Brezhnev’s social policies
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Brezhnev wished to define a new era of "developed" socialism with a 1977 constitution that declared the USSR a mature socialist society, guaranteeing some freedoms but allowing the state to override them if they threatened societal interests. Urban populations grew as life expectancy declined due to alcoholism, pollution, and low birth rates from fewer men after WWII.
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Chronology – The Soviet Bloc and Its Demise Events of the Soviet Bloc and Its DemiseDatesDeath of Joseph Stalin1953Rise of Nikita Khrushchev1955Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization speech1956Removal of Khrushchev1964The Brezhnev era1964–1982Rule of Andropov and Chernenko1982–1985Gorbachev comes to p ...
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Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Postwar Soviet Union:
Focus Questions
How did Nikita Khrushchev change the system that the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had put in place before his death in 1953?
To what degree did his successors adopt Khrushchev’s policies?
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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The Postwar Soviet Union
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What were the key components of perestroika, which Mikhail Gorbachev espoused during the 1980s?
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Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8
Chronology – The Soviet Bloc and Its Demise Events of the Soviet Bloc and Its DemiseDatesDeath of Joseph Stalin1953Rise of Nikita Khrushchev1955Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization speech1956Removal of Khrushchev1964The Brezhnev era1964–1982Rule of Andropov and Chernenko1982–1985Gorbachev comes to p ...
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively cracked down on dissidents through threats, job removal, imprisonment in labor camps or mental hospitals. Religious groups like Jews, Catholics, and Muslims faced repression. The Afghan war from 1979 and subsequent international backlash further criticized the regime. However, by the 1980s most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled, and dissent publications were less common, showing the regime was ultimately successful in limiting major opposition.
Examine Different Types Of Dissent Within The Ussr
There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively suppressed dissent through threats, job removal, imprisonment, and confinement in mental hospitals. While most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled by the 1980s, there remained inactive dissent from scientists who saw the regime as hindering economic progress. Religious dissent also emerged from Jews, Catholics, and Muslims. The Afghanistan war further criticized the regime and added to its economic problems.
Stalin Presentation
Joseph Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union following Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924. As leader, Stalin instituted radical economic policies including rapid industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture. This modernization had great success but was also extremely brutal, resulting in millions of deaths. Stalin ruled with an iron fist and purged perceived political opponents through executions and the Gulag system of forced labor camps. While Stalin cultivated a cult of personality, his totalitarian regime was criticized after his death in 1953.
USSR in WWII, Part I.ppt uykuyiyjf grs f
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The Great Debate: Revisiting the Sino-Soviet Split and the Failure of the “Ch...
Article written by Nevin Gussack in September 2011. Based on the evidence presented in this essay, one can come to the following conclusions: despite the pretensions of friendship and non-hostility, China was irrevocably committed to the destruction of the capitalist and imperialist U.S.A. and the Sino-Soviet dispute was either a strategic deception or a conflict that could be healed under the rubric of internationalist communist solidarity. Indeed, the open split was publicly healed as the 1980s progressed and became an unrealized threat to the NATO countries, CONUS, and the non-communist Asian countries. Such an anti-American axis developed and morphed into what is presently called the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
The Soviet Union Of Soviet Republics
The document discusses key events and factors surrounding the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It discusses how former Soviet republics struggled with achieving stability and developing independent identities after the dissolution. It then focuses on Ukraine specifically, detailing the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014 and the escalating conflict between Russian and Ukrainian forces that resulted in thousands of deaths.
Inr 4075 human rights protection lecture 1 professor masl
This document provides an overview of a college lecture on human rights protection. It discusses the basic tenets of human rights, the development of international protections from the League of Nations to the United Nations, key institutions and agreements, and challenges relating to cultural relativism. The lecture covers the origins and evolution of the concept of inherent rights to all humans, the formation of international laws and organizations to uphold these rights, and debates around universal standards versus cultural differences.
