The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
A growing body of research explores how different dimensions of high-tech regional economic development are fundamentally
and unavoidably gendered. This article offers a summary introduction to this nascent research agenda, focused on three phenomena widely documented in the regional literature as supporting intra- and interfirm learning and innovation processes, but whose attendant gendered social relations and gender divisions have yet to be fully analysed and understood, namely, (i) processes of worker mobility, labour ‘churning’ and their brokering by different labour market intermediaries; (ii)
venture capital financing, entrepreneurship and firm start-up; and (iii) the origins and implications of (masculinist) corporate cultures for firms’ absorptive capacities. By way of conclusion, the article outlines some interesting directions in which
future research in this area might usefully develop in order to contribute to a broader project around holistic regional (socio)economic development.
Regional Differences in Innovation and Economic PerformanceRyan MacNeil
My paper from the 2011 Atlantic Schools of Business conference:
Innovation is a key mechanism for improving economic productivity. The literature suggests approaches to innovation are socially embedded, and protean industrial cultures outperform autarkic ones. This study reports on differences in innovation culture across Canada’s provincial ICT industries, and the impact of those differences on employment growth and decline.
Innovation Ecosystems - Practice vs. Prevailing PerceptionsYifat Turbiner
The document discusses factors that influence innovation ecosystems based on interviews with 25 Israeli innovation leaders. It finds that while the key factors identified in literature - government, academia, venture funding, culture and technology - also influence Israel's system, the relative importance of each factor differs from prevailing perceptions. Specifically, culture was seen as making a major contribution, while government and academia's impacts were viewed as more moderate. This discrepancy may be due to ecosystems evolving over time, changing each factor's nature of contribution.
This document discusses human capital-centered regional economic development and analyzes Philadelphia's biosciences sector as a case study. It outlines several analytical approaches used to understand regional occupational clusters and gaps, including occupational cluster analysis, industry/occupation cluster analysis, and gap analysis. These techniques help identify regional strengths and opportunities but require strong institutions to effectively translate analysis into coherent policy. The case of Philadelphia's early 2000s efforts shows how analytical results may be irrelevant without such institutions, due in part to challenges of regional governance and ambiguity around workforce development goals.
Developments in measuring the “creative” workforceAsliza Hamzah
Author By :
Stuart Cunningham
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Institutional variables are the most important factor explaining real convergence. But what are institutions? This paper examines the relationship between institutions and policies, institutions and organisations, and formal and informal institutions. The concept of propelling and stabilizing institutions is introduced and used to explain differences in real convergence.
Authored by: Leszek Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
This document discusses the need for a better understanding of institutional analysis across various social science disciplines. It argues that there is currently no consensus on key concepts like "institutions" and how to study them. The document presents a framework with multiple levels of institutional analysis, from more permanent higher levels to more rapidly changing lower levels. Developing a map of the field could help researchers communicate better and advance the study of how institutional configurations influence a society's innovativeness. However, the fragmented nature of universities makes consensus difficult.
A growing body of research explores how different dimensions of high-tech regional economic development are fundamentally
and unavoidably gendered. This article offers a summary introduction to this nascent research agenda, focused on three phenomena widely documented in the regional literature as supporting intra- and interfirm learning and innovation processes, but whose attendant gendered social relations and gender divisions have yet to be fully analysed and understood, namely, (i) processes of worker mobility, labour ‘churning’ and their brokering by different labour market intermediaries; (ii)
venture capital financing, entrepreneurship and firm start-up; and (iii) the origins and implications of (masculinist) corporate cultures for firms’ absorptive capacities. By way of conclusion, the article outlines some interesting directions in which
future research in this area might usefully develop in order to contribute to a broader project around holistic regional (socio)economic development.
Regional Differences in Innovation and Economic PerformanceRyan MacNeil
My paper from the 2011 Atlantic Schools of Business conference:
Innovation is a key mechanism for improving economic productivity. The literature suggests approaches to innovation are socially embedded, and protean industrial cultures outperform autarkic ones. This study reports on differences in innovation culture across Canada’s provincial ICT industries, and the impact of those differences on employment growth and decline.
Innovation Ecosystems - Practice vs. Prevailing PerceptionsYifat Turbiner
The document discusses factors that influence innovation ecosystems based on interviews with 25 Israeli innovation leaders. It finds that while the key factors identified in literature - government, academia, venture funding, culture and technology - also influence Israel's system, the relative importance of each factor differs from prevailing perceptions. Specifically, culture was seen as making a major contribution, while government and academia's impacts were viewed as more moderate. This discrepancy may be due to ecosystems evolving over time, changing each factor's nature of contribution.
This document discusses human capital-centered regional economic development and analyzes Philadelphia's biosciences sector as a case study. It outlines several analytical approaches used to understand regional occupational clusters and gaps, including occupational cluster analysis, industry/occupation cluster analysis, and gap analysis. These techniques help identify regional strengths and opportunities but require strong institutions to effectively translate analysis into coherent policy. The case of Philadelphia's early 2000s efforts shows how analytical results may be irrelevant without such institutions, due in part to challenges of regional governance and ambiguity around workforce development goals.
Developments in measuring the “creative” workforceAsliza Hamzah
Author By :
Stuart Cunningham
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland University of Technology,
Brisbane, Australia
Institutional variables are the most important factor explaining real convergence. But what are institutions? This paper examines the relationship between institutions and policies, institutions and organisations, and formal and informal institutions. The concept of propelling and stabilizing institutions is introduced and used to explain differences in real convergence.
Authored by: Leszek Balcerowicz
Published in 2007
This document discusses the need for a better understanding of institutional analysis across various social science disciplines. It argues that there is currently no consensus on key concepts like "institutions" and how to study them. The document presents a framework with multiple levels of institutional analysis, from more permanent higher levels to more rapidly changing lower levels. Developing a map of the field could help researchers communicate better and advance the study of how institutional configurations influence a society's innovativeness. However, the fragmented nature of universities makes consensus difficult.
2_Lect_Evolutionary Economic Geography within Grand Societal ChallengesPrivate
This document provides an overview of a lecture on evolutionary economic geography and its paradigms. It discusses key concepts in evolutionary economic geography like path dependence and lock-in effects. It also discusses how evolutionary economic geography can help address grand societal challenges and how it relates to concepts like sustainable development and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The lecture aims to explain how evolutionary economic geography examines the historical processes that shape economic landscapes and regional development over time.
This document analyzes the relationship between regional industry clusters and entrepreneurship. It hypothesizes that strong clusters positively impact entrepreneurship by lowering business startup costs, enhancing innovation opportunities, and providing access to inputs and markets. The study uses Census Bureau and cluster mapping data to examine how cluster strength relates to the growth of new businesses and employment in startups, while controlling for convergence effects. Preliminary results suggest clusters facilitate higher growth in entrepreneurial activity and medium-term survival of startups. The presence of clusters may also influence where existing multi-location firms open new establishments.
1) The document summarizes research on the role of human capital in different types of regions, including urban, rural, peripheral, and cross-border regions.
2) Two papers examined how human capital mobility impacts local employment in Danish municipalities, finding that in-migrants and in-commuters generally complement the local workforce except in some cases where they substitute medium-skilled locals.
3) A second paper analyzed the spatial mobility and early career outcomes of university graduates in Denmark, finding benefits to mobility for academic but not professional graduates.
4) The research also developed a model of "Cross-Border Institutional Thickness" to examine institutional cooperation and human capital creation in Danish-German border regions.
Four Day Workweek Policy For Improving Employment and Environmental Condition...Sociotechnical Roundtable
Can working less lead to a healthier economy and better environmental conditions? Which factors should be taken into consideration when forming an answer to this question? In this article Nicholas Ashford and Giorgos Kallis discuss how affluent economies often have shorter work-weeks and why, under the right conditions, more free time can decrease unemployment and help develop a greener, more sustainable Europe.
Talent, Craetivity And Regional Economic Performance Arc Haifeng Qiancasaresp
This paper investigates factors associated with the geographic distribution of talent in China and how talent relates to regional economic performance. It examines two types of talent: human capital measured by education levels and the creative class measured by occupational skills. Both market factors like wages and jobs, and non-market factors like amenities, openness, and universities may influence talent distribution. The paper analyzes how talent levels correlate with innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional economic growth. It uses provincial data to explore these relationships in China.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
Korea's National Innovation System_ Andre Roland CharlesAndre Charles
South Korea's rapid economic growth from an impoverished agrarian economy to the world's 12th largest economy was underpinned by the government's strategic policy focus on building science and technology capacity. The government played a vital role in stimulating technical progress and economic expansion through Korea's national innovation system (NIS). The NIS framework views the main elements as universities, firms, and government, and their dynamic interactions that facilitate innovation and economic growth. Korea identified its strengths in human resources but weaknesses in technology and resources, and pursued a path of government-led science and technology development to transform the country from a technology immitator to a leading innovative economy.
