The repression of dissidence
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The document discusses dissent and artistic expression under Soviet leadership. It explains that while dissent was too dangerous under Stalin, people were more willing to express opinions after Khrushchev challenged Communist infallibility. However, political dissent was still rare. The document also notes that Brezhnev allowed art that reflected the views of the working class but did not tolerate "art for art's sake." Those who challenged the system through artistic or intellectual expression became known as dissidents.
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The document summarizes key events of the Great Purge in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1937. It describes Stalin solidifying his power after Trotsky was exiled in 1927 and expelled from the country in 1929. It then discusses Stalin introducing harsh economic policies that led to opposition from party critics like Zinoviev and Kamenev. Next, it outlines the murder of Kirov in 1934 which sparked a series of purges where many party leaders and former leaders seen as a threat to Stalin were arrested, tried, and executed. It concludes by noting the period of widespread state terror from 1937 known as the Yezhovshchina where large numbers suffered random arrest, imprisonment, or execution.
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Political developments in the Soviet Union following World War II saw Andrei Zhdanov promote strict conformity to the Communist Party line. However, fewer Communists were purged during this time compared to the Great Terror. The growth of the Cold War and conflict with the West led to increased nationalism in the Soviet Union. With Stalin growing frail and Zhdanov's death in 1948, other Communist leaders like Beria and Malenkov launched purges in Leningrad and Georgia to position themselves as Stalin's successor. Anti-Semitism also increased as several Russian Jews were executed for treason in fabricated cases.
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Full Text Tolstoy What Is Art Trans. by A. MAUDE, reproduce.docx
Full Text:
Tolstoy: 'What Is Art?' Trans. by A. MAUDE, reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press. Ed. by W. GARETH JONES. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. 1994. xx + 226 pp. 10.95 [pounds sterling].
This book offers very good value. It is a paperback, but the covers are glossy, with a Wagnerian illustration of a naked Rhine maiden with attendant dwarf sliding down the mighty chest of what might be a goddess. The print has been enlarged by thirty per cent from that of the elegant Centenary Edition. The result is a handsome volume, though the cover illustration represents everything that Tolstoi hated about art of the fin de siecle. The Rhine maiden waves an invitation to sensual enjoyment, the dwarf has a Satanic leer, the goddess, or Mother Earth, is a piece of meaningless mumbo-jumbo, meant to impress the ignorant and the credulous. For Tolstoi art of this type was intended to deprave and corrupt.
But What Is Art?, first published in English in Maude's translation in 1898, is not simply the work of an angry old man who hates the new fashions in art, music, and literature that are sweeping Europe at the turn of the century. As W. Gareth Jones makes clear in his introduction, Tolstoi had been engaged in a search for a definition of true art ever since his first published work, Childhood, and there are many scenes in his artistic works that explore 'genuine' and 'counterfeit' art.
In 1881, when his daughter Tat'iana enrolled in the Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow, Tolstoi began to engage in impassioned debates with professors of the Academy on the essential nature of art. His doubts about whether art was a worthwhile and useful activity, contributing to the well-being of mankind, were of long standing. Now he became convinced that there was much that was good in art, but how could you separate the good from the dross? He began the sort of task that he had undertaken in his study of Christianity: that is, to separate out what could unquestionably be accepted as good by any reasonable man (represented by himself) from all the accretions caused by centuries of abuse, misrepresentation, and hypocrisy. As Jones points out, What Is Art? is not just an iconoclastic outburst of criticism of accepted theories and accepted 'great' artists, such as Beethoven, it is an attempt to point the way towards art of genuine value.
Since his incorporation of extensive theoretical passages on the philosophy of history into War and Peace Tolstoi had acquired the reputation of a great artist but a poor philosopher. His rewriting and reinterpretation of the Gospels added to the poor opinion, held by intellectuals and professional philosophers, of him as a thinker. His renown was inextricably linked with notoriety. His renunciation and castigation of his previous life and literary works, his campaign against smoking, his vegetarianism all contributed to the idea that he need not be taken too seriously. Many contemporaries dismis ...
Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony
Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony posits that the ruling class maintains power through both coercion and consent. The ruling class promotes the values and norms of its ideology through cultural institutions like media and education, so that its worldview becomes the "common sense" perspective accepted by all classes. However, consent must be continuously earned, as the subordinate classes' lived experiences may cause them to reject the dominant ideology. The mass media plays a key role in this ideological struggle.
Adorno’s theory of pop culture
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Ivan Denisovich
Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953 represented a key turning point in Russia's political development from 1856 to 1953. Stalin consolidated power through totalitarian policies like rapid industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and purges of political opponents. While his policies modernized Russia's economy and infrastructure, they also led to immense human costs like the deaths of millions in forced labor camps and famine. Stalin's brutal rule left a legacy that still influences the politics of former Soviet states today through lingering authoritarian tendencies.
When comrade stalin sends us to the battle
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Antonio Gramsci PPT.pdf
Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist theorist active in the early 20th century. He played a key role in transitioning Marxism from economic determinism to more modern positions. Gramsci's writings occurred in two periods - before and during his imprisonment by Mussolini's fascist government. While his pre-prison writings were politically focused, his prison writings were more theoretical and historical. Gramsci believed revolutionary ideas were generated by intellectual elites and spread to the masses, who then enacted revolution. However, the masses could not generate these ideas independently and needed guidance from elites. Gramsci focused on collective ideas rather than just economic structures and emphasized the importance of cultural dominance, or hegemony, in achieving and maintaining revolutionary
Chapter 11 social protest and affirmation
This document discusses various artists who use their work to address social and political issues. It profiles Francisco Goya, who created powerful anti-war imagery responding to the Napoleonic invasion of Spain. It also discusses Kathe Kollwitz, who advocated for victims of war and poverty. More contemporary artists like Ai Weiwei, Shepard Fairey, Jenny Holzer, and Shirin Neshat create work that protests censorship, questions authority, or gives voice to the oppressed. Cildo Meireles incorporated political messages into Coca-Cola bottles to critique imperialism. Overall, the document examines how art can serve as a form of social protest or commentary on important issues.
Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Resources from TV Reed:
T.V. Reed
The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movements to the Streets of Seattle.
University of Minnesota Press, 2005, 216 pp.
$US 24.95 paper (0-8166-3771-7), $US 74.95 hardcover (0-8166-3770-9)
In the past twenty years or so, students of social movements have rediscovered the importance of culture. European theorists of post-industrial movements (like Touraine or Melucci), whose works were translated into English in the 1980s, have helped to inspire researchers to rethink their commitment to mobilization and political process approaches through a rediscovery of culture. Even some theorists most associated with the mobilization paradigm (Gamson, Oberschall, McCarthy) have recognized the importance of culture in protest.
In The Art of Protest, T.V. Reed focuses on the dramatic actions of U.S. social movements. His book serves as an introduction to the movements, but also offers a new perspective. The author’s claims are modest, his goal being to reinterpret and synthesize elements already available in the large body of literature through cultural issues. By doing so, he challenges easy distinctions between culture and politics, and questions how culture works in and around movements. From “We shall overcome” to cyberculture, Reed pairs each movement with a defining cultural practice: singing with the Civil Rights movement, drama with the Black Panthers, poetry with Women’s Rights, murals with Chicano/a movements, movies with the American Indian Movement, rock music with actions against famine and apartheid, graphic arts with action against AIDS, literature with the environmental movement, and cyberculture with the Global Justice movement.
The book’s main focus is the civil rights movement, with music and religion as the forms of culture at its centre. Although measuring subjective change or a change in consciousness is a challenge, Reed believes that “freedom songs are one of the best records we have of the transformation of consciousness in the ordinary people, the masses, who took part in the movement” (p. 14). Yet music did not enter the movement spontaneously. A legacy had to be uncovered and reworked, sometimes with radical alterations, adding political content to the emotional content. “Three clusters of events
in particular are key to the rise of both the music and the movement: the Montgomery bus boycott, the student-led sit-ins, and the Albany, Georgia, movement” (p. 16). A musical group from Albany, the Freedom Singers, played a role in singing the movement’s story and raising funds through their concerts, thereby bringing the movement’s messages to the North and to young people while helping to create a network for the Freedom Summer of 1964. Freedom songs brought people together and became “litanies against fear” (p. 25). Music transformed the personal and collective identities of the
movement’s activists; it was not the only force shaping the movement’s identities, but it wa.
Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Resources from TV Reed:
T.V. Reed
The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movements to the Streets of Seattle.
University of Minnesota Press, 2005, 216 pp.
$US 24.95 paper (0-8166-3771-7), $US 74.95 hardcover (0-8166-3770-9)
In the past twenty years or so, students of social movements have rediscovered the importance of culture. European theorists of post-industrial movements (like Touraine or Melucci), whose works were translated into English in the 1980s, have helped to inspire researchers to rethink their commitment to mobilization and political process approaches through a rediscovery of culture. Even some theorists most associated with the mobilization paradigm (Gamson, Oberschall, McCarthy) have recognized the importance of culture in protest.
In The Art of Protest, T.V. Reed focuses on the dramatic actions of U.S. social movements. His book serves as an introduction to the movements, but also offers a new perspective. The author’s claims are modest, his goal being to reinterpret and synthesize elements already available in the large body of literature through cultural issues. By doing so, he challenges easy distinctions between culture and politics, and questions how culture works in and around movements. From “We shall overcome” to cyberculture, Reed pairs each movement with a defining cultural practice: singing with the Civil Rights movement, drama with the Black Panthers, poetry with Women’s Rights, murals with Chicano/a movements, movies with the American Indian Movement, rock music with actions against famine and apartheid, graphic arts with action against AIDS, literature with the environmental movement, and cyberculture with the Global Justice movement.
The book’s main focus is the civil rights movement, with music and religion as the forms of culture at its centre. Although measuring subjective change or a change in consciousness is a challenge, Reed believes that “freedom songs are one of the best records we have of the transformation of consciousness in the ordinary people, the masses, who took part in the movement” (p. 14). Yet music did not enter the movement spontaneously. A legacy had to be uncovered and reworked, sometimes with radical alterations, adding political content to the emotional content. “Three clusters of events
in particular are key to the rise of both the music and the movement: the Montgomery bus boycott, the student-led sit-ins, and the Albany, Georgia, movement” (p. 16). A musical group from Albany, the Freedom Singers, played a role in singing the movement’s story and raising funds through their concerts, thereby bringing the movement’s messages to the North and to young people while helping to create a network for the Freedom Summer of 1964. Freedom songs brought people together and became “litanies against fear” (p. 25). Music transformed the personal and collective identities of the
movement’s activists; it was not the only force shaping the movement’s identities, but it wa ...
Empire of Hype: A History of Artists and the Media
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Toynbee and Spengler
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This unit study guide covers political, economic, social, and cultural transformations in Europe from 1870-1914. It discusses the rise of mass politics and new challenges to ruling elites from industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. Nationalism grew stronger in response. Modernist ideas rejected traditional authority while new imperialism and social darwinism justified European dominance. Scientific advances both improved lives and challenged religious beliefs. Overall, this period was one of fragmentation amid expansion.
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Full Text Tolstoy What Is Art Trans. by A. MAUDE, reproduce.docx
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Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx
Empire of Hype: A History of Artists and the Media
Empire of Hype: A History of Artists and the Media
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Perestroika
Perestroika was Gorbachev's attempt to reform the Soviet system and address its economic problems. The biggest resistance came from party elites who benefited from the existing system. The military-industrial complex also opposed reforms that might divert resources away from them. Gorbachev initially tried accelerating economic growth through the existing system but this had little effect. He faced ongoing economic problems like food shortages and higher prices. Gorbachev then introduced political reforms to increase participation and accountability.