3 Stalin
The document provides a timeline of key events in USSR history from 1861 to 1991, including the end of serfdom, revolutions, civil war, formation of the Soviet Union, World Wars, Stalin's regime and industrialization policies, Khrushchev and Brezhnev's regimes, Gorbachev's perestroika reforms, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. It also discusses Stalin's first five-year plans and policies of rapid industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and repression through purges and the Gulag system.
Collectivization and Propaganda in Stalin's Soviet Union
An interactive DBQ by Clarice Terry explores Stalin's and his use of propaganda. A chapter excerpt from Exploring History Vol IV. http://bit.ly/2iyHMaX
Stormy 60s and Vietnam (from old course)
The 1960s were a tumultuous decade defined by social unrest and foreign policy challenges for the United States. Kennedy faced problems with the Berlin Wall and Vietnam, pursuing a policy of flexible response. The decade saw the Cuban Missile Crisis, ongoing civil rights struggles, and escalating US involvement in Vietnam under Johnson. Mass protests against the war grew through the late 1960s, culminating in the Tet Offensive and Nixon's policy of Vietnamization. Domestically, Johnson pursued a Great Society agenda but divisions grew over civil rights amid inner city unrest. Cultural norms shifted significantly as well, with rising social liberalism, counterculture movements, and opposition to established authority.
Communism And Communism
Communism had a significant political impact in the 20th century. It originated from ideas of equality in the 18th century revolutions in France and Britain. Karl Marx further developed communist theory, believing that inequality would only end through workers revolution and public ownership. Many early communist regimes like in Russia and China aimed to establish classless societies but instead created authoritarian governments with total state control. While early communist countries saw economic issues, communism appealed to ideas of equality and sharing for many. Overall, communism had widespread influence politically but also faced challenges in practice.
The Measures Of The Bolsheviks To Maintain Power And...
After seizing power in 1917, Lenin and the Bolsheviks faced many problems in establishing control over Russia and transitioning to a communist system. These included civil war against anti-Bolshevik forces, economic collapse exacerbated by withdrawing from WWI, and lack of widespread support outside major cities. Lenin took decisive measures like dissolving the Constituent Assembly, implementing war communism, and signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to consolidate power in the short term. However, these actions also had negative long-term consequences for the economy and Lenin's political legitimacy. Assessing Lenin's success in solving problems is complex, as some measures helped his control but intensified underlying issues facing Russia.
Socials final step 1
The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968 led by Alexander Dubcek. Dubcek implemented reforms granting greater freedom of speech, press and travel, which concerned Soviet leader Brezhnev. In August 1968, the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia to end the reforms and reassert Soviet control. The invasion crushed the reforms and Dubcek was later removed from power.
Similar to Brezhnev’s social policies (14)
Chapter 27Brave New World Communism on TrialCopyright © 2.docx
Chapter 27Brave New World Communism on TrialCopyright © 2.docx
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
Examine Different Types Of Dissent Within The Ussr
Examine Different Types Of Dissent Within The Ussr
The Great Debate: Revisiting the Sino-Soviet Split and the Failure of the “Ch...
The Great Debate: Revisiting the Sino-Soviet Split and the Failure of the “Ch...
Inr 4075 human rights protection lecture 1 professor masl
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Collectivization and Propaganda in Stalin's Soviet Union
Collectivization and Propaganda in Stalin's Soviet Union
The Measures Of The Bolsheviks To Maintain Power And...
The Measures Of The Bolsheviks To Maintain Power And...
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Perestroika
Perestroika was Gorbachev's attempt to reform the Soviet system and address its economic problems. The biggest resistance came from party elites who benefited from the existing system. The military-industrial complex also opposed reforms that might divert resources away from them. Gorbachev initially tried accelerating economic growth through the existing system but this had little effect. He faced ongoing economic problems like food shortages and higher prices. Gorbachev then introduced political reforms to increase participation and accountability.
Perestroika 1989 1991
The economic situation in the Soviet Union was deteriorating due to political reforms weakening central planning agencies' authority. Major strikes by miners and railway workers occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low pay. By summer 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the economic system to prevent disaster. An economic reform team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed rapid market reforms (the Shatalin Plan), but Gorbachev rejected it due to concerns it went too far. The compromise package implemented in October 1990 satisfied few and the planned economy continued to break down.