The institution economics became a predominant analytical perspective for developmental national experiences. The economic success or failure has been predominantly explained by the role played by institutions. This approach has particularly been applied to the national experiences where natural resources are abundant and form their main source of exports. Irrespective of this structural dimension, so follows the argument, countries can escape from the “commodity trap” associated to this resource endowment if good institutions can transform this natural asset in an opportunity to foster investment and spread development to other areas and sectors. In these analyses the good economic institutions are normally considered the set of institutions that were supposed to be predominant in developed market economies. This paper considers critically this analysis building its main arguments in two steps. It will be argued that the consolidation of private interests on production of natural resource limit their use for general development economic purpose but it will be argued also that this possibility exists in oil and gas and other strategic mineral raw material when by geopolitical reasons a national vested interest is formed as predominant economic power. Nevertheless this requires an encompassing industrial policy. These arguments will be illuminated by comparisons between Russia, and Venezuela.
Porter's five forces model is a framework for analyzing industry competition and profitability. It examines the competitive forces that determine industry attractiveness: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers/buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. While still valuable, critics argue it may overlook industry dynamics and convergence. Later research emphasizes incorporating technological changes, multi-level industry analysis, and potential for complementary products when applying the five forces model.
Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviourijtsrd
This article aimed to determine whether there are differences in opinion between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when assessing the different environmental factors that favour or hinder entrepreneurial behaviour. This article comes to the conclusion that there are significant differences between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when they assess the factors that, in their opinion, are hindering or promoting entrepreneurial behaviour. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37922.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/37922/factors-influencing-the-entrepreneurial-behaviour/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Structural unemployment in Latvia risks becoming entrenched due to skills and geographical mismatches between labor supply and demand. This structural unemployment does not disappear on its own even during economic growth. Timely policy action is needed to minimize unemployment and its substantial costs, which include increased emigration and lower potential growth. Adequate policy measures could include active labor market policies to support labor demand through public employment services, training schemes, and employment subsidies in order to reduce both cyclical and structural unemployment.
An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countriesijtsrd
The positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development through employment generation and poverty reduction has been well established in academic research. This is the rationale why governments across different countries try to comprehend the dynamics of entrepreneurship. There is growing interest in decoding the context in which entrepreneurship thrives. Research on œEntrepreneurial Ecosystem has gained momentum since it provides the necessary framework in which entrepreneurship develops. The objective of this study is to analyze the various components of entrepreneurial ecosystem and Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) in selected Asian countries. The research is based on secondary data related to entrepreneurial ecosystem and total early stage entrepreneurial activity, provided by Global entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The findings of the research indicate that there is need to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Asian countries. Asian countries exhibit insufficient provisions of access to finance for entrepreneurs. Government policies and programs, taxes and bureaucratic regime are also insufficient for nurturing entrepreneurial environment. Entrepreneurship education and training both at basic school level and post school level are not sufficient for creating a conducive environment for entrepreneurs. Markets, infrastructural provisions and social and cultural norms are also not found to be sufficient for entrepreneurship to thrive in Asian context. Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) is also quite low for Asian countries. The findings of the study can be of instrumental value for academicians and policy makers interested in entrepreneurship development in Asia. Neha Tiwari"An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9436.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-environment/9436/an-empirical-analysis-of-entrepreneurial-ecosystem-in-selected-asian-countries/neha-tiwari
This paper examines the role of industry clusters in regional economic performance. It analyzes how clusters can drive both convergence and agglomeration effects. Convergence occurs when growth declines with increasing specialization in an industry within a region due to diminishing returns. Agglomeration occurs when growth increases with the strength of related clusters in a region due to positive spillovers. The paper uses new data on US industry clusters to control for convergence effects and isolate the impact of clusters. It finds that industries grow faster when they participate in strong regional clusters, and that clusters enhance growth of wages, establishments, patents and other industries in the region. This highlights the important role of clusters in driving regional economic performance.
Higher Education Incentives for Economic DevelopmentRyan MacNeil
This document discusses higher education incentives and their impact on economic development and migration in Atlantic Canada. It finds that while government interventions have encouraged higher education participation through policies like student loans, this has unintentionally encouraged graduates to migrate out of Atlantic Canada's poorest provinces in search of higher wages to repay their student debt. Tuition increases have led to rising debt levels, and graduates are forced to leave provinces with less opportunities. Directly reducing tuition may encourage participation without encouraging out-migration.
Factors affecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan IJAEMSJORNAL
The main aim of this study is to investigate the critical factors that effecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan. An empirical quantitative technique utilized to analyze the present research. The researcher applied a random sampling method, where all respondents had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The research was carried out at 18 private businesses in Erbil. The population of this research was approximately 341 employees, accordingly to cover the entire research population; 100 surveys were distributed but 84 forms were collected that were accomplished accurately. The results showed that the highest value was for economic factor this means that economic is strongly related to employment and has strong influence on employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan.
This report is designed to help social entrepreneurs benchmark their organisation against fellow social enterprises in Sweden. We hope the report can help social enterprises to better place their organisation (e.g. what makes it distinct; readily spot differences and similarities with their peers). The report will also be useful for support organisations and policy makers to obtain an overview of social enterprises in Sweden. If this report can be put to any other good uses, we would be most delighted. Of course a rich database like ours contains many more insights and policy implications, which will soon be published on www.seforis.eu.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effect of circular economy and green management practices on firm growth performance through innovation. The study analyzes survey responses from 403 manufacturing companies. While innovation was found to highly impact firm growth, green management had a limited effect. The circular economy did not significantly affect growth, either positively or negatively. The document provides background on concepts like the circular economy, green management, and their relationship to sustainability, innovation and industry 4.0.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable innovation of business and technology models. It presents a framework with three key points:
1. It describes a general model of sustainable development based on an input-output systems approach, with the environment as input, the economy as the process, and social/environmental goals as the output.
2. It discusses sustainable business development and how technology and business innovation are at the core of achieving sustainability goals and competitive performance.
3. It presents a "Society and Environment Pull Business Model" that shows the relationships between sustainable strategy, business/technology innovation, value creation, the market, consumption, and their influence back on society and the environment.
The document provides an overview of the concept of the circular economy, tracing its origins and exploring its application to business. It discusses how the circular economy aims to design economic activity and processes to maximize ecosystem functioning and human well-being. While the circular economy emphasizes redesigning processes and cycling of materials in a sustainable way, it also faces some tensions, such as an absence of focus on the social dimension of sustainability and potential unintended consequences.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
2_Lect_Evolutionary Economic Geography within Grand Societal ChallengesPrivate
This document provides an overview of a lecture on evolutionary economic geography and its paradigms. It discusses key concepts in evolutionary economic geography like path dependence and lock-in effects. It also discusses how evolutionary economic geography can help address grand societal challenges and how it relates to concepts like sustainable development and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The lecture aims to explain how evolutionary economic geography examines the historical processes that shape economic landscapes and regional development over time.
This document analyzes the relationship between regional industry clusters and entrepreneurship. It hypothesizes that strong clusters positively impact entrepreneurship by lowering business startup costs, enhancing innovation opportunities, and providing access to inputs and markets. The study uses Census Bureau and cluster mapping data to examine how cluster strength relates to the growth of new businesses and employment in startups, while controlling for convergence effects. Preliminary results suggest clusters facilitate higher growth in entrepreneurial activity and medium-term survival of startups. The presence of clusters may also influence where existing multi-location firms open new establishments.
1) The document summarizes research on the role of human capital in different types of regions, including urban, rural, peripheral, and cross-border regions.
2) Two papers examined how human capital mobility impacts local employment in Danish municipalities, finding that in-migrants and in-commuters generally complement the local workforce except in some cases where they substitute medium-skilled locals.
3) A second paper analyzed the spatial mobility and early career outcomes of university graduates in Denmark, finding benefits to mobility for academic but not professional graduates.
4) The research also developed a model of "Cross-Border Institutional Thickness" to examine institutional cooperation and human capital creation in Danish-German border regions.
Four Day Workweek Policy For Improving Employment and Environmental Condition...Sociotechnical Roundtable
Can working less lead to a healthier economy and better environmental conditions? Which factors should be taken into consideration when forming an answer to this question? In this article Nicholas Ashford and Giorgos Kallis discuss how affluent economies often have shorter work-weeks and why, under the right conditions, more free time can decrease unemployment and help develop a greener, more sustainable Europe.
Talent, Craetivity And Regional Economic Performance Arc Haifeng Qiancasaresp
This paper investigates factors associated with the geographic distribution of talent in China and how talent relates to regional economic performance. It examines two types of talent: human capital measured by education levels and the creative class measured by occupational skills. Both market factors like wages and jobs, and non-market factors like amenities, openness, and universities may influence talent distribution. The paper analyzes how talent levels correlate with innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional economic growth. It uses provincial data to explore these relationships in China.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
Korea's National Innovation System_ Andre Roland CharlesAndre Charles
South Korea's rapid economic growth from an impoverished agrarian economy to the world's 12th largest economy was underpinned by the government's strategic policy focus on building science and technology capacity. The government played a vital role in stimulating technical progress and economic expansion through Korea's national innovation system (NIS). The NIS framework views the main elements as universities, firms, and government, and their dynamic interactions that facilitate innovation and economic growth. Korea identified its strengths in human resources but weaknesses in technology and resources, and pursued a path of government-led science and technology development to transform the country from a technology immitator to a leading innovative economy.