Perestroika 1989 1991
The economic situation in the Soviet Union was deteriorating due to political reforms weakening central planning agencies' authority. Major strikes by miners and railway workers occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low pay. By summer 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the economic system to prevent disaster. An economic reform team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed rapid market reforms (the Shatalin Plan), but Gorbachev rejected it due to concerns it went too far. The compromise package implemented in October 1990 satisfied few and the planned economy continued to break down.
Nationalism
The document discusses the rise of nationalism within the Soviet Republics and its role in the ultimate dissolution of the USSR. It examines how Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika weakened central control from Moscow and emboldened minority groups to voice discontent. While Gorbachev's focus was initially on domestic political and economic issues, nationalism emerged as a serious threat to Soviet unity. The document also analyzes Brezhnev's policies toward the Republics and how they contributed to nationalist tensions.
Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
The Congress of People's Deputies in 1989 was largely ceremonial and met only a few days a year to ratify decisions made by the party and government. It elected the Supreme Soviet to carry out legislative functions in between sessions. The Supreme Soviet served as a permanent legislature that decided most issues, while amendments to the Soviet Constitution were left to the full Congress. The Council of Ministers administered all aspects of Soviet life and managed the economy through decrees that had the same legal power as laws passed by the Supreme Soviet.
Perestroika 1989 1991
Central planning agencies in the Soviet Union found it increasingly difficult to assert authority as political changes weakened the economics of perestroika. Major economic disturbances like miners' strikes spread across the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the Soviet system to prevent disaster. A team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed economic reforms, but Gorbachev rejected the Shatalin Plan and instead implemented a compromise package in October 1990 that satisfied few people.
Mikhail gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and unleashed reforms that ultimately led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union just 7 years later. While not every crisis necessarily leads to collapse, Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) exacerbated long-standing structural issues in the Soviet system by giving citizens a voice to express dissatisfaction and allowing discussion of problems like economic stagnation. However, Gorbachev did not initially intend to radically reform the political system, believing change could occur within existing Communist structures. His leadership style of engaging with citizens differed from his predecessors and helped consolidate his power over rivals within the Soviet government.
Konstantin chernenko
Konstantin Chernenko rose to power as the Soviet leader after Yuri Andropov's death from complications of kidney and heart disease after just 15 months in office. Chernenko's appointment was contested by Mikhail Gorbachev, who formed a temporary alliance with another reformer, but Gorbachev allowed Chernenko to lead knowing he would succeed the aging leader. However, Chernenko himself only led for 13 months before dying in office, paving the way for Gorbachev to become the new Soviet leader.
Glasnost
Glasnost means "openness" or "publicity". Gorbachev introduced glasnost to allow for open debate and explain decisions, though he did not advocate for complete freedom of speech. There were two main reasons for glasnost: to help people understand necessary changes and to expose corruption. However, the Chernobyl disaster showed flaws in glasnost as the Soviet media remained silent while foreign media heavily covered it.
Rise of andropov
- Brezhnev's health declined in the 1970s as he suffered two strokes, and he was increasingly absent from his duties. He died in November 1982 after standing for hours in freezing conditions.
- There was a power struggle between Andropov and Chernenko to succeed Brezhnev. Chernenko was backed by Brezhnev but Andropov was supported by the KGB and military.
- Andropov campaigned against corruption and implicitly criticized the Brezhnev regime, which was seen as an attack on both Brezhnev and his ally Chernenko. Andropov was elected as the new Soviet leader.
Stagnation
Under Brezhnev in the 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its economy to the military. While poorer than the US, the USSR spent over twice as much of its wealth on defense. This was due to humiliation from the Cuban Missile Crisis and not wanting a similar occurrence. However, the large military spending was seriously endangering the Soviet economy through overstretch. Most historians view Brezhnev negatively, saying he symbolized the decline of the USSR through inability to give ideology meaning. Negative assessments of Brezhnev include economic mismanagement that reduced living standards and political repression without providing new goals.
Rise Of Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev rose to power in the Soviet Union after 1968, consolidating his control over the next 14 years as leader. He had a long career in the Communist party before becoming head of state. When he took over leadership, Brezhnev worked to strengthen his position by placing allies in important government roles. Alexei Kosygin was a high-ranking official who served as Premier under Brezhnev after having a career in government and industry.