Nationalism
The document discusses the rise of nationalism within the Soviet Republics and its role in the ultimate dissolution of the USSR. It examines how Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika weakened central control from Moscow and emboldened minority groups to voice discontent. While Gorbachev's focus was initially on domestic political and economic issues, nationalism emerged as a serious threat to Soviet unity. The document also analyzes Brezhnev's policies toward the Republics and how they contributed to nationalist tensions.
Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
The Congress of People's Deputies in 1989 was largely ceremonial and met only a few days a year to ratify decisions made by the party and government. It elected the Supreme Soviet to carry out legislative functions in between sessions. The Supreme Soviet served as a permanent legislature that decided most issues, while amendments to the Soviet Constitution were left to the full Congress. The Council of Ministers administered all aspects of Soviet life and managed the economy through decrees that had the same legal power as laws passed by the Supreme Soviet.
Perestroika 1989 1991
Central planning agencies in the Soviet Union found it increasingly difficult to assert authority as political changes weakened the economics of perestroika. Major economic disturbances like miners' strikes spread across the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the Soviet system to prevent disaster. A team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed economic reforms, but Gorbachev rejected the Shatalin Plan and instead implemented a compromise package in October 1990 that satisfied few people.
Mikhail gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and unleashed reforms that ultimately led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union just 7 years later. While not every crisis necessarily leads to collapse, Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) exacerbated long-standing structural issues in the Soviet system by giving citizens a voice to express dissatisfaction and allowing discussion of problems like economic stagnation. However, Gorbachev did not initially intend to radically reform the political system, believing change could occur within existing Communist structures. His leadership style of engaging with citizens differed from his predecessors and helped consolidate his power over rivals within the Soviet government.
Konstantin chernenko
Konstantin Chernenko rose to power as the Soviet leader after Yuri Andropov's death from complications of kidney and heart disease after just 15 months in office. Chernenko's appointment was contested by Mikhail Gorbachev, who formed a temporary alliance with another reformer, but Gorbachev allowed Chernenko to lead knowing he would succeed the aging leader. However, Chernenko himself only led for 13 months before dying in office, paving the way for Gorbachev to become the new Soviet leader.
Glasnost
Glasnost means "openness" or "publicity". Gorbachev introduced glasnost to allow for open debate and explain decisions, though he did not advocate for complete freedom of speech. There were two main reasons for glasnost: to help people understand necessary changes and to expose corruption. However, the Chernobyl disaster showed flaws in glasnost as the Soviet media remained silent while foreign media heavily covered it.
Stagnation
Under Brezhnev in the 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its economy to the military. While poorer than the US, the USSR spent over twice as much of its wealth on defense. This was due to humiliation from the Cuban Missile Crisis and not wanting a similar occurrence. However, the large military spending was seriously endangering the Soviet economy through overstretch. Most historians view Brezhnev negatively, saying he symbolized the decline of the USSR through inability to give ideology meaning. Negative assessments of Brezhnev include economic mismanagement that reduced living standards and political repression without providing new goals.
Rise Of Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev rose to power in the Soviet Union after 1968, consolidating his control over the next 14 years as leader. He had a long career in the Communist party before becoming head of state. When he took over leadership, Brezhnev worked to strengthen his position by placing allies in important government roles. Alexei Kosygin was a high-ranking official who served as Premier under Brezhnev after having a career in government and industry.
The repression of dissidence
The document discusses dissent and artistic expression under Soviet leadership. It explains that while dissent was too dangerous under Stalin, people were more willing to express opinions after Khrushchev challenged Communist infallibility. However, political dissent was still rare. The document also notes that Brezhnev allowed art that reflected the views of the working class but did not tolerate "art for art's sake." Those who challenged the system through artistic or intellectual expression became known as dissidents.
Economic stagnation
The Soviet economy was in decline due to several social, political, and economic factors:
1. The Soviet economy relied on outdated technology and faced a declining working population as birth rates fell outside of central Asia.