The institution economics became a predominant analytical perspective for developmental national experiences. The economic success or failure has been predominantly explained by the role played by institutions. This approach has particularly been applied to the national experiences where natural resources are abundant and form their main source of exports. Irrespective of this structural dimension, so follows the argument, countries can escape from the “commodity trap” associated to this resource endowment if good institutions can transform this natural asset in an opportunity to foster investment and spread development to other areas and sectors. In these analyses the good economic institutions are normally considered the set of institutions that were supposed to be predominant in developed market economies. This paper considers critically this analysis building its main arguments in two steps. It will be argued that the consolidation of private interests on production of natural resource limit their use for general development economic purpose but it will be argued also that this possibility exists in oil and gas and other strategic mineral raw material when by geopolitical reasons a national vested interest is formed as predominant economic power. Nevertheless this requires an encompassing industrial policy. These arguments will be illuminated by comparisons between Russia, and Venezuela.
Porter's five forces model is a framework for analyzing industry competition and profitability. It examines the competitive forces that determine industry attractiveness: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers/buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. While still valuable, critics argue it may overlook industry dynamics and convergence. Later research emphasizes incorporating technological changes, multi-level industry analysis, and potential for complementary products when applying the five forces model.
Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviourijtsrd
This article aimed to determine whether there are differences in opinion between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when assessing the different environmental factors that favour or hinder entrepreneurial behaviour. This article comes to the conclusion that there are significant differences between entrepreneurs and non entrepreneurs when they assess the factors that, in their opinion, are hindering or promoting entrepreneurial behaviour. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Behaviour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37922.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/37922/factors-influencing-the-entrepreneurial-behaviour/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Structural unemployment in Latvia risks becoming entrenched due to skills and geographical mismatches between labor supply and demand. This structural unemployment does not disappear on its own even during economic growth. Timely policy action is needed to minimize unemployment and its substantial costs, which include increased emigration and lower potential growth. Adequate policy measures could include active labor market policies to support labor demand through public employment services, training schemes, and employment subsidies in order to reduce both cyclical and structural unemployment.
An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countriesijtsrd
The positive relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development through employment generation and poverty reduction has been well established in academic research. This is the rationale why governments across different countries try to comprehend the dynamics of entrepreneurship. There is growing interest in decoding the context in which entrepreneurship thrives. Research on œEntrepreneurial Ecosystem has gained momentum since it provides the necessary framework in which entrepreneurship develops. The objective of this study is to analyze the various components of entrepreneurial ecosystem and Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) in selected Asian countries. The research is based on secondary data related to entrepreneurial ecosystem and total early stage entrepreneurial activity, provided by Global entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The findings of the research indicate that there is need to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Asian countries. Asian countries exhibit insufficient provisions of access to finance for entrepreneurs. Government policies and programs, taxes and bureaucratic regime are also insufficient for nurturing entrepreneurial environment. Entrepreneurship education and training both at basic school level and post school level are not sufficient for creating a conducive environment for entrepreneurs. Markets, infrastructural provisions and social and cultural norms are also not found to be sufficient for entrepreneurship to thrive in Asian context. Total early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) is also quite low for Asian countries. The findings of the study can be of instrumental value for academicians and policy makers interested in entrepreneurship development in Asia. Neha Tiwari"An Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Selected Asian Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9436.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-environment/9436/an-empirical-analysis-of-entrepreneurial-ecosystem-in-selected-asian-countries/neha-tiwari
This paper examines the role of industry clusters in regional economic performance. It analyzes how clusters can drive both convergence and agglomeration effects. Convergence occurs when growth declines with increasing specialization in an industry within a region due to diminishing returns. Agglomeration occurs when growth increases with the strength of related clusters in a region due to positive spillovers. The paper uses new data on US industry clusters to control for convergence effects and isolate the impact of clusters. It finds that industries grow faster when they participate in strong regional clusters, and that clusters enhance growth of wages, establishments, patents and other industries in the region. This highlights the important role of clusters in driving regional economic performance.
Higher Education Incentives for Economic DevelopmentRyan MacNeil
This document discusses higher education incentives and their impact on economic development and migration in Atlantic Canada. It finds that while government interventions have encouraged higher education participation through policies like student loans, this has unintentionally encouraged graduates to migrate out of Atlantic Canada's poorest provinces in search of higher wages to repay their student debt. Tuition increases have led to rising debt levels, and graduates are forced to leave provinces with less opportunities. Directly reducing tuition may encourage participation without encouraging out-migration.
Factors affecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan IJAEMSJORNAL
The main aim of this study is to investigate the critical factors that effecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan. An empirical quantitative technique utilized to analyze the present research. The researcher applied a random sampling method, where all respondents had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The research was carried out at 18 private businesses in Erbil. The population of this research was approximately 341 employees, accordingly to cover the entire research population; 100 surveys were distributed but 84 forms were collected that were accomplished accurately. The results showed that the highest value was for economic factor this means that economic is strongly related to employment and has strong influence on employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan.
This report is designed to help social entrepreneurs benchmark their organisation against fellow social enterprises in Sweden. We hope the report can help social enterprises to better place their organisation (e.g. what makes it distinct; readily spot differences and similarities with their peers). The report will also be useful for support organisations and policy makers to obtain an overview of social enterprises in Sweden. If this report can be put to any other good uses, we would be most delighted. Of course a rich database like ours contains many more insights and policy implications, which will soon be published on www.seforis.eu.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effect of circular economy and green management practices on firm growth performance through innovation. The study analyzes survey responses from 403 manufacturing companies. While innovation was found to highly impact firm growth, green management had a limited effect. The circular economy did not significantly affect growth, either positively or negatively. The document provides background on concepts like the circular economy, green management, and their relationship to sustainability, innovation and industry 4.0.
This document summarizes a journal article about sustainable innovation of business and technology models. It presents a framework with three key points:
1. It describes a general model of sustainable development based on an input-output systems approach, with the environment as input, the economy as the process, and social/environmental goals as the output.
2. It discusses sustainable business development and how technology and business innovation are at the core of achieving sustainability goals and competitive performance.
3. It presents a "Society and Environment Pull Business Model" that shows the relationships between sustainable strategy, business/technology innovation, value creation, the market, consumption, and their influence back on society and the environment.
The document provides an overview of the concept of the circular economy, tracing its origins and exploring its application to business. It discusses how the circular economy aims to design economic activity and processes to maximize ecosystem functioning and human well-being. While the circular economy emphasizes redesigning processes and cycling of materials in a sustainable way, it also faces some tensions, such as an absence of focus on the social dimension of sustainability and potential unintended consequences.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL APPROACH TO ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEM AND INNOVATION: CASE S...indexPub
Despite being recognised as drivers of innovative development, Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) frequently confront resource limitations. Therefore, enhancing the ecosystem is contingent on the entrepreneurs’ social capital, which is crucial for the success of MSMEs. This study applies the social capital approach to analyse the entrepreneurial ecosystem enrichment and its impact on the innovation process of cosmetics MSMEs. The qualitative case study of six cosmetic manufacturing MSMEs explores that social capital is a multifaceted asset to MSMEs. Through an in-depth thematic analysis of three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational, and cognitive), this study states that the innovation process is supported by the synergistic transformation of one dimension of social capital into another. Entrepreneurs sharing the common norms, rules, and language enrich their cognitive as well as relational aspects of ecosystem. The study suggests that as network ties, trust, and norms collectively influence innovation in firms, hence, social capital needs to be studied with its contextualization in the ecosystem.
REGIONS and THIRD PLACES - Valuing and Evaluating Creativity for Sustainable ...Christiaan Weiler
In this presentation I will try to put culture and creativity in a specific context, including theoretical references, but concentrating on a practical approach. With outcomes of an action-research project three connected hypothesis are proposed. To complement the otherwise rather limited quantitative data for this relatively new subject, a collaborative methodology is proposed, that will help contextualize the work and directly engage stakeholders in the process.
To stay close to the title of the conference, I will focus on the elements concerning culture and creativity. Giving a purpose to culture and creativity can allow us to concentrate on what it does rather than what it is. The presented research project (still in search of funding...) positions culture in a strategic role for collaborative processes, and proposes the creative stance, as an alternative to the critical stance, for innovative governance and planning development.
This article extends research exploring progressive models of reproducing economic life by reporting on research into some of the infrastructure, practices and motivations for Islamic charitable giving in London. In so doing the article: (i) makes visible sets of values, practices and institutions usually hidden in an otherwise widely researched international financial centre; (ii) identifies multiple, hard-to-research civic actors who
are mobilising diverse resources to address economic hardship and development needs; and (iii) considers how these charitable values, practices and agents contribute
to contemporary thinking about progressive economic possibilities.
The role of social entrepre neurial organizations in promotion of sustainable...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document discusses the role of social entrepreneurial organizations in promoting sustainable development. It begins with defining key concepts like social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. It then reviews literature on the emergence of social entrepreneurship and how organizations address issues like market failures, government limitations, and resource constraints. The literature highlights how social entrepreneurs use innovative strategies to generate income and create social value. The document discusses frameworks for categorizing the needs social entrepreneurs can address, like satisfying basic human needs, creating collaborative communities, and addressing needs of future generations. It explores how social entrepreneurial activities can target individuals, communities and future generations to contribute to sustainable development.