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively cracked down on dissidents through threats, job removal, imprisonment in labor camps or mental hospitals. Religious groups like Jews, Catholics, and Muslims faced repression. The Afghan war from 1979 and subsequent international backlash further criticized the regime. However, by the 1980s most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled, and dissent publications were less common, showing the regime was ultimately successful in limiting major opposition.
Economic stagnation
The Soviet economy was in decline due to several social, political, and economic factors:
1. The Soviet economy relied on outdated technology and faced a declining working population as birth rates fell outside of central Asia.
2. Resources were drained by the Soviet Union's emphasis on military spending.
3. There was widespread corruption, as factory managers lied about production and payroll. Citizens contributed to the black market economy to obtain goods, undermining the official Soviet regime.
Czechoslovakia and helsinki
In the 1960s, Czechoslovakia posed a threat to Soviet domination as Alexander Dubcek implemented reforms promoting "socialism with a human face", including less censorship and more freedoms. This Prague Spring relaxed controls and saw open criticism of Communist leaders on television and radio. In August 1968, the Soviets and other Warsaw Pact nations grew concerned with the reforms and invaded Czechoslovakia with little resistance, demoting Dubcek and ending the reforms. While Dubcek's vision was silenced, the 1975 Helsinki Accords later promoted human rights standards that emboldened dissident movements within the Eastern Bloc.
Brezhnev’s social policies
Brezhnev wished to define a new era of "developed" socialism with a 1977 constitution that declared the USSR a mature socialist society, guaranteeing some freedoms but allowing the state to override them if they threatened societal interests. Urban populations grew as life expectancy declined due to alcoholism, pollution, and low birth rates from fewer men after WWII.
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
The document summarizes key events surrounding the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Soviet control. It notes that Hungary had resented the USSR's totalitarian regime and sought reforms under Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Nagy began implementing democratic reforms which threatened Soviet dominance, including giving back land to farmers and disbanding the secret police. When Hungary expressed a desire to leave the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, the USSR responded by invading Hungary with 200,000 troops and 2,500 tanks on November 4th. Despite appeals to the West, fighting between Soviet forces and Hungarian resistance lasted two weeks, resulting in over 2000 Soviet and 4000 Hungarian casualties. After the uprising, Janos Kadar was installed as the new Soviet-backed leader of
Cuban Missile Crisis
This document provides background information on the Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization. It discusses how Castro came to power in Cuba and requested help from Khrushchev. Khrushchev agreed to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, angering the US and leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev eventually backed down, seen as weak. The document also notes that de-Stalinization caused tensions with China, and Khrushchev's foreign policy was contradictory in advocating "peaceful coexistence" but placing missiles near the US. Khrushchev was eventually ousted, partly due to backing down in Cuba.
Brezhnev And Kosygins Leadership
Khrushchev was removed from power due to opposition from a broad coalition of political elites who opposed his erratic leadership style. Brezhnev and Kosygin emerged as the new leaders, offering stability and predictability after Khrushchev. Brezhnev consolidated power by sidelining threats and promoting supporters while Kosygin served as an able administrator without ambitions of leadership, minimizing rivalry with Brezhnev. Their partnership provided stable leadership for the Soviet Union in contrast to Khrushchev's arbitrary policies.
Political And Social Reforms Of Khrushchev
Khrushchev implemented political and social reforms in the Soviet Union. He purged other party officials to consolidate his own power. Khrushchev also reformed the legal system to provide citizens with more protections and fairness. However, dissidents were still repressed. Khrushchev introduced reforms to improve workers' benefits and living standards, such as housing construction and education access. However, many of his reforms faced opposition from conservatives.
Khrushchevs Secret Speech
Khrushchev gave a secret speech in 1956 denouncing Stalin's purges and cult of personality. In the speech, he acknowledged Stalin's weaknesses as a leader and accused him of destroying party democracy. The speech shocked listeners and aimed to distance Khrushchev from Stalin while bolstering Khrushchev's own power. It marked the beginning of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union.
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