IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Proposal: An Efficient Security and Privacy Scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Vehicles in a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) broadcast information about the driving environment in the road. Due to the open-access environment, this means that the VANET is susceptible to security and privacy issues. However, none of the related works satisfies all security and privacy requirements. Besides, their proposed has huge overhead in terms of computation and communication. To address the above issues, we will propose the security and privacy scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and one secure hash function. Hence the reliability of each message being signed and checked has been improved. The main aim of this work is to satisfy all aspect requirements of security and privacy and reduce the computational complexity of the system.
IEEE 2014 Project Titles for ME,M.Tech,BE,B.Tech,M.Sc,MCA,IEEE Java Project t...Irissolution
IRIS SOLUTIONS A Leading R&D Company. Providing Latest IEEE Projects ,
Software & Embedded Courses.
FINAL YEAR STUDENT PROJECTS/ MINI PROJECTS/ INPLANT TRAINING REAL TIME PROJECT ASSISTANCE
EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECTS:
.WIRELESS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECT.ZIGBEE BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS . IEEE SOLVED PAPERS PROJECT.RFID, SMART CARD AND FINGER PRINT PROJECT.GSM/GPRS/GPS.ROBOTICS PROJECT. ELECTRICAL BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECT.POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT. MATLAB PROJECT.IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECT*POWER ELECTRONIC ALL IEEE PAPARS…VLSI& MATLAB.
SAFTWARE PROJECTS:
. JAVA/J2EE/J2ME PROJECTS. .Net PROJECTS,VB,C#. IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECTSFINAL YEAR PROJECTS FOR FOLLOWING DEGREES:
Research Papers
M.E /M.TECH, MCA, M.ScB.E/ B.TECH (ECE, EEE, E&I, ICE, CSE, IT)DIPLOMA (ECE, E&I, EEE, CSE, IT, ROBOTICS)
HIGH QUALITY TRAINING AT AFFORDABLE COSTINVENTIVE IEEE 2011 BASED PROJECTS DETAILS & KEYTO EMERGE AS A INNOVATIVE EXPERTISE IN DIFFERENT FIELDSQUALIFIED INDUSTRIAL EXPERT FOR training FOR THE STUDENTSJOB SUPPORT FOR QUALIFIED CANDIDATES
Training For:
M.E /M.TECH, MCA, M.Sc(CSE, IT)B.E/ B.TECH (ECE, EEE, E&I, ICE, CSE, IT)DIPLOMA (ECE, E&I, EEE, CSE, IT, ROBOTICS)BCA, B.Sc (CSE, IT)
With Regards,
Iris Solutions.
Proposal: An Efficient Security and Privacy Scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Vehicles in a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) broadcast information about the driving environment in the road. Due to the open-access environment, this means that the VANET is susceptible to security and privacy issues. However, none of the related works satisfies all security and privacy requirements. Besides, their proposed has huge overhead in terms of computation and communication. To address the above issues, we will propose the security and privacy scheme based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and one secure hash function. Hence the reliability of each message being signed and checked has been improved. The main aim of this work is to satisfy all aspect requirements of security and privacy and reduce the computational complexity of the system.
IEEE 2014 Project Titles for ME,M.Tech,BE,B.Tech,M.Sc,MCA,IEEE Java Project t...Irissolution
IRIS SOLUTIONS A Leading R&D Company. Providing Latest IEEE Projects ,
Software & Embedded Courses.
FINAL YEAR STUDENT PROJECTS/ MINI PROJECTS/ INPLANT TRAINING REAL TIME PROJECT ASSISTANCE
EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECTS:
.WIRELESS BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECT.ZIGBEE BASED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS . IEEE SOLVED PAPERS PROJECT.RFID, SMART CARD AND FINGER PRINT PROJECT.GSM/GPRS/GPS.ROBOTICS PROJECT. ELECTRICAL BASED EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROJECT.POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT. MATLAB PROJECT.IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECT*POWER ELECTRONIC ALL IEEE PAPARS…VLSI& MATLAB.
SAFTWARE PROJECTS:
. JAVA/J2EE/J2ME PROJECTS. .Net PROJECTS,VB,C#. IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECTSFINAL YEAR PROJECTS FOR FOLLOWING DEGREES:
Research Papers
M.E /M.TECH, MCA, M.ScB.E/ B.TECH (ECE, EEE, E&I, ICE, CSE, IT)DIPLOMA (ECE, E&I, EEE, CSE, IT, ROBOTICS)
HIGH QUALITY TRAINING AT AFFORDABLE COSTINVENTIVE IEEE 2011 BASED PROJECTS DETAILS & KEYTO EMERGE AS A INNOVATIVE EXPERTISE IN DIFFERENT FIELDSQUALIFIED INDUSTRIAL EXPERT FOR training FOR THE STUDENTSJOB SUPPORT FOR QUALIFIED CANDIDATES
Training For:
M.E /M.TECH, MCA, M.Sc(CSE, IT)B.E/ B.TECH (ECE, EEE, E&I, ICE, CSE, IT)DIPLOMA (ECE, E&I, EEE, CSE, IT, ROBOTICS)BCA, B.Sc (CSE, IT)
With Regards,
Iris Solutions.
Cyber DoS attack-based security simulator for VANET IJECEIAES
At the late years, researches focused on the cyber denial of service (DoS) attacks in the vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETS). This is due to high importance of ensuring the save receiving of information in terms of vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Road side unit (V2R). In this paper, a cyber-security system is proposed to detect and block the DoS attacks in VANET. In addition, a simulator for VENAT based on lightweight authentication and key exchange is presented to simulate the network performance and attacks. The proposed system consists of three phases: registration, authentication as well as communications and DoS attack detection. These phases improve the system ability to detect the attacks in efficient way. Each phase working is based in a proposed related algorithm under the guidance of lightweight protocol. In order to test the proposed system, a prototype is considered includes six cars and we adopt police cars due to high importance of exchanged information. Different case studies have been considered to evaluate the proposed system and the obtained results show a high efficiency of performance in terms of information exchange and attack detection.
Instant Messenger (IM) becomes one of the most popular applications in mobile technology and
communication. A lot of users around the world installed it for daily activities. Current IM found security
lacks both in authentication and encryption matters. Various IM growing today still not apply an efficient
method in authentication and encryption process, conventional security methods and client-server
architecture system have to risk too many users for attacking server such as compromising, cracking
password or PINs by Unauthorized people. Common IM services lack native encryption to protect
information being transmitted over the public network and still used high computation in the mobile
environment, this problem needs efficient security methods. Then, in public IM also found various
messages with fake users, it occurs because public IM carry out the separate system in authentication and
encryption process, strong authentication need to solve this issue in messenger environment. The
tremendous growth of mobile IM user needs efficient and secure communication way. This paper proposes
a new efficient method for securing message both in encryption and authentication within the end-to-end
model. In this research, security method proposes new algorithms based on Elliptic Curve (EC) works in
Peer to Peer (P2P) architecture than a conventional client-server model. The result shows this method
produces efficient time in authentication and encryption process while applying in a mobile environment.