The role of social entrepre neurial organizations in promotion of sustainable...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document summarizes a research paper about the role of social entrepreneurial organizations in promoting sustainable development. The paper explores how social entrepreneurs use social innovations to empower excluded communities and enhance their participation in markets and society. Three case studies of social enterprises in Gujarat, India are presented: Torch-it, which created a device to help the visually impaired navigate independently; Shroff foundation, which works in the education sector; and Menstrupedia, which educates girls about menstruation. The studies found that the social enterprises helped bring sustainable development by providing new services and products for underserved groups, challenging rigid social structures. The social innovations adopted by these organizations thus contribute to achieving the goals of social and economic inclusion
The impact of COVID-19 on the philosophy of doing business in a sustainable e...Igor Britchenko
The article presents the results of the analysis of business philosophy changes under
the influence of COVID-19 in the context of sustainable development. The aim of the
article is to study the change in the philosophy of doing business under the influence of
COVID-19 consequences and to highlight the main features of the philosophy and vectors of development. In the process of describing the business philosophy, the authors proposed an approach based on the criteria of sustainable development. The
methodological basis of the study were methods of comparison, generalisation, analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, and expert evaluation. Characterisation of certain business philosophies was based on open public information on certain sectors of the economy, according to GICS. This approach enabled international comparability of
research results. The authors found that the business philosophy has changed under the influence of COVID-19 and received an ecological, socio-psychological focus. Analysis
of business philosophies allowed us to identify new slogans in the philosophy of
generalised enterprises by sectors of the economy (industrial and consumer). The
hypothesis that the business philosophy should be simple and customer-oriented has
been confirmed. At the heart of this philosophy are social responsibility, economic
aspects, corporate culture, and the goals of sustainable development.
This article aims to examine whether the “Stra.Tech.Man” approach (Vlados, 2004), which explores the dialectical synthesis between strategy, technology, and management inside all socioeconomic organisms fulfills the requirements to be an analysis of evolutionary direction. It tries to answer this question, in particular, by examining the theoretical foundations of evolutionary economics and the subsequent evolutionary theorization of the firm that stems analytically from evolutionary economics. With this goal in mind, an overview of the relatively recent literature is attempted by presenting some of the significant contributions to evolutionary economics and the evolutionary theory of the firm. Next, it examines the specific way of building the Stra.Tech.Man approach on the production process of innovation and change management, by analyzing how this can lead to the structuration of an evolutionary direction of business planning for any socioeconomic organism.
Literature review: Introducing a culture of creativity and innovation in twen...Sau-Yeng Dixon
This literature review references and highlights the key ideas and some of the existing researches conducted as well as the gaps to be filled in order to properly address the need that twentieth century born organizations have to become more competitive through creativity and innovation.
Creativity is a broad domain but has also been vastly researched and documented with a clear link to innovation. Areas that deserve more focus and work are on driving large organizations through behavioral and cultural change, to adapt and remain competitive in a context of rapid distortion. In the era of exponential growth, nothing can be predicted. It is thus a pressing need to find the most appropriate and flexible behavioral change model, because of the high velocity of changes and the volatility of systems and contexts we are part of.
This context offers a perfect opportunity to create a joint academic and corporate collaboration as a majority of organizations have high stake in finding the way forward to regain control over the inevitable transition to the digital age they have been forced to embark in.
Length3,000 wordsDetails The world of international buJospehStull43
Length:
3,000 words
Details:
The world of international business is complex and contested. It is also changing rapidly. These changes apply to international business as a whole, the frameworks and structures of businesses themselves, and the way we understand them.
The task of this assignment is to select one of the four international business
theories
that we have looked at in weeks 6 and 7 of this course – global value chains, global production networks, the global factory, or the platform economy – and apply it to a specific
industry
of your choosing. Once you have chosen your theory and industry, the essay should be written in response to the following question:
“Does the [your selected theory] theory accurately reflect the current nature of the [your selected industry] industry?”
Some examples:
Does the global factory theory accurately reflect the current nature of the clothing industry?
Does the global value chain theory accurately reflect the current nature of the consumer electronics industry?
Does the platform economy theory accurately reflect the current nature of the transport industry?
Does the global production network theory accurately reflect the current nature of the food industry?
This full question should be written at the opening of your essay.
Further Guidance
In order to successfully complete this assignment, your final essay should include the following (note that this is NOT a suggested essay structure):
A firm understanding of your chosen
theory
, including:
Its scholarly origins
The problems that it tries to address.
How it differs from theories that came before it
Its contemporary critics and alternatives
A firm understanding of your chosen
industry
, including:
Key firms
Industry structure
Ownership and financing
The influence of government or civil society institutions in firm behaviour
Changes to the above over time, and the reasons for these changes.
A thorough
application
of theory to industry, including:
The strengths of the theory in understanding the current nature of the industry
The limitations of the theory in understanding the current nature of the industry
A consistent
argument
in response to the question: does this theory accurately reflect the current nature of your chosen industry?
See also the rubric below for guidance on what we are looking for.
Structure
You are free to use whatever essay structure you feel best conveys this analysis (some structures may be better suited to some theory/industry combinations). However the following suggested structure is recommended:
Introduction
Overview of your theory
History of your industry
Application of theory to industry
Critiques/limitations of this theory’s application to your industry
Conclusion
Other tips for this assignment
Take the time to read extensively on your theory – do not base your understanding on a single text or our summary below.
The essay should blend historica ...
This document summarizes the current state of research on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) among emerging market firms. It reviews literature from 2000-2019 that examines CE related to innovation, strategic renewal, and new venturing in emerging economies. The review finds that while research exists on these topics separately, there is a lack of holistic examination of CE incorporating all three aspects. It concludes that more research is needed to understand how country-level differences in emerging markets impact firms' CE activities and competitive strategies. The document provides directions for future research to address these gaps.
How changing organizational culture can enhance innovation Development of the...NachisaleWakuNtcheu
This document discusses the development of a framework called the Innovative Culture Enhancement Framework (ICEF) to enhance innovation in organizations by changing their culture. The framework involves assessing an organization's culture using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument and assessing innovation levels using the Community Innovation Survey. Multiple regression analysis is then used to determine how each culture type contributes to innovation types. The framework is then validated by implementing it in three companies and through expert interviews. The framework was found to reliably enhance innovation by adjusting organizational culture.
This document provides a summary and reconstruction of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF). It begins with background on the origins and use of the SLF, noting that while it was widely used in the 1990s, its application has receded in recent times due to limitations. Specifically, it argues the SLF is too micro-level and household-focused. The document then reviews the evolution of concepts around sustainability and welfare that influenced the SLF. It proposes a reconstruction of the SLF to address its limitations, focusing on a more rigorous conceptualization of household assets and their influence on livelihoods and institutional evolution. The goal is to provide a more holistic and theoretically robust analytical framework.
Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurshipijtsrd
The research was an effort to examine the relationship between social entrepreneurship SE and sustainable Tourism ST within the framework of India tourism. Thirdly, the study proposes a plan of motivating SEinside the industry. The methodology involves a case study mechanism or an approach that inculcates a systematic and comprehensive examination of associated literature to decide the situation of Indian tourism with reverence to sustainability. Findings revealed that there is inadequacy of SEprojects in context with India hospitality and tourism sector, lack of awareness is one of the major reasons for this. The learning has evaluated the circumstance in India and even though it was all inclusive within the environment of limited data accessibility. Further, the investigation makes three key commitments to the literature on sustainable hospitality and the tourism industry. First, It requires continues commitments of innovative social entrepreneurs, if the business is to turn out to be all the more extensively sustainable. Second, this research explores the degree of action needed in Indian tourism industry to understand whether its development and advantages are measurable. Manzoor Nabi Naikoo "Developing Sustainable Tourism through Social Entrepreneurship" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45189.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45189/developing-sustainable-tourism-through-social-entrepreneurship/manzoor-nabi-naikoo
This document discusses the need for a new type of leader called an "Eco-Leader" to guide businesses towards more sustainable practices. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The document argues that past leadership focused too much on short-term financial gains without considering environmental and social impacts. An Eco-Leader is proposed as someone who can see the big picture and understand that long-term business success requires balancing economic, social and environmental factors. The document outlines 10 key characteristics of an Eco-Leader, including their ability to consider internal and external environments and drive sustainable processes and strategies.
Similar to From Growth Poles and Clusters to Business Ecosystems Dynamics: The ILDI Counterproposal (20)
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
The central purpose of the study is to evaluate the programs, project planning and management in Ethiopian Red Cross society and its comparison with procedures of project planning and management system. The study found that Ethiopian Red Cross society has been working on a lot of community development projects in Ethiopia for several decades. Most projects were principally emphasized on disaster and risk reduction. Different organizations use diverse project procedures to achieve the anticipated objectives. This also true for the Ethiopian Red Cross society projects. The Ethiopian Red Cross society had integrated some unique style of project planning and management system in its project. Thus, there was no total departure in the whole system of project development phases. Every cycle of the project life spans are used beginning from the point of concept initiation to final implementation and closure phases.
