B.tech. ii engineering chemistry Unit-4 A chemical aspect of biotechnology

1. Chemical Aspect of
Biotechnology
Course: B.Tech.
Subject: Engineering Chemistry
Unit: IV(A)

2.  Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms
in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and other products to
promote industrial and commercial products.
 Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science including
not only biology, but also subjects like mathematics,
physics, chemistry and engineering.

3.  Through genetic engineering scientists can
combine DNA from different sources and this
process is called “Recombinant DNA
technology”
 The secrets of DNA structure and functions have
led to gene cloning and genetic engineering,
manipulating the DNA of an organism.

4.  Food biotechnology is the application of technology to
modify genes of animals, plants, and microorganisms to
create new species which have desired production,
marketing, or nutrition related properties.
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5.  The first steps in genetic modification were for food
producers to ensure larger profits by keeping food
fresher, longer.
 This allowed for further travel to and longer availability
at markets, etc…

6.  These genetically modified tomatoes promise less
waste and higher profits.
 Scientists can now introduce a gene into a tomato
plant that blocks synthesis of the softening protein.
 Without this protein, the genetically altered tomato
softens more slowly than a regular tomato, enabling
farmers to harvest it at its most flavorful and
nutritious vine-ripe stage.

7.  By genetically
modifying food
producing
organisms, the wait
time and quantity of
certain food
processing
necessities are
optimized.
 Again this is a
money saver.
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8.  Some plants, during processing, lose some of
the vital nutrients they once possessed.
 Others are grown in nutrient poor areas.
 Both these problems can be solved by
introducing genes into plants to increase the
amount or potency of nutrients.
 “Biofortification”

9.  Inserting genes into
plants/animals to
produce essential
medicine or
vaccines.
 “Biopharming”
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10.  The main reason for medical biotechnology is to
prolong life.
 Other reasons are to ease suffering of palliative
care patients or to increase accessibility for people
with disabilities.

11.  Bioprocessing is the mass production of human
proteins, vaccines, etc… by genetically modifying
bacteria or viruses.
 This allows for a large quantity of the desired product
to be created in a short amount of time and for a
relatively low cost.

12.  Produce transgenic plant through plant tissue
culture to improve the crops with the desired traits.
 Resistance develop against abiotic and biotic
stress.
 Transgenic plants use as bioreactors for producing
commercial products- protein, vaccines &
biodegradable plastics.

13.  Environmental biotechnology is the solving of
environmental problems through the application of
biotechnology.
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14.  It is needed to:
 eliminate the hazardous wastes produced by our
other technologies.
 distinguish between similar species and ensure
species are not at risk of extinction.
 create alternative energy sources (i.e. Biofuel).

15.  Fermentation is the oldest form of
biotechnology, essentially consisting of
transformation of the simple raw materials into
value added amazing range of products by
utilizing the growth of microorganism.
 The basic purpose of micro organisms to break
down the organic compounds is to get energy
for their metabolic process.

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17.  A batch fermentation is regarded as a closed
system.
 The sterile nutrient culture medium in the
bioreactor is inoculated with micro organisms.
 The incubation is carried out under optimal
physiological conditions.
 It may be necessary to add acid or alkali to
maintain pH and antifoam agents to minimize
foam under optimal conditions for growth.
 Under optimal conditions for growth the following
typical phases of growth, are observed in batch
fermentation.

18.  It is an open system.
 It involves the removal of culture medium
continuously and replacement of this with a fresh
sterile medium in a bioreactor.
 Both addition and removal are done at the same
rate so that the working volume remains constant.

19.  Most fermentation technologies using microbes
employ a fairly dilute medium where the substrate
to be fermented is diluted in water and then
inoculated with desired microbes.
 Some fungai can grow in conditions without free
water.
 In this case the moisture required by the fungus
exists than absorbed or complex form in the solid
matrix , often ranging between 10% and 80%
processes which exploit the growth of fungai in
this type of system are designated solid state
fermentation.

20.  Enzymes are Bio-catalysts that bind
temporarily to one or more of the reactants—
the substrate thereby lowering the activation
energy needed and thus speed up the reaction.

21.  Learning objectives
 Enzymes from microorganisms have many uses in
the home and in industry
 Proteases and lipases are used in biological
detergents
 Proteases, carbohydrases and isomerase are used in
food manufacture.
 Advantages and disadvantages of using enzymes at
home and in industry
 Enzymes can be used as diagnostic tool in medicine
and to treat some diseases

22. Pectinase break down substances in apple cell walls and enable greater
juice extraction.
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23. What are enzymes used for in industry?
• Biological washing
powders
• Making soft centred
chocolates
• Pre-digesting baby food
so babies can eat it more
easily
• Making diet foods 7

24. Isomerase converts the sugar glucose into fructose, another
type of sugar.
The invertase breaks down the sucrose into the simpler
sugars glucose and sucrose, making the centre soft and
runny.
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25.  Biofuels are liquid fuels which have been derived
from other materials such as waste plant and
animal matter. There are two main types of
biofuels – bioethanol and biodiesel.
 Bioethanol is used as a replacement for gasoline.
 Biodiesel is used as a replacement for diesel.

26.  Bioethanol - or simply ‘ethanol’ - is an alcohol
which is made by fermenting the sugar and starch
components of plant materials by using yeast such
as saccharomyces cerevisae.
 Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its
pure form as a replacement for gasoline, but it is
usually blended with gasoline so as to improve
vehicle emissions.

27.  Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the diesel engine,
created the engine to be powered by peanut and
other vegetable oil. That was in the late 1800s
before cheaper petroleum-based diesel fuel
(petrodiesel) became widely available.
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28.  Biodiesel is produced from renewable plant or
animal feedstocks containing fatty acids using a
process of condensation called transesterification.
 And are the most common form of biofuel in
Europe as a replacement for diesel.

30. The typical thickness of a lipid bilayer is about 5 nm.
If the hydrophobic core of a membrane protein is longer or shorter than this
length, either some hydrophobic protein or lipid segments are exposed to
water, or the lipid membrane has to be deformed to compensate for
unfavorable hydrophobic interactions.
This effect is called as ‘hydrophobic matching’.
The hydrophobic matching give rise to interfacial tensions between lipids
and proteins. These tensions may result in accumulation of certain lipids
around the proteins. And in the mutual attraction of proteins due to capillary
forces, leading to aggregation and clustering of proteins.

31. THE
MATTRESS
MODEL
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32. S.J.SINGER AND G. NICHOLSON FLUID
MOSAIC MODEL(1972)
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33.  Assembly of Phospholipid bilayer and Protein embedded in it
 The relative amounts of protein and lipid vary significantly ,
ranging from about 20%(dry wt.) protein(in myelin) to 80%
protein(in mitochondria) .
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34. Phospholipid Bilayer
Built from lipids and steroid
derivatives
Phospholipids =
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphoglycerides: Main
ingredient
Glycolipids
Sphingolipids

35. Phospholipid structure
Glycerol backbone connected by
ester bonds to fatty acid chains
Phosphoric acid
Alcohol
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36. 1. https://www.organicdepot.in
2. https://www.kwikshop.com
3. https:// www.farmflavor.com
4. https://www.ec.europa.eu
5. https://www.timescity.com
6. https:// www.huffingtonpost.com
7. https:// www.concordextra.com
8. https:// www.au.timeout.com
9. https:// www.dieselduck.info
10. https:// www.en.wikipedia.org
11. https:// www.cc.scu.edu.cn
12. www.biolinscientific.com
13. www.boundless.com
14. Engineering chemistry by Jain and jain