Besides, it is compatible with the mobile phone which has a limitation of computation capabilities and
resources.
Bluetooth is an essential wireless standard for short-distance and low-power wireless networks. Health
departments’ contact-tracing applications depended on Bluetooth technology to prevent infectious diseases
from spreading, especially COVID-19. The security threats of the Bluetooth-based contact-tracing
applications increased because an adversary can use them as surveillance tools that violate the user’s
privacy and revealpersonal information. The Bluetooth standard mainly depends on the device address in
its authenticated pairing mechanism (Secure Simple Pairing), which can collect with off-the-shelf
hardware and software and leads to a tracking attack. To avoid the risk of tracking based on this security
vulnerability in the Bluetooth protocol, we suggest a novel authentication protocol based on a non-
interactive zero-knowledge scheme to substitute the authentication protocol used in the Bluetooth standard.
The new protocol can replace the authentication protocol in the Bluetooth stack without any modification
in the device pairing flow. Finally, we prove the security of our proposed scheme against the man-in-the-
middle attack and tracking attack. A performance comparison with the authentication algorithm in the BLE
standard shows that our method mitigates the tracking attack with low communication messages. Our
results help enhance the contact-tracing application’s security in which Bluetooth access is available.
A fully automated, self-driving car can perceive its environment, determine the optimal route, and drive
unaided by human intervention for the entire journey. Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have the
potential to drastically reduce accidents, travel time, and the environmental impact of road travel. Such
technology includes the use of several sensors, various algorithms, interconnected network connections,
and multiple auxiliary systems. CAVs have been subjected to attacks by malicious users to gain/deny
control of one or more of its various systems. Data security and data privacy is one such area of CAVs that
has been targeted via different types of attacks. The scope of this study is to present a good background
knowledge of issues pertaining to different attacks in the context of data security and privacy, as well
present a detailed review and analysis of eight very recent studies on the broad topic of security and
privacy related attacks. Methodologies including Blockchain, Named Data Networking, Intrusion
Detection System, Cognitive Engine, Adversarial Objects, and others have been investigated in the
literature and problem- and context-specific models have been proposed by their respective authors.
Location Based Services in M-Commerce: Customer Trust and Transaction Securit...CSCJournals
It is understood by studies that wireless data services is crucial for users to access locationbased services. As in location-dependent services, the data value for a data item depends on geographical locations. In general, the Location Based Services includes the services to identify the location of a person or object like searching of the nearest Banking, Cash Machine Receiving Alerts, Location Based Advertising etc. With the rapid adoption of mobile devices as a primary interface to network of services, there is a considerable risk with respect to authentication and authorization. To guard against risk, trustworthy authentication and secure communication are essential especially in Location Based Services. The purpose of this study is to identify security risks in mobile transactions specially in location based services like mobile banking. Current mobile banking authentication is challenging and identified as a major security risk. Identify the factors why customer distrusts mobile banking. Furthermore, identifying security issues between mobile devices and mobile banking systems. Finding which approach is more suitable and secure for mobile banking transaction between customer and bank.
Review of Prevention Schemes for Modification Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Netw...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) technology is the basis of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) connectivity that enables the delivery of useful information to and fro between vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle communication mode; or between vehicle and infrastructure in vehicle-to-infrastructure mode for safety and comfort. However, due to the openness of the wireless medium used by VANET, the technology is vulnerable to security threats in both communication modes. In this study, the essential background of VANET from architectural point of view and communication types are discussed. Then, the overview of modification attack in VANET is presented. In addition, this paper thoroughly reviews the existing prevention schemes for modification attack in VANET. This review paper reveals that there is still a need for a better and more efficient preventive scheme to address the modification attack in VANET.
Vehicular Networks (VNs) seek to provide, among other applications, safer driving conditions. Vehicles need to periodically broadcast safety messages providing precise position information to nearby vehicles. Recent advances in development of Wireless Communication in Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) has provided emerging platform for industrialists and researchers. Vehicular adhoc networks are multi-hop networks with no fixed infrastructure. As a result, the driver’s privacy is at stake. In order to mitigate this threat, while complying with the safety requirements of VNs, the creation of mix-zones security at appropriate places of the VN to prevent the attacks Vehicle. Propose to do so with the use of cryptography algorithm AES with zone based routing protocol, analytically how the combination of mix-zones into mix-networks brings forth location privacy in vehicle node. Finally, show by simulations that the proposed zone based security is effective in various scenarios.
Trustworthy Service Enhancement in Mobile Social Networkijsrd.com
Mobile Social Network is network which allows mobile users to discover and interact with existing and potential friends. A Trustworthy Service Evaluation (TSE) system is a system that enables users to share service reviews in Service oriented mobile social networks (S-MSNs). Each service provider should independently maintain a TSE for itself that collects and stores users’ reviews about its services without requiring any third trusted authority. These service reviews can be made available to interested users to make service selection decisions. In this three unique service review attacks are identified, i.e., link ability, rejection, and modification attacks, and then develop security mechanisms for the TSE to deal with these attacks. In this we extend the bTSE(basic TSE) to a Sybil-resisted TSE (SrTSE) which enable the detection of two typical sybil attacks. In SrTSE if a user generates multiple reviews toward a vendor in a predefined time slot with different pseudonyms, the real identity of that user will be revealed. Hence a Trustworthy Service in Mobile Social Network is introduces so that users can access services securely.
This paper analyzes the various authentication systems implemented for enhanced security and private reposition
of an individual’s login credentials. The first part of the paper describes the multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems, which, though not applicable to the field of Internet of Things, provides great security to a user’s credentials. MFA is followed by a brief description of the working mechanism of interaction of third party clients with private resources over the OAuth protocol framework and a study of the delegation based authentication system in IP-based IoT.
Study on analysis of commercial mobile keypad schemes and modeling of shoulde...csandit
As the use of smart phones and tablet PCs has exploded in recent years, there are many
occasions where such devices are used for treating sensitive data such as financial transactions.