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
The study was conducted on issues affecting the academic achievement of female students in selected primary schools of Jimma Arjo woreda while its objective was to investigate the major factors that affect the academic achievements of female students in primary schools of four sampled primary schools/Arjo primary school, Andinnet, Arbi-gebeya and Wayu Warke primary schools. Female students academic achievements show an upgrading from time to time, but still the rise is delicate when contrast to males. The finding identified the five broad categories, Family related, school related, socio-economic related, cultural related were the major factors that affect the academic achievements of females’ education. The common issues household responsibilities, low awareness of parents towards females education, parents financial problems, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, the nature of teacher student relationship, the study behavior female students implement, teaching method teachers use, early marriage, less avails of role models are the main reasons for squat academic achievements of female students on education. To alleviate these upward parents awareness to wards the benefit of educating females, motivating female students, providing financial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilities and protecting female from abduction and early marriage/from any harmful traditions were recommended.
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Agricultural Informatics is a valuable domain in the field of interdisciplinary sciences. This is responsible for the applications of Information Technology, Computing and similar technologies into the agricultural activities. This is the combination of Agricultural Science and Information Sciences. The field due to technological nature is much closed with the Agricultural Engineering or Agricultural Technology. There are many allied and similar nomenclature of the fields but all of these are primarily responsible for the same purpose. The field is rapidly increasing in recent past and most practiced in the developed nation. However, in developing countries as well Agricultural Informatics becomes an emerging field of practice and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics is growing both in pre and post agricultural activity. This branch is considered as branch of Information Sciences & Technology due to its technological applications in the field of agriculture and allied areas. Information Sciences are the broadest field within the allied branches and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics educational programs have started in recent past in different level and stream of education viz. science and technology. However within the broad periphery of Information Sciences it could be offered in other streams and under the wide variety of Information Sciences. This paper is broad and interdisciplinary in nature and deals with the aspects of the Information Sciences and Technology including features, nature, scope and also the potentialities in respect of Agricultural Informatics.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The outbreak and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to the West African sub-region have brought significant changes to the different aspects of our lives and grounded educational and socio-political and economic activities of ECOWAS member states. The pandemic has exposed the poor state of the health systems and shortage in medical supplies and protective gears to cope with the health emergency. In response, strict restrictions were put in place to curb the spread of the virus and these have drastically affected peoples’ lifestyles. However, there has been huge increase in the use of technology in business, education, religion and other activities as people adapt to the changing times in the sub-region. It is the argument of this paper that things cannot return to the way they were before the pandemic, but West African states must strategically plan for the Post COVID-19 era to survive the massive wave of unemployment, socio-economic meltdown and changes in lifestyle. The paper concluded that while the fight against the virus in the sub-region was not collective, post-pandemic recovery must be coordinated, strategically plannedamong member states. It was recommended that the governments should be flexible enough to retain the use of ICT and technology alongside the conventional ways of doing things in the post-pandemic era.
Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.
This study examines and explicates the lexico-semantic parameters, which Joseph Edoki deploys to convey his themes in The Upward Path, his second novel. Edoki is a contemporary Nigerian novelist who is preoccupied with the socio-political problems in Africa with the hope of a brighter future. The novel is the story of Mr. Gaga, a Rhwandan American PhD student, on a fact finding mission in Savannah, an African country, for his Thesis entitled ‘’ Why Africa is Underdeveloped’’. For failing to portray Africa in line with the negative views about the continent in his proposal, Gaga’s supervisor recalls him back to America in anger. But in defense of his conviction and research findings about Africa, Gaga remains in Savannah to complete his Thesis. This study is of significance because as a linguistic study, it will serve as a springboard to future researches in the language of African literature. Moreover, the good governance, which Edoki presents in Savannah, the fictional country, in which the novel under study is set, is a blue print for the development of Africa.
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The art of using language for public expression in order to persuade target audience to support development initiatives is a key reason for graphic communication. This requires communication actors particularly, the graphic encoder to know salient input and output variables of communication for effective mediation. However, the prevalence ignorance of these variables, often results in ineffective media production that is counter-productive to development. Therefore, this paper focused on production of practical rhetoric in graphic language for development programmes. The paper employed the critical-historical-analytic examination and content analysis methods. It introduced the reader to the need for practical rhetoric in visual communication. Furthermore, it highlighted the salient input and output variables that the graphic communication actor need be conversant with in order to produce visual rhetoric, using the McGuire’s Communication/persuasion Matrix. And it exemplified graphic media that result from application or neglect of the knowledge of the variables. The paper found that consideration of the variables afforded production of effective rhetoric in graphic language. The paper ended with the need for graphic encoders to internalize knowledge of the input and output variables and utilize it during the process of media production to generate visual rhetoric with desired effect.
The Niger delta of Nigeria has been besieged by a lot of crises, which have posed serious security risks to the region. This has adversely and seriously affected not only the region, but Nigeria in general. The processes of crude oil extraction in the Niger delta have resulted in ecological degradation and oil pollutions, thereby doing a lot of damages to the farmlands and fishing waters of the people, whose major occupations are farming and fishing. Petroleum, the main source of Nigeria’s revenue is obtained in the Niger delta. Yet, Deltans are confronted with a lot of problems; they are impoverished, exploited, neglected and marginalized despite the economic value of the region to the Nigerian economy. No serious or commensurate efforts are made by the government or the multinational oil companies operating in the region to compensate the people for the losses they suffer through oil pollutions. This has resulted in a lot of protests and violence, culminating in the social unrest in the region. To this effect, there have been reactions to the crises in diverse ways. Though such efforts have yielded little dividends, the crises have persisted. Niger delta deserves priority attention in terms of human and infrastructural developments. In the literary circle, some Nigerian literary artists have expressed concern over the issue with a view to creating awareness on the seriousness of the crises, and advancing suggestions that will proffer permanent solutions to the problems. This paper examines and expounds how Helon Habila deploys the mood system as a language tool in his novel, Oil on Water, to address the Niger Delta crises. He advances suggestions to put an end to the crises in order to restore peace, and enhance sustainable development in Nigeria.
The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
The purpose of the research is to examine importance of Georgia’s current relations with its neighboring Russia and Azerbaijan and to estimate risks that deterioration of these relations can bring to Georgia’s economy. Of particular interest is to understand who stands behind the tensions happened in Georgia in the run-up to the tourist season of 2019 or at least to figure out possible motives behind the events. Interdependence of the states is analyzed through historical review of their relations and estimation of their current mutual interests. Considering risks and aspirations of the sides in the tensions, the motives behind are suggested. The data received depicts that none of these tensions were initiated by Georgia following its interests, on the contrary, its ruling party’s most visible achievement had been the ability to maintain positive and beneficial relations with both Russia and Azerbaijan. Thus, the Georgian government considered to be a victim in this case. The paper concludes that Georgian government is unable to react on provocations in a timely fashion due to absence of agreement in the ruling party and being quite fragile for outside forces that try to influence the country’s political processes. Unless Georgia manages to build more interdependent or less dependent relations with superpowers, it will be unable to avoid repetition of such manipulations.
The document analyzes the dynamic relationship between global oil prices and the exchange rate of the Eswatini currency (SZL) against the US dollar using daily data from 2005 to 2018. It finds a unidirectional causal relationship from global oil prices to the SZL/USD exchange rate using the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test, indicating that global crude oil prices influence Eswatini's nominal exchange rate. The study recommends that Eswatini's exchange rate policy consider global oil price movements to avoid misalignment of its currency.
This paper elaborates the hydraulic characteristics of the water supply network of the town of Puerto Ayora. First, it intends to replicate the household individual storage by simulating nodal tanks with the use of the EPANET software. Later, it uses the Pressure-Driven Approach (PDA) to develop a methodology that estimates the overflow of storage facilities, one of the main sources of wastage in Puerto Ayora. Finally, it uses the Demand-Driven Approach (DDA), with the aim of assessing the network in the future, under four population growth scenarios. With the chosen moderate growth scenario, two options are suggested in order to tackle the water supply issues at the end of the planning horizon.
Counselors play a critical role in helping people who are experiencing mental or emotional problems to get their lives back on track. And it is one of the treatment options for mentally ill peoples for its deal with wellness, personal growth, and career, education, and empowerment concerns. The purpose of the study is to assess the practice of counseling and its effectiveness in Jimma University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and Amanuel Mental Health Specialized Hospital (AMHSH). It guided by mixed research design, quantitative and qualitative data about study variables was collected from 123 patients from both institutions, Qualitative data were analyzed by direct quotation according to the theme of the questions. Descriptive percentage and ANOVA analysis were used to analyze quantitative data. Descriptive statistics showed that there is a difference in the applications of counseling within the institution Analysis of ANOVA showed counseling is more effective in the treatment of depression and substance abuse. The difference in counseling provision in both institutions is also supported by qualitative analysis of the data. So, JUTH has to incorporate counseling service in the part of treatment, and AMUSH has to work on addressing a huge number of in need patients by expanding the institution.
