a supervisor can directly supervise only a few subordinates, he can
introduce some flexibility in the organisation by allowing more subordinates to have access to him.
3.2.6. Personality:
It refers to the competence of the supervisor and the supervised. The personality: It refers to the competence is
more when the supervisor is intelligent, energetic and tactful than when he is weak, dull and incompetent.
Similarly, the personality: It refers to the competence is more when the subordinates are trained and experienced
than when they are untrained and incompetent.
In addition to the above, the span of control also depends on the following factors.
1) Delegation of authority
2) Traditions and environments of the organisation
3) Techniques of supervision
According to the Report of Committee on Administration (1972), the span of control is larger in the following
cases.
1) Energetic, skilled, intelligent, and competent superior
2) Competent, well-trained, and experienced subordinates
3) If the work is routine, repetitive, measurable, and homogeneous
4) Well-planned work
5) Utilizing the staff assistance
6) Use of various effective communications
7) Employees working under a single roof.
3.2.7. Idea Under Revision
The whole idea of span of control has changed in the recent times due to the following factors.
The increasing use of automation and mechanization in administration
The information revolution due to management information system (MIS)
The increasing number and growing role of the specialists, technicians and professionals in the civil service.
IV. Summary Of Principles Of Unity Of Command And Span Of Control
The two principles, namely, unity of command and span of control, are central and indispensable to the study of
organizational theory and practice in particular, and in general to successful, effective and efficient public
administration practices in both developed and developing societies.
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[6]. F. M. Marx (ed): Elements of Public Administration: 2nd edition: Prentice – Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1959.
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[8]. N. Weiner: Cybernetics; Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine: John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1948
[9]. J. E. Anderson, Public policy – making, New York: Holt, Rinechart and Winston, 2nd edition, 1979.
[10]. T. R. Dye, Understanding public policy administration: Pretoria; J. L. van Schaik, 1978
[11]. W. Fox and Ivan H. Meyer: Public administration to public administration: 2nd edition: Staples Press, Limited, London, 1966.
[12]. E. N. Gladden: An introduction to public administration; 2nd edition: Staples Press, Limited, London, 1966.
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[18]. S. B. M. Marume; SADCC administration of economic programmes with reference to food and agricultural programmes;
unpublished PhD [Public Administration] thesis: California University for Advanced Studies, State of California, United States
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Profiles of contributors and photographs
Samson Brown Muchineripi Marume: a former senior civil servant for over 37 years serving in various
capacities of seniority and 10 years as deputy permanent secretary; thirteen years as a large
commercial farmer; well travelled domestically within Zimbabwe; regionally [SADC
countries: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritius, Swaziland,
South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and DRC]; and Africa [Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan,
Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, Libya, and Uganda]; and internationally [Washington, New York
and California in USA; Dublin and Cork in Irish Republic; England in United Kingdom;
Netherlands, Frankfurt in Germany; Lisbon in Portugal; Spain (Nice), Paris in France,
Geneva in Switzerland, Belgrade in former Yugoslavia-; Rome and Turin in Italy; Nicosia
– Cyprus; Athens – Greece; Beijing and Great Walls of China; Singapore; Hong Kong; Tokyo, Kyoto,
Yokohama, and Osaka, in Japan]; fifteen years as management consultant and part – time lecturer for BA/BSc
and MA/MBA degree levels with Christ College- affiliate of Great Zimbabwe University and National
University of Science and Technology; six years as PhD/DPhil research thesis supervisor, internal and external
examiner with Christ University, Bangalore, India [2011 – 2016]; and Zimbabwe Open University; external
examiner of management and administrative sciences at Great Zimbabwe University (2016 – 2019); currently
senior lecturer and acting chairperson of Department of Public Administration in Faculty of Commerce and Law
of Zimbabwe Open University; a negotiator; aprolific writerwho has published five books, twenty five
modules in public administration and political science for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and over
sixty referred journal articles in international journals [IOSR, IJSR, ISCA – IRJSS, IJESR, MJESR, IJESI,
IJBMI, IJHSS and Quest Journals] on constitutional and administrative law, public administration, political
science, philosophy, Africa in international politics, local government and administration, sociology and
community development; vastly experienced public administrator; and an eminent scholar with specialist
qualifications from University of South Africa, and from California University for Advanced Studies, State of
California, United States of America: BAwith majors in public administration and political science and
subsidiaries in sociology, constitutional law and English; postgraduate special Hons BA [Public
Administration]; MA [Public Administration]; MAdmin magna cum laude in transport economics as major, and
minors in public management and communications; MSocSc cum laude in international politics as a major and
minors
Roy Robson Jubenkanda: 2008: currently pursuing DPhil studies with Zimbabwe Open University; dean of
Faculty of Commerce and Law for seven years; writer of a book on strategic leadership, several modules on
strategic management, corporate governance, strategic human resources, intermediate
macro economics, labour economics, business management and entrepreneurship,
project management and credit risk management; and over forty articles with
international journals on various subject areas; 2000, MSc in Strategic Management –
University of Derby, U. K; MSc. Econ. In international Economics, Banking and
Finance- University of Wales, Cardiff College of Business Studies, U.K.; 1983, BSc
(Hons) Degree in Economics – University of Zimbabwe; 1976 Business Studies
Diploma – Solusi University, Zimbabwe; 2005, Certificate in Distance Education
Practitioner (UNISA); 2011, Certificate in Higher Education Management in Southern Africa (University of the
Witwatersrand) Johannesburg, South Africa.