Naturally, many types of attacks have evolved that target these devices. An attacker can capture
a password by direct observation without using any skills in cracking. This is referred to as
shoulder surfing and is one of the most effective methods. There is currently only a crude
definition of shoulder surfing. For example, the Common Evaluation Methodology (CEM)
attack potential of Common Criteria (CC), an international standard, does not quantitatively
express the strength of an authentication method against shoulder surfing. In this paper, we
introduce a shoulder surfing risk calculation method that supplements CC. Risk is calculated
first by checking vulnerability conditions one by one and the method of the CC attack potential
is applied for quantitative expression. We present a case study for security-enhanced qwertykeypad
and numeric-keypad input methods, and the commercially used mobile banking
applications are analyzed for shoulder surfing risks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Cyber DoS attack-based security simulator for VANET IJECEIAES
At the late years, researches focused on the cyber denial of service (DoS) attacks in the vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETS). This is due to high importance of ensuring the save receiving of information in terms of vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Road side unit (V2R). In this paper, a cyber-security system is proposed to detect and block the DoS attacks in VANET. In addition, a simulator for VENAT based on lightweight authentication and key exchange is presented to simulate the network performance and attacks. The proposed system consists of three phases: registration, authentication as well as communications and DoS attack detection. These phases improve the system ability to detect the attacks in efficient way. Each phase working is based in a proposed related algorithm under the guidance of lightweight protocol. In order to test the proposed system, a prototype is considered includes six cars and we adopt police cars due to high importance of exchanged information. Different case studies have been considered to evaluate the proposed system and the obtained results show a high efficiency of performance in terms of information exchange and attack detection.
Instant Messenger (IM) becomes one of the most popular applications in mobile technology and
communication. A lot of users around the world installed it for daily activities. Current IM found security
lacks both in authentication and encryption matters. Various IM growing today still not apply an efficient
method in authentication and encryption process, conventional security methods and client-server
architecture system have to risk too many users for attacking server such as compromising, cracking
password or PINs by Unauthorized people. Common IM services lack native encryption to protect
information being transmitted over the public network and still used high computation in the mobile
environment, this problem needs efficient security methods. Then, in public IM also found various
messages with fake users, it occurs because public IM carry out the separate system in authentication and
encryption process, strong authentication need to solve this issue in messenger environment. The
tremendous growth of mobile IM user needs efficient and secure communication way. This paper proposes
a new efficient method for securing message both in encryption and authentication within the end-to-end
model. In this research, security method proposes new algorithms based on Elliptic Curve (EC) works in
Peer to Peer (P2P) architecture than a conventional client-server model. The result shows this method
produces efficient time in authentication and encryption process while applying in a mobile environment.
Besides, it is compatible with the mobile phone which has a limitation of computation capabilities and
resources.
Bluetooth is an essential wireless standard for short-distance and low-power wireless networks. Health
departments’ contact-tracing applications depended on Bluetooth technology to prevent infectious diseases
from spreading, especially COVID-19. The security threats of the Bluetooth-based contact-tracing
applications increased because an adversary can use them as surveillance tools that violate the user’s
privacy and revealpersonal information. The Bluetooth standard mainly depends on the device address in
its authenticated pairing mechanism (Secure Simple Pairing), which can collect with off-the-shelf
hardware and software and leads to a tracking attack. To avoid the risk of tracking based on this security
vulnerability in the Bluetooth protocol, we suggest a novel authentication protocol based on a non-
interactive zero-knowledge scheme to substitute the authentication protocol used in the Bluetooth standard.
The new protocol can replace the authentication protocol in the Bluetooth stack without any modification
in the device pairing flow. Finally, we prove the security of our proposed scheme against the man-in-the-
middle attack and tracking attack. A performance comparison with the authentication algorithm in the BLE
standard shows that our method mitigates the tracking attack with low communication messages. Our
results help enhance the contact-tracing application’s security in which Bluetooth access is available.
A fully automated, self-driving car can perceive its environment, determine the optimal route, and drive
unaided by human intervention for the entire journey. Connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have the
potential to drastically reduce accidents, travel time, and the environmental impact of road travel. Such
technology includes the use of several sensors, various algorithms, interconnected network connections,
and multiple auxiliary systems. CAVs have been subjected to attacks by malicious users to gain/deny
control of one or more of its various systems. Data security and data privacy is one such area of CAVs that
has been targeted via different types of attacks. The scope of this study is to present a good background
knowledge of issues pertaining to different attacks in the context of data security and privacy, as well
present a detailed review and analysis of eight very recent studies on the broad topic of security and
privacy related attacks. Methodologies including Blockchain, Named Data Networking, Intrusion
Detection System, Cognitive Engine, Adversarial Objects, and others have been investigated in the
literature and problem- and context-specific models have been proposed by their respective authors.
Location Based Services in M-Commerce: Customer Trust and Transaction Securit...CSCJournals
It is understood by studies that wireless data services is crucial for users to access locationbased services. As in location-dependent services, the data value for a data item depends on geographical locations. In general, the Location Based Services includes the services to identify the location of a person or object like searching of the nearest Banking, Cash Machine Receiving Alerts, Location Based Advertising etc. With the rapid adoption of mobile devices as a primary interface to network of services, there is a considerable risk with respect to authentication and authorization. To guard against risk, trustworthy authentication and secure communication are essential especially in Location Based Services. The purpose of this study is to identify security risks in mobile transactions specially in location based services like mobile banking. Current mobile banking authentication is challenging and identified as a major security risk. Identify the factors why customer distrusts mobile banking. Furthermore, identifying security issues between mobile devices and mobile banking systems. Finding which approach is more suitable and secure for mobile banking transaction between customer and bank.
Review of Prevention Schemes for Modification Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Netw...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) technology is the basis of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) connectivity that enables the delivery of useful information to and fro between vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle communication mode; or between vehicle and infrastructure in vehicle-to-infrastructure mode for safety and comfort. However, due to the openness of the wireless medium used by VANET, the technology is vulnerable to security threats in both communication modes. In this study, the essential background of VANET from architectural point of view and communication types are discussed. Then, the overview of modification attack in VANET is presented. In addition, this paper thoroughly reviews the existing prevention schemes for modification attack in VANET. This review paper reveals that there is still a need for a better and more efficient preventive scheme to address the modification attack in VANET.
Vehicular Networks (VNs) seek to provide, among other applications, safer driving conditions. Vehicles need to periodically broadcast safety messages providing precise position information to nearby vehicles. Recent advances in development of Wireless Communication in Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) has provided emerging platform for industrialists and researchers. Vehicular adhoc networks are multi-hop networks with no fixed infrastructure. As a result, the driver’s privacy is at stake. In order to mitigate this threat, while complying with the safety requirements of VNs, the creation of mix-zones security at appropriate places of the VN to prevent the attacks Vehicle. Propose to do so with the use of cryptography algorithm AES with zone based routing protocol, analytically how the combination of mix-zones into mix-networks brings forth location privacy in vehicle node. Finally, show by simulations that the proposed zone based security is effective in various scenarios.
