This document summarizes different sources and classifications of water. It discusses the locations of water on Earth and the main sources of freshwater including surface water, ground water, desalination, and frozen water. It then classifies water usage into domestic purposes, civic/public purposes, industrial purposes, business/trade purposes, and loss/waste. For each classification, it provides examples and estimates of average daily water consumption per person. The document aims to provide an overview of water sources and classifications to support building services projects.

1. BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT
ON CLASSIFICATION OF
WATER BASED ON ITS USAGE
AAQIB IQBAL
DECCAN SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE

2.  Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes,
oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living
things. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Water is a liquid at standard
ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists
on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water
vapor).
 Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[1] It is vital for all known
forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas
and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of
Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and
liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[2][3]
 Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water
is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in
rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the
Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies
and manufactured products.[2]
INTRODUCTION

3. A GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOCATIONS OF
WATER ON EARTH

4. SOURCES OF FRESH WATER
1.1 Surface water
1.2 Under river flow
1.3 Ground water
1.4 Desalination
1.5 Frozen water

5. SURFACE WATER
 Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water
is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge
to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface
 Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on
these factors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing
reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase
runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream
flow.
 Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in
the world, followed by Russia and Canada.

6. LAKE BAIKAL (Superior) IS THE LARGEST FRESHWATER LAKE IN THE WORLD
(AFRICA)

7. GROUND WATER
 Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in
the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing
within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to
make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely
associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an
aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").
 Humans use sub-surface water unsustainably for a long time
without severe consequences.
 Humans can also cause sub-surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become
unusable) through pollution. Humans can increase the input to a
sub-surface water source by building reservoirs or detention
ponds.

8. DESALINATION
 Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water
(generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most
common desalination processes are distillation and reverse
osmosis.
 Desalination is currently expensive compared to most
alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction
of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only
economically practical for high-valued uses (such as
household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most
extensive use is in the Persian Gulf.

9. FROZEN WATER
 Several schemes have been proposed to make use
of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has
only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is
considered to be surface water.
 The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the
World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high
altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of
glaciers outside the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow
from there, and more than a billion peoples livelihoods
depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are
rising more rapidly here than the global average

10. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER BASED ON ITS
USAGE
Domestic Purposes
Civic or Public Purposes
Industrial Purposes
Business or trade purposes
Loss & Waste

11. DOMESTIC PURPOSES
 1 – Drinking : Human body contains about 70 percent of water .Consumption
of water is required for physiological process such as blood formation , food
digestion etc… The quantity of water an average is about 2 Litres per day for
a adult per day .If water for drinking contains undesirable elements it may
lead to water born diseases like cholera.
 2 – Cooking : Water required for this purpose will depend upon the stage of
advancement of family in particular society in general .The quantity of water
an average is about 5 liters per her per day
 3 –Bathing – Water required for bathing purpose will depend on habits of
people & type of climate .For an Indian bath 30 to 40 liters per head & for tub
bath – 50 to 80 liters per head
 4 – Washing hands , face : Water required for this purpose will depend on
habits of people & may roughly be taken as 5 to 10 liters per day

12.  5 – Household Sanitary purposes : Water is required for washing
clothes, floors utensils , etc. may be assumed to be about 50 to 60
liters per head per day
 6 – Private Gardening & Irrigation : In case of developed cities
there will be particularly do demand of water for this purpose .in
underdeveloped cities , the private wells are used to provide
water for private gardening & irrigation
 7 –Domestic Animals & Private vehicles – The amount of water
required for use of domestic animals & private vehicles is not
much concern to water supply engineer .With growth &
development of town, the cattle disappear & commercial stables
come into existence. Water required for washing cars & private
vehicles Is very low especially in case of poor countries

13. CIVIC OR PUBIC PURPOSES
 Road Washing – Roads with heavy amount of dust are to be sprinkled with water
to avoid inconvenience to users – Even in case of dust proof roads, periodically ,
washing is necessary .Water required for this purpose maybe 5 liters per day
 Sanitation Purposes – Water required in cleaning public sanitary blocks , large
markets etc. for carrying liquid wastes from houses. Water required for this
purpose will depend on growth of civilization will be about 2 to 3 liters per head
per day
 Ornamental Purposes – To adorn the town with the decorative features ,
fountains (or) lakes (or) ponds are sometimes provided. These object requires
huge quantity of water for their performance
 Fire Demand : Usually a fire occurs in factories & stores. Water required for fire
fighting skills should be easily available & always kept stored in the storage
reservoir. When a fire occurs pumps installed on trucks are immediate rushed to
the site of fire occurrence & these pumps when connected to fire hydrants are
capable of throwing water with high pressure.Fire is brought under control

14. Civic or Pubic Purposes

15. INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
 Factories : Water required for this process involved in factories will
naturally depend on nature of products, size of factory etc. & it has
no relation with density of population .Possibility of recycling of
water in plant will have appreciable effect on demand of water for
project . The quantity of water on average is about 45 Litres per
day for a adult per day
 Power stations : They are situated far away from cities & they do
not represent serious problem to public water supply
 Railways & Airports : In most of cases, the railways & airports make
their own arrangements regarding water requirements. Railways
provide 25 to 70 liters of water per head per day. Airport takes 70
liters of water per head per day

16. Industrial Purposes

17. BUSINESS OR TRADE PURPOSES
Some Trades such as Dairies , hotels , laundries ,
motor garages , restaurants ,stables , schools,
hospitals , cinema halls ,theatres etc require large
quantity of water .Such trades are to be maintained
in hygienic conditions & sanitation of such places
should be strictly insisted.
The no of such business centers will depend upon
the population & for a moderate city on an
average value of about 15 to 25 liters of water per
head per day

18. Business or trade purposes

19. LOSS & WASTE
Water required under this category is sometimes
termed as the unaccounted requirement. It
includes careless use of water, leakage in mains ,
valves , other fittings etc. .
Unauthorized water connection s & waste due to
other miscellaneous reasons. Quantity of water
lost due to all these reasons if uncertain & cannot
be effectively predicted

20. WASTAGE OF WATER

21. Types Of Buildings Consumption per day per head - Litres
1)Factories where bathrooms are provided 45
2)Factories without bathrooms 30
3) Hospital ( Including laundry )
a)No of beds not exceeding 100 340
b)No of beds exceeding 100 450
4)Hostels 135
5)Hotel (upto 4 star) 180
6)Hotel (5 star and above) 320
7)Offices 45
8)Restaurants 70
9) Cinema, Concert Halls & Theatres 15 per seat
10)Schools 45
11)Terminal Stations 45
12)International & Domestic Airports 70
WATER CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS

22. THE END
 AAQIB IQBAL
 ROLL NO :13131AA001
 THIRD SEMISTER
 D.S.P.A