2. Resources were drained by the Soviet Union's emphasis on military spending.
3. There was widespread corruption, as factory managers lied about production and payroll. Citizens contributed to the black market economy to obtain goods, undermining the official Soviet regime.
Czechoslovakia and helsinki
In the 1960s, Czechoslovakia posed a threat to Soviet domination as Alexander Dubcek implemented reforms promoting "socialism with a human face", including less censorship and more freedoms. This Prague Spring relaxed controls and saw open criticism of Communist leaders on television and radio. In August 1968, the Soviets and other Warsaw Pact nations grew concerned with the reforms and invaded Czechoslovakia with little resistance, demoting Dubcek and ending the reforms. While Dubcek's vision was silenced, the 1975 Helsinki Accords later promoted human rights standards that emboldened dissident movements within the Eastern Bloc.
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
The document summarizes key events surrounding the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Soviet control. It notes that Hungary had resented the USSR's totalitarian regime and sought reforms under Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Nagy began implementing democratic reforms which threatened Soviet dominance, including giving back land to farmers and disbanding the secret police. When Hungary expressed a desire to leave the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, the USSR responded by invading Hungary with 200,000 troops and 2,500 tanks on November 4th. Despite appeals to the West, fighting between Soviet forces and Hungarian resistance lasted two weeks, resulting in over 2000 Soviet and 4000 Hungarian casualties. After the uprising, Janos Kadar was installed as the new Soviet-backed leader of
De Stalinisation
The document discusses Khrushchev's reforms in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death, known as "de-Stalinization". It aims to provide context around de-Stalinization by describing cultural reforms allowing more freedom of expression, the rehabilitations of figures like the composer Shostakovich, and encouraging visits from other countries. However, de-Stalinization still had limits, as shown by an event in 1962 in Novocherkassk where the Soviet government violently suppressed a workers' protest, demonstrating the regime still relied on fear and control over its citizens.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This document provides background information on the Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization. It discusses how Castro came to power in Cuba and requested help from Khrushchev. Khrushchev agreed to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, angering the US and leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev eventually backed down, seen as weak. The document also notes that de-Stalinization caused tensions with China, and Khrushchev's foreign policy was contradictory in advocating "peaceful coexistence" but placing missiles near the US. Khrushchev was eventually ousted, partly due to backing down in Cuba.
Brezhnev And Kosygins Leadership
Khrushchev was removed from power due to opposition from a broad coalition of political elites who opposed his erratic leadership style. Brezhnev and Kosygin emerged as the new leaders, offering stability and predictability after Khrushchev. Brezhnev consolidated power by sidelining threats and promoting supporters while Kosygin served as an able administrator without ambitions of leadership, minimizing rivalry with Brezhnev. Their partnership provided stable leadership for the Soviet Union in contrast to Khrushchev's arbitrary policies.
Khrushchevs Secret Speech
Khrushchev gave a secret speech in 1956 denouncing Stalin's purges and cult of personality. In the speech, he acknowledged Stalin's weaknesses as a leader and accused him of destroying party democracy. The speech shocked listeners and aimed to distance Khrushchev from Stalin while bolstering Khrushchev's own power. It marked the beginning of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union.
Ppt0000001
Political developments in the Soviet Union following World War II saw Andrei Zhdanov promote strict conformity to the Communist Party line. However, fewer Communists were purged during this time compared to the Great Terror. The growth of the Cold War and conflict with the West led to increased nationalism in the Soviet Union. With Stalin growing frail and Zhdanov's death in 1948, other Communist leaders like Beria and Malenkov launched purges in Leningrad and Georgia to position themselves as Stalin's successor. Anti-Semitism also increased as several Russian Jews were executed for treason in fabricated cases.
Khrushchevs Rise
After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union entered a period of collective leadership as there was no clear successor. Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov, and Bulganin emerged as the main contenders for power. Over time, through political maneuvering and outmaneuvering his rivals, Khrushchev was able to consolidate power and become the sole leader of the Soviet Union by 1958, emerging as both First Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
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