Trustworthy Service Enhancement in Mobile Social Networkijsrd.com
Mobile Social Network is network which allows mobile users to discover and interact with existing and potential friends. A Trustworthy Service Evaluation (TSE) system is a system that enables users to share service reviews in Service oriented mobile social networks (S-MSNs). Each service provider should independently maintain a TSE for itself that collects and stores users’ reviews about its services without requiring any third trusted authority. These service reviews can be made available to interested users to make service selection decisions. In this three unique service review attacks are identified, i.e., link ability, rejection, and modification attacks, and then develop security mechanisms for the TSE to deal with these attacks. In this we extend the bTSE(basic TSE) to a Sybil-resisted TSE (SrTSE) which enable the detection of two typical sybil attacks. In SrTSE if a user generates multiple reviews toward a vendor in a predefined time slot with different pseudonyms, the real identity of that user will be revealed. Hence a Trustworthy Service in Mobile Social Network is introduces so that users can access services securely.
This paper analyzes the various authentication systems implemented for enhanced security and private reposition
of an individual’s login credentials. The first part of the paper describes the multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems, which, though not applicable to the field of Internet of Things, provides great security to a user’s credentials. MFA is followed by a brief description of the working mechanism of interaction of third party clients with private resources over the OAuth protocol framework and a study of the delegation based authentication system in IP-based IoT.
Study on analysis of commercial mobile keypad schemes and modeling of shoulde...csandit
As the use of smart phones and tablet PCs has exploded in recent years, there are many
occasions where such devices are used for treating sensitive data such as financial transactions.
Naturally, many types of attacks have evolved that target these devices. An attacker can capture
a password by direct observation without using any skills in cracking. This is referred to as
shoulder surfing and is one of the most effective methods. There is currently only a crude
definition of shoulder surfing. For example, the Common Evaluation Methodology (CEM)
attack potential of Common Criteria (CC), an international standard, does not quantitatively
express the strength of an authentication method against shoulder surfing. In this paper, we
introduce a shoulder surfing risk calculation method that supplements CC. Risk is calculated
first by checking vulnerability conditions one by one and the method of the CC attack potential
is applied for quantitative expression. We present a case study for security-enhanced qwertykeypad
and numeric-keypad input methods, and the commercially used mobile banking
applications are analyzed for shoulder surfing risks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A survey on data security in cloud computing issues and mitigation techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of artificial neural network for blast performance evaluationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Radio frequency optimization of mobile networks in abeokuta, nigeria for impr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Solar system as a radio telescope by the formation of virtual lenses above an...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
LSKA-ID: A lightweight security and key agreement protocol based on an identi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Recently, a huge effort has been pushed to the wireless broadcasting nature in the open area. However, the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is disposed to various kinds of attacks. Hence, keeping the security in VANET is the most critical issue because of the VANET network related to human life. Thus, we propose a robust and lightweight security and key agreement-based identity protocol LSKA-ID for vehicular communication. Our protocol utilizes the elliptic curve cryptography, Chinese reminder theorem, and identity (ID)-based cryptosystem to resolve the issues found in the previously proposed schemes, in which our protocol can resolve the key escrow issues accompanied in most ID-based schemes. Also, it does not need batch verification operations, which cause some problems to the verifier in case the batch beacons have one or more illegal beacons. Moreover, the LSKA-ID protocol addresses the dependency on the trusted authority (TA) during the high frequent handover between the groups that may cause a bottleneck problem on the TA. The security analysis proves the correctness of the LSKA-ID protocol by using the random oracle model and has shown to be effective in a performance evaluation.
A novel key management protocol for vehicular cloud securityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular cloud computing (VCC) is a new hybrid technology which has become an outstanding area of research. VCC combines salient features of cloud computing and wireless communication technology to help drivers in network connectivity, storage space availability and applications. VCC is formed by dynamic cloud formation by moving vehicles. Security plays an important role in VCC communication. Key management is one of the important tasks for security of VCC. This paper proposes a novel key management protocol for VCC security. Proposed scheme is based on Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC). The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed protocol is efficient compared to existing key management algorithms in terms of key generation time, memory usage and cpu utilization.
Blockchain-Based Secure and Scalable Routing Mechanisms for VANETs ApplicationsIJCNCJournal
The VANET has seen a boom in the distribution of significant source data,enabling connected vehicle communications to enhance roadway safety.Despite the potential for interesting applications invehicle networks,thereare still unresolved issues that have the potential to hinder bandwidth utilization once deployed. Specifically, insider assaults on VANET platforms such as Blackhole attemptscan completely stop vehicle-to-vehicle communications and impair the networks' performance level. In this study, we provide the blockchain-based decentralized trust scoring architecture for the participants in the network to identify existing and blacklisted insider adversaries in VANET. To address this concern, we suggest a two-level detection technique, in the first level neighboring nodes determine theirtrustworthiness and in the second level it aggregates trust scores for vehicle nodes using a consortium blockchain-based mechanism that uses authorized Road Side Units (RSUs) as consensus mechanism. The blacklisted node records are then periodically changed based on the trust scores supplied by the nearby nodes. In regards to the practical scope of the network, the experimental study demonstrates that the suggested solution is effective and sustainable. To improve packet delivery ratio and vehicle node security in the VANET, the blockchain-based Trust-LEACH routing technique has also been created. The performance analysis has been carried out for Computational cost analysis, Computational time for block creation, Network analysis, SecurityAnalysis, and MITM attack analysis. Additionally, we provide proof that the suggested approach enhances VANET reliability by thwarting and removing insider threat initiation nodes from its blacklist.
BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SECURE AND SCALABLE ROUTING MECHANISMS FOR VANETS APPLICATIONSIJCNCJournal
The VANET has seen a boom in the distribution of significant source data,enabling connected vehicle
communications to enhance roadway safety.Despite the potential for interesting applications invehicle
networks,thereare still unresolved issues that have the potential to hinder bandwidth utilization once
deployed. Specifically, insider assaults on VANET platforms such as Blackhole attemptscan completely
stop vehicle-to-vehicle communications and impair the networks' performance level. In this study, we
provide the blockchain-based decentralized trust scoring architecture for the participants in the network to
identify existing and blacklisted insider adversaries in VANET. To address this concern, we suggest a twolevel detection technique, in the first level neighboring nodes determine theirtrustworthiness and in the
second level it aggregates trust scores for vehicle nodes using a consortium blockchain-based mechanism
that uses authorized Road Side Units (RSUs) as consensus mechanism. The blacklisted node records are
then periodically changed based on the trust scores supplied by the nearby nodes. In regards to the
practical scope of the network, the experimental study demonstrates that the suggested solution is effective
and sustainable. To improve packet delivery ratio and vehicle node security in the VANET, the blockchainbased Trust-LEACH routing technique has also been created. The performance analysis has been carried
out for Computational cost analysis, Computational time for block creation, Network analysis,
SecurityAnalysis, and MITM attack analysis. Additionally, we provide proof that the suggested approach
enhances VANET reliability by thwarting and removing insider threat initiation nodes from its blacklist.