More from International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies (20)
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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2. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
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specific spatial socio-economic configuration creates and amasses (or not) innovative potential, whose enhancement
is critical for the further advancement and sophistication of the co-evolving systems, subsystems, and organizations
within the specific environment hosting their actions (Uyarra and Flanagan, 2010).
The theory of growth concentration in particular geographical areas has deep theoretical roots and, especially, in
Alfred Marshall, one of the prominent ancestors of neoclassical orthodoxy in economic science, even though some
scholars also notice the crucial heterodox sides of his work (Hodgson, 1993). Marshall’s chapter on the
concentration of specialized industries in particular localities generated the notion of industrial districts, which is
determined as the gathering of groups of skilled workers who produce a large aggregate output of the same kind
(Marshall, 1890). Marshall also noticed that a localized industry is not by definition a source of positive effects but
could also be disadvantageous by employing only one type of work, thereby causing the factories to congregate in
the outskirts of large towns and manufacturing districts in their neighborhood. Overall, Marshall identifies with this
concept a fundamental source of generalized socio-economic development of each space. According to Becattini
(1990), who revived later the idea, this industrial district is a socio-territorial entity in a historically bounded area
consisting of a community of people and firms.
Therefore, economic geography has been an issue that has occupied the economic thought since at least the
beginning of the 20th century, with the focus of study being the concentration of productive activities in specific
localities. These polarization phenomena are some of the main conceptual components of the growth poles theory,
whose initiation as local development policy can be found after the mid-20th century (Parr, 1999a). However, today,
a paradigmatic change is underway in the economic geography domain, as argued by leading scholarly communities
on the subject (Baycan et al., 2017; Shearmur and Doloreux, 2015). Nowadays, emerging approaches transect the
boundaries of otherwise distinct scientific fields and shed light on spatial issues by exploring the evolutionary and
dialectical interdependencies between the different socio-economic actors (Koutsopoulos, 2011).
Consequently, contrary to the traditional polarization perspective of growth poles, new strategies appear that
target the creation of localities that allow local firms to draw innovative benefits from a particular industry or other
agglomerations and co-evolving networks of firms (Vlados and Chatzinikolaou, 2019b). In particular, the concepts
of clusters and business ecosystems can be examined and compared to explore contemporary pressing issues of local
development and respective policy articulation. This paper aims to investigate these three analytical classes and
determine which parts adjoin as theories of space that can promote innovation in the different socio-economic
systems and actors.
2. Methodology
This study researches these issues from a qualitative perspective and orientation, venturing on a general
examination of the field by indicating and presenting fundamental theoretical points of contributions in the analytical
frameworks of growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems. In this context, an “integrative literature review” of
the three analytical frameworks is used. According to Snyder (2019), there are three kinds of literature reviews: the
systematic, the semi-systematic, and the integrative. A typical difference between the semi-systematic and the
integrative with the systematic approach is that the former can qualitatively analyze the topic and set broad research
questions, ending up contributing to a new theoretical framework. One of the elements that differentiate the
integrative from the semi-systematic approach is that it can include other research besides articles, such as books or
other published texts. Accordingly, in the integrative, broad, and qualitative literature review of this research, the
following general questions are explored:
i. What dimensions of these theories of spatial development and inter-firm connectedness can be cross-
fertilized towards reinforcing innovation?
ii. Which of these analytical elements and notions can be used for a specific policy of spatial development?
For the needs of this research, specific scholarly databases were explored. The “Scopus” database was used to
search for the relatively recent growth poles literature (2010 and beyond). The keyword “growth poles” was used by
distinguishing approximately ten research works that have this keyword in their title and are conceptual in their
method. Next, the most cited literature of these recent works was discerned, ending with about another ten
publications that constitute the field’s fundamentals. The “disseminating” literature was examined for the analysis of
clusters according to the terminology provided in Lazzeretti et al. (2014). Approximately ten publications before
2010 were picked and analyzed, together with another ten after 2010 that cite recent bibliometric analyses that focus
on a literature review of the clusters’ theoretical domain. For the study of business ecosystems, specific publications
were located in the Google Scholar database, having in common that they cite Moore's (1993) founding work, they
have a high number of citations and a conceptual character. In sum, approximately 20 articles were chosen to be
presented.
In section 3, a general review of the existing literature is attempted, focused on the main theoretical dimensions
of growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems. The study aims to distinguish fertile and convergent elements
from these approaches that can be used to articulate a new theoretical and policy framework of local development. In
section 4, the prospects of creating and concretizing such an analytical structure are discussed. Finally, in section 5,
the concluding remarks of the research are presented.
3. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
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3. Evolution of the Basic Ideas in Growth Poles Clusters and Business
Ecosystems Literature
3.1. Growth Poles
The concept of growth poles introduced around the mid-1950s as an effort to interpret the issue of polarized
development in specific geographical areas. In the theory’s foundations, the main idea is that growth manifests at
poles of growth that combine innovations and investments centered on one leading industry, which dominates the
affected socio-economic space (Perroux, 1955). From this foundational analysis, similar approaches and conceptual
orientations begin, focusing mainly on the positive or negative spillover effects between localities.
Initially, Myrdal (1957) suggests that the positive spillovers from developed geographical areas into less
developed areas do not counterbalance the spillovers of negative growth. At the same time, Hirschman (1958) states
that an advanced territory can exert positive or negative effects on the less developed space if the two economies are
complementary or competitive in structure, respectively. Then, Boudeville (1966) focuses on the idea that the growth
pole is a large city composed of a propulsive industry that dominates all other economic actions and creates an
industrial concentration of oligopolistic form. Subsequently, by following a similar thought pattern, Friedmann
(1967) suggests that some core regions act as dominant centers of growth and economic change, while all the other
areas within a given spatial structure are the peripheral ones. More recently, McKee (1987) perceives this
“polarization dialectic” to induce existing growth poles’ stagnation, whose adverse effects can be reduced by
creating service activities.
By reviewing contemporary approaches, some divergence from the initial ideas that formulated this theory can
be noticed. Christofakis and Papadaskalopoulos (2011), suggest that sectoral policies can attract propulsive activities
that mitigate polar concentration. Smékalová et al. (2014) observe large municipalities as innovation growth poles
that can concentrate economic activity and allocate entrepreneurship support, while Bere (2015) suggests that growth
poles policies follow a top-down design to favor the creation of specific institutions. Godlewska-Majkowska et al.
(2016), introduce the idea that a polarized region’s core can also act as an “anti-growth” pole if it enhances crisis
causes. Pysar (2017) argues that industrial concentration can turn some regional areas into growth poles that can
increase the country’s overall socio-economic competitiveness, and Strat and Stefan (2017) view the enhancement of
the weakest geographical regions and industries to lessen the effects of polarization.
Therefore, growth poles continue as a conventional theory of regional analysis, in which the focus is the
polarized industrial reinforcement of a territory or region, which are contrasted with respective spatial entities. The
prevailing industry and its developmental perspectives in a regional area constitute the analytical epicenter because
they lead to positive or negative spillovers that restructure the entire socio-economic space. In this approach, the
economic system is perceived in terms of region, whose planning is exercised top-down necessarily, while the
weakening of polarization between different territories is the desired result. In any case, one of the analytical virtues
of growth poles is based on recognizing the structural importance of industrial concentration that can lead to the
improvement of the overall developmental results at an extra-regional (national and international) level.
3.2. Clusters
The clusters of firms concern mostly the interactions between innovative socio-economic organizations that
transform the geographical locations that host them. The clusters literature originates in the early 1990s by
frequently citing Marshall’s and Becattini’s works. In this approach, the overall structuration of socio-economic
development dynamics is perceived more accurately. According to the idea that Markusen (1996) introduces, a
locally-targeted development strategy is not enough if it does not encompass a broader institutional analysis across
different industrial districts.
Porter (1998;2000) is the author of two of the most cited scientific articles on the subject, defining the clusters
as comprising a wide array of linked industries and geographical concentrations of interlinked firms and institutions
in a specific field. These local groups constitute aggregations in a nation or region that involve highly specialized
skills and knowledge, institutions, rivals, related businesses, and sophisticated customers.
The perspective of the “diamond” is also utilized in Porter’s approach (Porter, 1990; Vlados, 2019b). This
scheme presents a nation’s competitiveness based on the four determinants of firm strategy, structure and rivalry,
demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and factor conditions influenced by the two external
determinants of chance and governmental intervention. Porter uses the diamond to measure the extent and level of
national development based on a series of industrial clusters covering the entire economic activity. When a nation
succeeds in having sources of competitive advantages in all determinants in specific industries, this fact ranks the
country into the innovation-driven economy position, which corresponds to the highest degree of socio-economic
development.
In the general perspective of clusters, McEvily and Zaheer (1999) explore further the procedures of knowledge
and innovation dynamics by suggesting that the firms within geographical groups have a better position to access
new knowledge if they can sustain network ties with specific regional institutions. Gordon and McCann (2000),
observe different models behind spatial concentrations inside industrial clusters, both contradictory and
complementary. For Malmberg and Maskell (2002), the collocation of firms undertaking similar activities increases
the innovative potential. Bathelt et al. (2004), introduce the idea that a dynamic cluster has many actors with
heterogeneous knowledge (a high quality “buzz”) and extra-local knowledge sources (the “pipelines”) that connect
this spatial aggregation to the rest of the world. Storper and Venables (2004), suggest that geographical co-location
(clustering) in high-cost urban centers generates highly skilled people and companies’ agglomerations.
4. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
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From a critical perspective, Martin and Sunley (2003) accuse the attitude of many policymakers around the
world who have “seized upon” Porter’s cluster model as a tool for promoting innovation and growth without the
desired results. In recent reviews of the cluster literature, Lazzeretti et al. (2014) distinguish the cluster’s multi-
disciplinary and global dimensions as crucial features. Hervas-Oliver et al. (2015) indicate that the cluster literature
intersects the discipline of management and economic geography by attributing increasing significance to the micro-
foundations, while Caloffi et al. (2018) acknowledge the importance attributed to learning, innovation, and value
generation. García‐Lillo et al. (2018) underline the increasing interest and analysis of the processes connecting the
cluster with global value chains, and Lu et al. (2018) the fact that current relative studies are stressing the
significance of micro- and meso-level phenomena, while scholars and policymakers are gaining more knowledge of
why clusters arise and decline. Chain et al. (2019) observe that the measurement of growth in these industrial
clusters often occurs via analyzing the firms’ geographical concentrations and agglomerations.
Thus, from the cluster’s perspective, the evolutionary relations between industries and firms are of primary
importance, with a particular emphasis attributed simultaneously to the sector’s meso-level and the micro-level of
the strategic, technological, and managerial decisions and actions of the trans-spatial operating firms. Even though
micro-level elements of diagnosis and development of entrepreneurship are introduced over the last years, clusters’
main contribution can be located at the necessity of creating global value chains from sophisticated local networks of
technology, creativity, and knowledge diffusion (Lee et al., 2018). Thus, the clusters concept concerns the co-
evolution between industries and businesses primarily. However, the notion of local development potential and
priority remains relatively underutilized in analytical terms.
3.3. Business Ecosystems
The framework of entrepreneurial or business ecosystems constitutes one of the latest theories of spatial
development. The concept of business ecosystems borrows biological elements to highlight the importance of co-
evolving business ties from a cross-sectoral and global perspective. Initially, Moore's (1993) introduced the concept
and noticed similarities with the respective biological ecosystem, whose primary function is to gather dispersed
elements into a structured community. In the ecosystemic analysis, the business world’s organisms constitute co-
evolving communities that must have specific leaders and shared visions (Moore, 1997).
The ecosystem metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1990; McCloskey, 1998), despite signifying the evolutionary
interdependence between firms, it is also a strategic concept, in the sense that “keystone species” exist that define the
overall progress of the business ecosystem (Iansiti and Levien, 2004). According to Peltoniemi and Vuori (2004), a
business ecosystem is a complex and dynamic environment of interconnected organizations, irrespectively of their
size, reach, and development potential. Fragidis et al. (2007) indicate that business ecosystems concentrate
populations of organizations that do not belong in the same industry or supply chain even though they co-evolve and
compete to attract resources and customers. According to Li (2009), a company can reposition its strategy to
promote its interests and improve the ecosystem’s health.
Subsequently, Williamson and Meyer (2012) introduce the idea that business ecosystems are diverse networks
of organizations that can benefit from building loose ties while retaining their corporate focus. Zahra and Nambisan
(2012) point to the similarities between ecological and business ecosystems, which can both change and evolve
towards unpredictable directions, which take significant time to materialize. Rong and Shi (2015) acknowledge that
the participant organizations co-evolve with their environment in the business ecosystem, which has specific
constructive elements and life cycle.
According to Alvedalen and Boschma (2017), entrepreneurship’s biological and ecological view helps
understand the business ecosystem’s structure, whose literature also seems deficient in defining the evolving nature
and spatial scale of institutions of the ecosystem. Cavallo et al. (2019) point out that entrepreneurship is the
equivalent in the business ecosystem to the living organisms of the biological ecosystem, whose action is at the heart
of the system. Rong et al. (2018) link the business ecosystem’s analysis with strategic management, systems
science, and operational research disciplines. Finally, Rinkinen and Harmaakorpi (2018) set out new
entrepreneurship nurturing as a business ecosystem policy’s policy objective.
Overall, business ecosystems’ evolutionary perspective concerns all the actors’ co-evolution that can lead the
socio-economic system to continuous innovation. The micro-level interactions are especially noticed because the
participant organizations’ strategy can transform their external environment and, consequently, their surrounding
economic and social systems. Therefore, the specific space in all its manifestations is examined thoroughly in the
integrated business ecosystem concept (local-regional and global configurations).
3.4. Towards a Conceptual Synthesis
Growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems are spatial development theories that differ in their analytical
center of gravity. Each one varies in scope, the actors it can mobilize, and policy objectives (Table 1). To this end,
the following conclusions from the literature review can be extracted:
I. Growth poles are about the “leading industry” that dominates the rest industries inside specific spatial
agglomerations, while their driving force is local and regional polarization and geographical concentration.
The actors are the firms in this leading industry within the region. The governance of growth poles is top-
down, and the main policy objective is to mitigate or valorize the effects of negative or positive regional
polarization at a national or international level.
II. Clusters are about an array of industries whose actors are collocated firms. Their driving force is the
agglomeration of high-development potential and innovative firms (usually in high-cost urban areas). Their
5. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
119
knowledge is specialized mostly, and their governance can be both top-down and bottom-up because they
also concern their actors’ capacity to innovate and evolve. The cluster approach’s primary policy objective
is to provide the structural links for the competitiveness of entire industries or industrial agglomerations by
improving their surrounding conditions –supplying, customer, competition, and supporting needs– that
cause and assist their continuous developmental mutation.
III. Business ecosystems are about structured communities of co-evolving participant organizations. Innovation
derives from co-evolving firms’ strategies, and their governance comes from their leaders and their shared
visions. Nurturing innovative entrepreneurship can be a policy objective to lead the business ecosystem to
renewal and competitive survival.
Table-1. Theoretical and practical directions of the analytical frameworks of growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems
Scope Actors Policy objective
Growth poles Leading
industry
Firms in the leading
industry
Mitigate or valorize the
negative or positive polarization
Clusters Array of
industries
Agglomerations of firms Specialized knowledge
Business
ecosystems
Cross-
sectoral
Co-evolving socio-
economic organizations
New entrepreneurship and
innovation
It can be pointed out from this literature review that the business ecosystem concept is more comprehensive than
the other spatial development theories in terms of industrial scope; it may contain various industries, irrespectively
of their competitiveness, size, and developmental prospects. In other words, the spatialized socio-economic system is
treated as an ecosystem that shares elements with its biological counterpart, in which a multitude of “living beings”
survive and compete. In contrast, the analysis of clusters is more linear in nature, as it takes shape as a relatively
highly developed value chain in sophisticated spatialized socio-economic systems, in which the “weakest species”
play a minor role until they acquire specific and more competitive capabilities. In the case of the analysis of the
growth poles, this has its roots in older approaches to spatial development where the power of national champions in
their strictly nation-centric contours was taken for granted. A quantitative depiction of the correlation between this
dominant industrial dynamic and the other spatial economic activities is attempted in this analytical context (Figure
1).
Figure-1. From growth poles and clusters to business ecosystems dynamics
Therefore, it seems that an overview of the evolution of these analytical frameworks can show how the theory of
spatial development is transformed over time, also expressed as a policy objective. The analytical class of growth
poles was one of the first systematic frameworks of spatial development policy, focusing on the factors that cause
growth and contraction. In this analysis, it is argued that the dominant industry leads to polarization throughout the
region and that optimal policies should reduce this concentration. Later, the clusters approach emerged as a theory
and policy that focuses on the simultaneous development of localized industries, on the one hand, and from a
perspective of seeking specialized knowledge. The central argument to industrial clusters’ analytical framework and
policies is that these socio-economic and spatial aggregations interact with each other within the globalized system.
The most recent business ecosystem approach, which focuses on the co-evolution of all the spatialized socio-
economic system species, requires the multifaceted and “diagonal” strengthening of entrepreneurship as a necessary
policy condition. Only business innovation forces can provide the potential for survival, development, and
regeneration and renewal of the entire business ecosystem.
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4. Towards a New Conception for a Business Ecosystems Spatial Policy
Economic growth differs from economic development. This distinction is necessary to understand the analytical
value and perceive some of the fundamental dissimilarities between growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems.
According to Perroux (1969), the concept of growth signifies the aggregation of the broadly-defined product
quantities, while development means the cumulative transformation of the economic system’s qualitative and
structural features.
The clusters and the business ecosystems constitute theoretical contributions in economic development mostly,
and they continue to be used as policy instruments, as opposed to the view of growth poles, whose usage has been
minimized (Parr, 1999b). Concerning the approach of business ecosystems, this draws elements from the
evolutionary perception of economics, in which the exploitation of biological metaphors has significant analytical
utility (Zeleny, 1980). In this economic analysis paradigm that borrows from biology, the ways of adaptation of the
firms as socio-economic organisms in their external environment are studied (Geus, 1997; Vlados, 2019a). In this
sense, all firms experience a type of natural lifecycle of birth, development, maturation, and decline. A successful
competitive adaptation and innovation can drive the system towards renewal –and this is the difference between the
economic and the biological systems (Figure 2).
