Brugada syndrome is a genetic heart condition characterized by abnormal ECG patterns and risk of sudden cardiac death. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding sodium channels. The condition is diagnosed through ECG showing ST segment elevation in leads V1-V3. Treatment involves implanting an ICD to detect and treat lethal arrhythmias with shocks. Prognosis depends on risk stratification and treatment.

1. Brugada Syndrome
Mamata rai
Msc. Nursing 2nd year
AIIMS

2. Introduction
Brugada syndrome is a genetic disease that is
characterized by sudden death associated with
abnormal electrocardiogram disorder.
One of several ECG patterns characterized by are
incomplete right bundle-branch block and ST-
segment elevations in the anterior precordial
leads(V1-V3) without ischemia.

3. Introduction
The cause of syncope and sudden death in Brugada
syndrome are caused by fast polymorphic ventricular
tachycardias or ventricular fibrillation. These
arrhythmias appear with no warning.
According to clinical reports, sudden death in people
with Brugada syndrome most often happens during
sleep.

4. Introduction
Monomorphic VT rarely occurs , especially in patients
taking antiarrhythmic drugs .
Supraventricular tachycardias are more prevalent in
Brugada syndrome .
An estimated 80% of subjects with documented VT/VF has
a history of syncope , caused by self-terminating episodes.

5. Epidemiology
 In parts of Asia Brugada syndrome seems to be the
most common cause of natural death in men <50
years.
 It is approximately 30 cases per 100,000 population
per year.
 And 8-10 times more prevalent in men than in
women, although the probability of having a mutated
gene does not differ by sex.

7. Risk group

8. Etiology
1. The majority of patients affected by Brugada syndrome are
not found to have known genetic mutations to explain the
disease.
2. Approximately 20% due to alterations in the SCN5A
gene(encodes the cardiac sodium channel)
3. Mutations in the genes Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1-like gene(GPD1-L) and SCN1B

9. Pathophysiology
 Approximately 10-30% of the cases of Brugada
syndrome have been shown to be associated with
mutations in a gene that encodes for a sodium ion
channel in the cell membranes myocytes this is often
referred to as a sodium channelopathy.

11. Pathophysiology(SCN5A)

13. Signs and symptoms
1. Syncope and cardiac arrest: Mostly cardiac arrest occurs
during sleep or rest
2. Nightmares or thrashing at night
3. Asymptomatic, but routine ECG shows ST-segment
elevation in leads V1-V3
4. Associated atrial fibrillation (20%)
5. Fever: Often reported to trigger or exacerbate clinical
manifestations.

14. TYPES
Brugada syndrome has three different ECG patterns
1. Type 1 has a coved type ST elevation with at least
2 mm (0.2 mV) J-point elevation and a gradually
descending ST segment followed by a negative T-wave.
2. Type 2 has a saddle-back pattern with a least 2 mm
J-point elevation and at least 1 mm ST elevation with a
positive or biphasic T-wave. Type 2 pattern can
occasionally be seen in healthy subjects.
3. Type 3 has either a coved (type 1 like) or a
saddle-back (type 2 like) pattern, with less than 2 mm
J-point elevation and less than 1 mm ST elevation.

17. Diagnosis
 12-lead ECG
 Drug challenge with a sodium channel blocker.
 Electrophysiologic study.
 Laboratory tests
 Serum potassium and calcium levels: ECG patterns in
patients with hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia similar
to that of Brugada syndrome
 CK-MB and troponin levels: defrentiate ACS
 Genetic testing for a mutation in SCN5A

18. Long QT syndrome
 It is a congenital disorder
characterized by a
prolongation of the QT
interval on ECG and a
propensity to ventricular
tachyarrhythmias, which
may lead to syncope,
cardiac arrest, or sudden
death.
QT interval 0.36–0.44s
(9–11 small squares).

20. How to find out VT in RBBB or LBBB ?
If RBBB pattern, then VT is present in the
following situations:
 A monophasic R or biphasic qR complex in V1.
 If an RSR’ pattern is present in V1.
 A rS complex in lead V6 favors VT
If LBBB pattern, then VT is present in the
following situations:
 The presence of any Q or QS wave in lead V6
favors VT
 A wide R wave in lead V1 or V2 of 0.04s or more
favors VT
 Slurred or notched downstroke of the S wave in
V1 or V2 favors VT

21. Differential diagnosis of ST-segment elevation
1. Atypical right bundle-branch block
2. Left ventricular hypertrophy
3. Early repolarization
4. Acute pericarditis
5. Acute myocardial ischemia or infarction
6. Pulmonary embolism
7. Dissecting aortic aneurysm
8. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and/or cardiomyopathy
9. Various abnormalities of the central and autonomic nervous systems
10. Overdose of a antidepressant
11. Thiamine deficiency Hypercalcemia
12. Hyperkalemia
13. Effects of athletic training

22. Management
 There is no exact treatment modality that reliably and
totally prevents ventricular fibrillation from occurring
in this syndrome
 treatment lies in termination of this lethal arrhythmia
before it causes death.
 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD) is inserted
, which continuously monitors the heart rhythm and
will shock the wearer if ventricular fibrillation is sensed.
 Quinidine , a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class
I antiarrhythmic agent is used.

23. Quinidine Sulfate
 Test Dose: 200 mg PO quinidine sulfate several hr
before full dosage
 AFib: 300-400 mg PO q6hr
 PSVT: 400-600 mg PO q2-3hr until paroxysm
terminated
 Atrial/Ventr Premature Contractions: 200-300 mg
PO TID/QID
 Maint: 200-400 mg PO
 No more than 3-4 g/d

24. AICD
 The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
(AICD) is a device designed to monitor the heartbeat.
This device can deliver an electrical impulse or shock
to the heart when it senses a life threatening change
in the heart’s rhythm like sustained ventricular
tachycardia or fibrillation

28. Complication
1. VT
2. VF
3. Cardiac arrest
4. death

29. Prognosis
 An estimated 4% of all sudden deaths and at least
20% of sudden deaths in patients with structurally
normal hearts are due to this syndrome.

30. Conclusion
Bikash is 13 yrs male student diagnosed with
brugada syndrome type 2, managed with AICD dual
chamber is discharged in stable condition with
uneventful hospitalization period.