Security and Privacy in Cloud Assisted Internet of Vehicles: A Research Road MapMaanak Gupta, Ph.D.
Internet of things is now considered as the future of connected world. An important instance of this domain involves vehicles which offers the vision of smart cities and intelligent transportation systems. Often referred to as Vehicular Internet of Things or Internet of Vehicles (IoV), this ecosystem offers potential to make safe, convenient and efficient travel, unleashing numerous business opportunities to enterprises. IoV involves integration of vehicles, human, infrastructure, cloud, sensors, etc. in the ecosystem which could provide value to the services offered by different applications.
Data and communication security are utmost important in any IoT environment where unauthorized access to devices and data can have serious implications in this ecosystem. In vehicular IoT, remote access to in-vehicle systems can get these connected cars hacked and data stolen which can even have fatal consequences. Multiple security measures are required to secure such dynamic system where the entities interacting and exchanging data are not fixed. Therefore, starting from the external interfaces of the car, to in-vehicle network and individual electronic control units ECU’s all must be secured. Further, the collected data from sensors residing in cloud must also be secured. Multiple security techniques must be deployed to circumvent attack on one ECU to get proliferated to other critical ECUs. Access control policy definitions are needed at different levels, where vehicle to vehicle or infrastructure is mostly restricted through fog whereas some application with global scope access vehicle or sensors through central cloud. Further, in-vehicle network is secured through gateway which manages ECUs communication and data exchange.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparison of data security in grid and cloud computingeSAT Journals
Abstract In the current era, Grid computing and cloud computing are the main fields in the research work. This thesis define which are the main security issues to be considered in cloud computing and grid computing, and how some of these security issues are solved. Comparative study shows the grid security is tighter than the cloud. It also shows cloud computing is less secure and faced security problems. This research work is based on main security problems in cloud computing such as authentication, authorization, access control and security infrastructure (SLA). Cloud infrastructure is based on service level agreement; simply cloud providers provide different services to cloud’s users and organizations with an agreement known SLA. So the security and privacy of user’s data is the main problem, because unauthorized person can’t access the data of cloud user. Hacking and data leakage are the common threats in cloud computing. As the security due to hackers increase over internet and the cloud computing is totally on internet. At this time, cloud computing demand the tight password protection and strong authentication and authorization procedure. For an increased level of security, privacy and password protection, we provide a new strong authentication model named “Two factor authentications using graphical password with pass point scheme”. This authentication model includes the login procedure, access control that is based on service level agreement (SLA) in cloud computing. Index Terms: Cloud computing, Authentication, login, Recognition, Recall, Pass point, security, Cloud Provider, Service level Agreement, Two Factor Authentication
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Trust based Mechanism for Secure Cloud Computing Environment: A Surveyinventionjournals
Ubiquitous computing has revolutionized interaction of humans and machines. Cloud computing has been mainly used for storing data and various computational purposes. It has changed the face of using the internet. But, as we know every technology has its pros and cons. Securing cloud environment is the most challenging issue for the researchers and developers. Main aspects which cloud security should cover are authentication, authorization, data protection etc. Establishing trust between cloud service providers (CSP) is the biggest challenge, when someone is discussing about cloud security. Trust is a critical factor which mainly depends on perception of reputation and self-assessment done by both user and CSP. The trust model can act as security strength evaluator and ranking service for cloud application and services. For establishing trust relationship between two parties, mutual trust mechanism is reliable, as it does verification from both sides. There are various trust models which mainly focuses on securing one party i.e., they validate either user or service node. In this survey paper, the study of various trust models and their various parameters are discussed.
Cooperative Data Sharing with Security in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networkscsandit
Vehicles download the data when passing through a drive through the road (RSU) and then share the data after travelling outside the coverage of RSU.A key issue of downloading
cooperative data is how effectively data is shared among them self. Developing an application layer data exchange protocol for the coordination of vehicles to exchange data according to
their geographic locations. Coordinated sharing can avoid medium access control (MAC) layer
collisions and the hidden terminal effect can be avoided in the multi-hop transmission. A salient
feature of the application layer data exchange protocol, in the voluntary services, Vehicles purchase the requested data from service provider via RSUs. In this project, we propose a
cooperative data sharing with secure framework for voluntary services in special vehicles networks (VANETs). We also concentrate on security in the process of downloading data and
sharing. Applicants to ensure exclusive access to data applied and security of the vehicles
involved in the implementation.
Advanced Privacy Scheme to Improve Road Safety in Smart Transportation SystemsIJCNCJournal
In -Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), vehicles continuously transmit and receive spatiotemporal data with neighboring vehicles, thereby establishing a comprehensive 360-degree traffic awareness system. Vehicular Network safety applications facilitate the transmission of messages between vehicles that are near each other, at regular intervals, enhancing drivers' contextual understanding of the driving environment and significantly improving traffic safety. Privacy schemes in VANETs are vital to safeguard vehicles’ identities and their associated owners or drivers. Privacy schemes prevent unauthorized parties from linking the vehicle's communications to a specific real-world identity by employing techniques such as pseudonyms, randomization, or cryptographic protocols. Nevertheless, these communications frequently contain important vehicle information that malevolent groups could use to Monitor the vehicle over a long period. The acquisition of this shared data has the potential to facilitate the reconstruction of vehicle trajectories, thereby posing a potential risk to the privacy of the driver. Addressing the critical challenge of developing effective and scalable privacy-preserving protocols for communication in vehicle networks is of the highest priority. These protocols aim to reduce the transmission of confidential data while ensuring the required level of communication. This paper aims to propose an Advanced Privacy Vehicle Scheme (APV) that periodically changes pseudonyms to protect vehicle identities and improve privacy. The APV scheme utilizes a concept called the silent period, which involves changing the pseudonym of a vehicle periodically based on the tracking of neighboring vehicles. The pseudonym is a temporary identifier that vehicles use to communicate with each other in a VANET. By changing the pseudonym regularly, the APV scheme makes it difficult for unauthorized entities to link a vehicle's communications to its real-world identity. The proposed APV is compared to the SLOW, RSP, CAPS, and CPN techniques. The data indicates that the efficiency of APV is a better improvement in privacy metrics. It is evident that the AVP offers enhanced safety for vehicles during transportation in the smart city.