Figure-2. A new generation of innovation can lead a socio-economic organization to rebirth
This lifecycle pattern is common to all socio-economic organizations. A new generation of innovation can lead
to the “rebirth” regardless of whether this is an institution or enterprise. From a Veblenian perspective (Veblen,
1898), institutions are also organisms that behave according to their environment’s specific stimuli. To this end,
following the “Stra.Tech.Man approach” (Vlados, 2004; Vlados and Chatzinikolaou, 2020b), the dialectic of three
central forces within each socio-economic organization specifies its competitive survival and adaptability: the
synthesis of strategy, technology, and management. The Stra.Tech.Man synthesis enables organizations to innovate
and articulate their evolutionary physiology, following the environment’s mutation that hosts them.
The Stra.Tech.Man physiology can provide an analytical spectrum to exploring the business ecosystem’s
operational modalities so that a corresponding policy articulation can effectively nurture the positive evolution of the
entrepreneurial structures. More specifically, internally of each organization that is activated within a spatially-
established socio-economic system, specific questions that concern the strategy, technology, and management are
posed, either implicitly or explicitly, and define the potential for survival and development. The “where am I as an
organization, where do I want to reach, how will I go there, and why” are the dialectical queries of strategy. The
“how do I create, synthesize, diffuse, reproduce the means of my work and expertise, and why” correspond to
technology. Finally, the “how do I make use of my available resources, and why” are the queries that concern the
structuration and restructuration of management (Figure 3).
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Figure-3. The Stra.Tech.Man approach
This evolutionary interpretation of innovation means that the way the socio-economic organizations succeed in
answering these profound questions determines, over time, the level of development of the entire socio-economic
system and that its evolutionary adaptation depends ultimately on the innovation that can create and re-create. In this
evolutionary approach, the unfolding of history defines the organization’s physiology dialectically and not just the
will.
Contrary to this physiological perception of the firm’s activity and behavior, in the strategic management
literature and businesses’ daily practice, some simplifying interpretations of the strategic vision and mission are
expressed usually, where, allegedly, a bold and pompous statement can transform the entire organization. This
mishandling can lead to strategic ambiguity or vagueness since there are no leaps of physiology in the lifecycle of
any organism or socio-economic organization (Vlados and Chatzinikolaou, 2019a). In the Stra.Tech.Man approach,
“hybridization” (Sarpong et al., 2017) requires efficient syntheses of the three co-evolving spheres of strategy,
technology, and management, within the readjusted and transformed continuously (and trans-spatially) socio-
economic environment.
The enhancement of “Stra.Tech.Man” physiology, in practice, always necessitates initially the diagnosis of the
level of development of the firms that constitute the business ecosystem. The ecosystem metaphor can be a point of
reference because the practice of clustering is limited to already-developed socio-economic systems, while the
concept of the business ecosystem can be valorized regardless of industry or previous development. The exclusively
top-down perspective of growth poles also does not sufficiently analyze the “cellular” strategy, technology, and
management of the different local actors.
In this direction, the evolutionary interpretation of business ecosystems can be used to introduce a new
perception of boosting local development. The usual practice of local and regional policy, especially in less
developed socio-economic systems, is limited to vertical means to subsidize specific industries and professions. The
strengthening of only national or regional champions can be a myopic approach, which can lead to polarization since
it does not consider all the socio-economic actors and determinants that participate in the creation and re-creation of
innovation (Falck and Heblich, 2007; Hospers, 2005).
The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) can be a policy proposal that places the local
business ecosystems and the firms at the epicenter, at the dynamic micro-level and intermediate meso-level of
different regions and localities (Figure 4). This particular mechanism of boosting the Stra.Tech.Man physiology
could follow a circle of six steps with the ultimate goal of creating innovation and upgrading the action of the local
firm; that is, to operate as a “business clinic” (Aro et al., 2013) that would welcome the “patient” (the firms)
providing consulting based on diagnosing the level of development of the Stra.Tech.Man physiology.
In the first step, the ILDI mechanism could systematically diagnose the external environment in which it is
called to act (A). Next, it could analyze and synthesize the information that collects (B). It could then diffuse the
expertise that it already has acquired through informative local actions towards the firms and the other ecosystem
actors, regardless of whether these entities have direct or indirect investment interest (C). In the fourth and fifth
steps, the ILDI mechanism could be utilized as a carrier for providing consulting and training to implement best
practices and strengthen the firms’ innovative potential in terms of strategy, technology, and management (D and E).
Sixth, it could monitor the complete mechanism’s development results to reintegrate them into the environmental
diagnosis system, restarting the circle of steps (F).
8. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
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Figure-4. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation
Different central or regional governments could follow the approach of the ILDI as a development policy
mechanism focusing on the enhancement of the local or regional business ecosystem. In this context, Vlados et al.
(2019) have suggested that this mechanism could work for the case of the less developed Greek region of Eastern
Macedonia and Thrace and its small and medium-sized enterprises. For a comprehensive view of the actors that the
ILDI can interconnect, the triple helix theory of the co-evolution of the institutions of universities, government
policy, and businesses in the regional context can also be useful. Even though it concerns mostly developed regions
where academic institutions exist, the triple helix’s general framework shows that there can be no innovation in the
modern society of knowledge if all three institutions do not communicate and co-evolve. Especially in its regional
context, it is suggested that there must be an intermediating organization to assist the triple helix institutions in
exchanging actors and resources (Altaf et al., 2018; Metcalfe, 2010; Vlados and Chatzinikolaou, 2020a).
In the triple helix, universities are not only involved in their traditional role of conducting and diffusing the
results of scientific research, but they must be “entrepreneurial universities,” in the sense that their output must have
high added value (Etzkowitz and Viale, 2010). On the other hand, the firms must necessarily reinvest a large portion
of their profits in their internal research and development, offering their human resources lifelong education and
learning. The omnipresent government intervention complements the system because it must compose the other
institutional spheres and intervene selectively at all sides, horizontally, vertically, and diagonally (Peneder, 2017;
Torfing et al., 2012).
In conclusion, the proposed ILDI mechanism introduces a perception of policy that could be applied in all kinds
of business ecosystems. It does not distinguish the size of the firm or the ecosystem. It focuses on strengthening the
firm’s physiology and the specific ways the socio-economic organizations manage to synthesize the spheres of
strategy, technology, and management internally.
5. Conclusions and Discussion
In this article, some of the fundamental spatial development theories were examined, focusing on the case of
growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems. Through the overview of different theoretical perspectives of these
three analytical classes, it was identified that business ecosystems theory contains most of the necessary elements of
the evolutionary approach that can be valorized in making policies for all socio-economic systems, regardless of
their size or stage of development. This finding drove us to combine the biological view of business ecosystems with
the Stra.Tech.Man physiology approach, in which it is suggested that the organizations are entities that synthesize
the spheres of strategy, technology, and management to survive and innovate.
Especially when the mutations of business networks become increasingly fast because of the unfolding fourth
industrial revolution –and the enormous global turmoil in the economic systems brought about by the COVID-19
pandemic– an approach of space that allows the socio-economic organizations to increase their adaptability potential
is crucial. In this context, a policy proposal emerging by the business ecosystem concept was articulated, which can
9. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies
123
be open to being exploited for all kinds of spatialized socio-economic formations by utilizing, in tandem, the triple
helix approach.
Overall, the study’s questions were (a) to what extent the analytical frameworks of growth poles, clusters, and
business ecosystems can be cross-fertilized to enhance innovation and (b) how they can be exploited in the context
of a novel policy for local development. To this end, the following notes can be extracted:
a) It was proven that these spatial development theories have converging and complementary elements,
although the ecosystemic perspective can deal with the issue of innovation more thoroughly. While the
policy objectives of growth poles focus on the mitigation of polarization phenomena and while the
respective of clusters on the achievement of specialized knowledge, which requires intensive investment in
capital and R&D, the policies of business ecosystems concern all the actors and determinants that contribute
to innovation and the creation of new entrepreneurship.
b) The co-evolutionary perception of the different participants’ activity in the business ecosystem concept
allows the design of specific policies that could have utility in all socio-economic systems regardless of
their development level. To this end, a composite policy proposal was articulated (the Institutes of Local
Development and Innovation), whose center is the firm’s activity and in which innovation is perceived in
Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis). This mechanism’s activation could lead
the various spatialized socio-economic formations –and especially the comparatively weaker– towards their
competitiveness strengthening to address their current crisis.
A thorough review of the spatial development theory was not attempted in this analysis, nor the empirical part of
the growth poles, clusters, and business ecosystems approach was examined. Future research could assess the
findings of the best practices of empirical studies on articulating policies based on the theory of growth poles,
clusters, and business ecosystems, therefore testing even more thoroughly their analytical virtues, convergences, and
divergences in the effort to achieve local development and innovation.
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Andreas Andrikopoulos, Associate Professor at the
Department of Business Administration of the University of the Aegean, who provided useful comments.
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