Advanced Privacy Scheme to Improve Road Safety in Smart Transportation SystemsIJCNCJournal
In -Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), vehicles continuously transmit and receive spatiotemporal data with neighboring vehicles, thereby establishing a comprehensive 360-degree traffic awareness system. Vehicular Network safety applications facilitate the transmission of messages between vehicles that are near each other, at regular intervals, enhancing drivers' contextual understanding of the driving environment and significantly improving traffic safety. Privacy schemes in VANETs are vital to safeguard vehicles’ identities and their associated owners or drivers. Privacy schemes prevent unauthorized parties from linking the vehicle's communications to a specific real-world identity by employing techniques such as pseudonyms, randomization, or cryptographic protocols. Nevertheless, these communications frequently contain important vehicle information that malevolent groups could use to Monitor the vehicle over a long period. The acquisition of this shared data has the potential to facilitate the reconstruction of vehicle trajectories, thereby posing a potential risk to the privacy of the driver. Addressing the critical challenge of developing effective and scalable privacy-preserving protocols for communication in vehicle networks is of the highest priority. These protocols aim to reduce the transmission of confidential data while ensuring the required level of communication. This paper aims to propose an Advanced Privacy Vehicle Scheme (APV) that periodically changes pseudonyms to protect vehicle identities and improve privacy. The APV scheme utilizes a concept called the silent period, which involves changing the pseudonym of a vehicle periodically based on the tracking of neighboring vehicles. The pseudonym is a temporary identifier that vehicles use to communicate with each other in a VANET. By changing the pseudonym regularly, the APV scheme makes it difficult for unauthorized entities to link a vehicle's communications to its real-world identity. The proposed APV is compared to the SLOW, RSP, CAPS, and CPN techniques. The data indicates that the efficiency of APV is a better improvement in privacy metrics. It is evident that the AVP offers enhanced safety for vehicles during transportation in the smart city.
Modern internet services rely on web and cloud technology, and as such they are no longer independent packages with in-built security, but are constructed through the combination and reuse of other services distributed across the web. While the ability to build applications in this way results in highly innovative services, it creates new issues in terms of security. Trusted computing aims to provide a way to meet the evolving security requirements of users, businesses, regulators and infrastructure owners.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
Brisk and secure ad hoc vehicular communication
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 95
BRISK AND SECURE AD-HOC VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION
Miraj Shah1
, Imaad Ukaye2
, Narendra Shekokar3
1, 2
Student, 3
Head of Department, Computer Engg, Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi COE
Abstract
The idea of Car-to-Car communication is a revolutionary phenomenon in the automobile industry. This idea will surely change the
future of humanity for good. This technology will surely change the perception of how a traditional automotive was initially thought of
by adding endless applications as a boon to mankind. The application of cars communicating with each other is enormous and has
already been discussed by many researchers by now. But, the important thing here is how to put it in practice with the increasing
demand for cars and making it safe to use it, at least improve the current condition by this new technology and not worsen the
situation by digital hacking and other flaws. Since the nature of the Communication System is highly dynamic a strict security
mechanism is mandatory for its seamless functioning. We propose to encrypt the communication taking place in C2C communication
which is not the same as using the Internet security mechanism due to limitation of its speed and residing hardware servers.
Symmetric Cryptography thus fails to incorporate the scope of various security disciplines and hence it is ineffective to use such
techniques. Asymmetric Cryptography on the other hand provides an ideal trade-off among various security disciplines and hence it is
considered as an alternative approach to accomplish a secure system but it fails when applied in an ad-hoc environment. However,
the traditional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technique fails in several ways so we propose a modified form of communication and
authentication technique along with rapid communication and group messages to fasten the speed of communication.
Keywords: Protocol, Communication, Security, Privacy
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept Car-to-Car(C2C) communication is now an
evolving trend as a large portion of research funds has been
invested all over the globe. Many major car manufacturers
have responded positively and are actively working together in
bringing this promising technology to fruition. After the
concept of autonomous vehicle, cooperative control of
multiple vehicles has receives substantial attention in the
industry. The key techniques that are being considered include
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Car-to- Infrastructure (V2I) and
Vehicle-to-C.A (V2CA).With advancements in technology in
C2C communication various trending problems can be tackled
such as automotive safety, user privacy, authentication and
validation of vehicles, report to RSU about malevolent cars,
etc. Roadside units (RSUs) can be deployed every few miles
along the highway for users to communicate about road-safety
and obtain other information. Vehicles can use RSUs to report
real-time traffic information and request location- based
services such as finding restaurants, gas stations, or available
parking space. For the sake of cooperation among multiple
vehicles effective communication medium is imperative.
Although third-generation (3G) networks or satellite
techniques can be used to achieve this goal, RSUs have the
advantage of low cost, easy deployment, and high bandwidth.
Although the primary purpose of system is to enable
communication-based automotive safety applications like
collision warning, it also provides for a range of business
applications, thereby making this technology more cost
effective. A Wireless adhoc network perfectly fulfills all the
necessary requirements for such a system but at the same time
its adhoc nature makes it highly vulnerable to various
networking threats. So, securing communication and
minimizing communication boundary must be considered for
commercial and military applications. To provide a solution
we propose a framework for communication among multiple
vehicles. Our elucidation is to put forward a new way to
visualize multiple vehicles with secure communication and to
provide a distributed method to address the problem
cooperatively.
Security mechanism will protect all traffic sent over the C2C
communication network. While securing communication has
its own advantages along with privacy and other security goals
this high-rate communication would incur high overhead, both
in terms of communication and processing. Consider, for
example, a vehicle receiving digitally certificate, signing the
message, verifying the receiver’s identity, RSU verifying its
identity, safety messages from vehicles; it would need to
validate a hundreds of vehicles within range within a short
delay in the order of a hundred milliseconds [7]. Even if
vehicle is effective under such dense network conditions, the
additional security overhead could cause failure in meeting the
delay and reliability requirements of safety applications. This
is especially so because the vehicle environment lacks
appropriate algorithm to reduce the load on processing and
transfer the load to high speed internal or backbone
communication network. The proposed rapid communication
and group signing of messages solves these problems and
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 96
meets the security goals with the help of a set of public keys
for securing the communication and maintaining anonymity of
users or vehicles.
First we outline why we actually need to secure car to car
open wireless communication by stating various security
threats from using open wireless communication or loosely
structured security framework. Then in Section II we establish
the security model i.e. security goals around which the
security of every C2C communication should lie. The review
of related work and its analysis along with its drawback is
discussed in Section III. Then extending to our own security
architecture for our proposed solution is followed by in
Section III. Section IV discusses additional mechanism to
hasten the authentication process, tracking intruders and
closing any gaps in security framework.
2. SECURITY THREATS AND GOALS:
Unlike traditional wired/wireless system a C2C
communication system is highly dynamic. Along with
handling provisions for normal communication and keeping
the system secure, it also has to tackle the system dependent
problems such as handovers. Handover from one
infrastructure to another can be costly as it requires
verification of identity at the same time maintaining user-
privacy and cost-effective communication.
Such a system can also be used for enhancement of road-
safety by using various signaling techniques such as collision
warning, intersection collision, emergency vehicle, brake-light
warning, motorcycle warning, etc. In this communication,
security plays a very important role as we discuss the attacks
on vehicular communication.
1. Phony information. One or several legitimate
members of the network send out false information to
misguide other vehicles about traffic conditions.
2. False location. Transmission of a false position
message by a malicious vehicle that pretends to be at
a claimed position.
3. Tracking identity: A global entity can monitor
trajectories of targeted vehicles and use these data for
many purposes.
4. False Messages: Such attacks include aggressive
transmission of fake messages like accident or traffic
jam or emergency vehicle.
5. Masquerade. The attacker claims to be another
vehicle by using false identities.
We propose modified public key communication and rapid
communication technique for enhancing the speed of
communication along with additional security specification
and architecture. Also, we propose new C2C communication
techniques such as group messaging and foreign-vehicle short-
term key. We stress that every communication should ensure
these security goals. [5]
• Confidentiality:
Confidentiality is observed to protect sensitive
information from getting manipulated and analyzed by
eavesdropping as wireless communication medium is
open and broadcasted over the air. By using end-to-
end encryption, which requires the presence of mutual
authentication and key agreement, the confidentiality
objective can be achieved
• Authentication: Authentication techniques are
observed to verify the identity of the vehicular nodes
in communication. In particular, the authentication
includes two levels: authentication between vehicles
(V2V authentication) to provide link-to-link security,
and authentication between the vehicle and RSU as
well as the service provider (V2Iauthentication).
• Privacy: Privacy issues for service provisioning in
VANETs regard primarily preserving the anonymity
of a vehicle and/or the privacy of its location. Privacy
protection tries to prevent adversaries (e.g., another
vehicle or an external observer) from linking the
vehicle to the driver’s name, license plate, speed,
position, and traveling routes along with their
relationships to compromise the sender’s privacy
• Message Non-Refutation Every message should be
binded to the sender so that the sender cannot deny
having sent a message. Anonymizer ensures
anonymity of sender to other nodes and ensures
privacy but does not compromise in security and its
association with each sender.
• Anonymity: Privacy of vehicles can be protected by
introducing a mapping between permanent key and
temporary key as one approach, which is an
anonymous key pair that can be changed frequently.
Another approach is having a set of short-term public
keys ,each being used for a random time called the
dwell period. An alternative for providing anonymity
in vehicular networks is the use of group signatures
3. SECURING COMMUNICATION
Although there were few studies regarding the security to
different extents, they have all failed in taking the extension
ability issue and resultant communication overhead, the time
required in authentication of a vehicle versus the required
response time into consideration. Authentication of messages
must be implemented to allow vehicle users to differentiate
reliable information from phony information and to defend
against modification attacks and masquerading attacks. An
appealing solution to this problem is to digitally sign messages
before sending them; not only does this allow the receiver to
identify the sender, but the signature also prevents the
message contents from being modified in transit. Digital
signatures[6] are the basic tool to secure communications,
used for all messages. In terms of authentication and
integrity-check, digital signature in conventional public key
infrastructure (PKI) [1] is a good accepted choice. However, it
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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may cause problem when a vehicle is required to verify the
signatures of other vehicles by itself and hence trusted
authorities are required. Each Certification Authority (C.A) is
responsible for a region (national territory, district, county,
etc.) and manages identities and credentials of all nodes
registered with it. Each node is registered with only one CA,
and has a unique long-term identity which may be an
Electronic License Plate (ELP) with a long-term key and a
certificate. To satisfy both the security and anonymity
requirements, we rely on a short-term key authentication
approach. Also, further we discuss how tradition PKI is
unsuitable for communication and we will use short-term
public key pairs instead.
Fig. 1 shows security architecture for vehicular
communication in which a large set of relevant security
concepts [3] exists, including concepts for
• Node identification,
• Digital signatures and certificates,
• Anonymizer for location privacy protection,
• Detection of protocol violation,
• Plausibility checks,
• Tamper-resistant devices,
• Access control policies,
• Software certification,
• In-vehicle network security,
• secure positioning, and more.
For enhancing the security, the header is divided into variable
and invariable fields. Invariable are those fields thatremain
unchanged from sender to destination , e.g., destination and
source addresses and source position. Variable fields, such as
sender location and time-to-live (TTL), are allowed to be
altered by intermediate nodes. For packets being sent via
multiple wireless hops, two signatures are added: an end-to-
end signature is created by the sender node over the invariable
fields of the packet header. Additionally, a hop-by-hop
signature is added for the variable fields. On reception of a
data packet a node verifies both signatures, and replaces the
hop-by-hop signature by a new one for the altered variable
fields and keeps the end-to-end signature. Eventually, the
combination of end-to-end signatures results in a trusted
forwarding chain [2].
In order to identify a particular vehicle taking part in
communication there is a unique identifier. The Electronic
License Plate (ELP) may serve as a unique identifier and acts
as identity check mechanism. However, sending the original
identifier may be prone to several risks such as masquerading
attacks and hence the ELP needs to be mapped to a temporary
identifier to be used for communication. There is a trusted
authority namely the Certification Authority (C.A.) which
keeps track of these unique identifiers and performs the job of
mapping into a temporary unique identifier. This original
solution however, had many problems like synchronization of
different C.A’s and constant communication between V2I
(vehicle to Infrastructure) causing further delay and loss of
information. Hence the new proposed solution consists of a set
(atleast 2) of permanent identifiers stored in each vehicle.
Each vehicle consists of atleast 2 unique identifiers or public
key. Each car communicates with only one of these stored
keys for a certain period of time. This time during which it
communicates with a single key is known as dwell time which
is a pseudo-random number generated by its own hardware
mechanism. It also acts as an added privacy mechanism for
hiding user’s identity and making it difficult to track by an
intruder.
Fig – 1: Security Architecture
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The Fig. 2 shows that every vehicle utilizes multiple short-
term public key pairs instead of the old approach of using the
same long-term public key for securing communications. The
mapping between the long-term keys and the short-term
credentials of each node (car) is maintained by the C.A. The
main idea is that (i) every vehicle will be equipped with
multiple certified public keys (anonymizers) that do not reveal
the car’s identity, and (ii) the node uses every one of them for
dwell time
The multiple-anonymizer technique is adopted to attain
location privacy. Particularly, vehicles are assigned with a set
of identifiers, and the public keys that are alternatively used.
Cars frequently change their key values or temporary
identifiers used for authentication over time, and due to the
unlinkability of old and new messages their location
confidentiality preservation is attained.
Moreover, the anonymizers can be linked to a specific vehicle
by the CA so that the CA is able to trace and regulate the
vehicle’s behavior.
Fig- 2 Road map of vehicle using different keys
4. ADDITIONAL FEATURES
4.1 Group Message
Furthermore, the signatures and public key certificates
radically increase the packet length to cause intense message
overhead. Furthermore, these cryptographic operations can
incur very high computation and communication overhead.
When V2V communication is performed in an urban area with
many vehicles in each other’s communication range, this
becomes a particularly serious problem.
Each node M is equipped with a group vehicle key GVK ,
with the group members comprising all vehicles registered
with the CA. A group key GVK generated by a group member
allows for the validation (by any node) of any group signature
with the help of CA. Intuitively, a group signature scheme
allows any node V to sign a message on behalf of the group,
without V ’s identity being revealed to the signature verifier.
Moreover, it is impossible to link any two signatures of a
legitimate group member. Note that no public key or other
credentials need to be attached to an anonymously
authenticated message.
4.2 Foreign Vehicle-short-term key
Taking an analogy of a tourist place it is easy to spot a local
person from the crowd as they look different from others.
Taking the inverse in our case a foreign person is easier to be
identified and more prone to threats. In C2C communication
we use the identifier to relate a particular message to a
particular car. However, the mapping between the permanent
and temporary credentials also takes place by home C.A and
hence this mapping will be completely different from the
credentials assigned by a foreign C.A. Say, a car from United
States comes to Canada with its permanent and temporary key
pairs protecting the car’s identity. However, from a group of
say hundred cars these temporary keys that will be used are
still easy to distinguish from the keys used locally by the
Canadian cars and hence easy to track its location and failing
to protect its identity. These keys are like I.P addresses
assigned to computers which itself tell its location like
country, region, etc. Hence we propose to use new short term
but permanent key pairs assigned to them whenever a foreign
location is visited i.e. they register themselves with a foreign
C.A first which in turn informs the home
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Fig- 3 Communication in Vehicular Network
C.A of the change of keys as long as they are in that region.
This makes it difficult for an intruder to attack a specific
foreign car.
4.3 Rapid Authentication
To enable progress to authentication in C2C communication
fast access or connectivity to infrastructure is highly needed.
The speed with which the vehicle travels may exceed the
speed with which the communication takes place between a
car and a RSU (Road-Side Unit).The main cause of this delay
is authentication mechanism and user privacy.Currently, there
are a few strategies to improve this overhead by reducing the
handoff latency in which the initial messages are protected and
authenticated thereafter, the communication takes place
unencrypted making it more prone to replay attacks, hijacking,
masquerading and many more attacks.
It may take time once for the RSU to authenticate the car then
the communication takes place instantly. However, the range
of one particular RSU is pretty limited compared to the
distance the car covers and hence repeat authentication takes
place. This repeated authentication cannot be avoided simply
to speed-up the communication however; it can be facilitated
with a shared secret key passed from one RSU to another. This
shared secret has its own lifetime and the node (car) can be
authenticated rapidly with the help of this key. The key is not
known to any other car and changes frequently to avoid replay
attacks. Here, the added security layer that has been provided
is that the shared key may not be broadcasted to all RSU’s in
vicinity but only to one that will be next in the range of the
car. Hence, a prediction is made based on the messages
broadcasted by the car: the direction, speed, brake light and
turnsignal. Say there is a message broadcasted as presented
below[4]: <Direction, Speed, Acceleration,Turn-Light,
Traffic-Light>, where Direction denotes the direction a vehicle
turns, such as east or west, and Speed denotes the velocity of a
driving vehicle. Acceleration denotes whether a driving
vehicle accelerates or decelerates. If the value of this field is
positive, the vehicle is speeding up; otherwise, the vehicle is
slowing down. The fourth field, Turn-Light, denotes signals of
the turn light of a vehicle, particularly when a vehicle is going
to turn at an intersection.
If the car is travelling on highway with some speed then it’s
easy to predict the next RSU and the next after that, saving
time on authentication and improving road safety. If the car is
travelling in a neighborhood area and suddenly the cars turns,
A message will be broadcasted regarding this turnsignal and
the RSU may predict the next RSU based on this turnsignal.
This prediction may be added cost to RSU however it also
reduces the burden of messages that other RSU services. In an
ideal condition the authentication takes place the first time
with one RSU using the lengthy authentication mechanism and
thereafter all communication takes place using rapid
authentication speeding up the communication process to
almost double the original speed.
4.4 Revocation
The revocation is concerned with excluding nodes from the
system. The CA will contain a database of revoked node’s
identifier and distributes this data to all nodes in the system if
necessary, depending on the scale of the revocation decision
and the extent to which the malicious activity has been
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performed. A reaction to detected attacks carried out by a node
is to exclude this node from the system. Moreover, verification
of this malicious activity is also important as, due to flaws in
security an intruder can perform such activity and masquerade
itself as another node in which case the victim suffers
unnecessarily. Also, depending on various factors the threat of
that particular vehicle is detected. Factors like the number of
nodes reporting the same malicious activity about the node,
traffic density, validation of messages, authentication of nodes
and position. For example, messages like emergency vehicle
are broadcasted so if Trudy broadcasts this false message
repeatedly in an urban area with say traffic density of 125
vehicles and only 1 or very few reports comes in then Trudy
may not be included in the revocation list instead could be
maintained in a temporary warning list for a certain amount of
time by the C.A. till which further complaint comes in then
appropriate and fast response could be achieved otherwise the
node is simply ignored and deleted from temporary warning
list . Other reasons not directly related to operation of system,
such as a stolen unit or prevention of criminal activity may
also require a revocation service.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we propose the security framework for
establishing communication and authentication along with
privacy in ad hoc Car to Car communication. The different
requirements of each user and car were studied and hence it is
not appropriate to design a specific security framework for the
System. Hence we established rapid authentication mechanism
along with group messages to speed up the communication
process and make C2C communication in ad hoc environment
feasible. The proposed system establishes and maintains
communication in the mentioned ad-hoc environment and also
it provides a rigorous security infrastructure as a whole. Since
these communication systems are to be used in high-end
automobiles, cost of implementation and maintenance of
Public key infrastructure is financially feasible. Our work will
provide a new way to look at the security issues in C2C
consortium.
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