2, 1977 constitution & brezhnev’s foreign policy
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The 1977 Soviet Constitution formalized the development of socialism and supremacy of the Communist Party. Brezhnev's foreign policy after 1976 saw the deterioration of détente and arms limitations with the US. The USSR expanded its influence in Africa and Asia, including supporting Ethiopia against Somalia, straining relations with the US and signaling the end of détente.
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Ussr
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, made up of 15 Soviet republics. It was established after the Russian Empire was overthrown in 1917. During World War II, the USSR helped the Allies with soldiers, artillery, and airplanes against Germany and its allies. After WWII, the USSR and US entered the Cold War period of global political and economic tension. In the late 1980s, the USSR experienced an economic crisis and the republics began declaring independence. In 1991, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union, officially ending its existence.
Ussr.ppt
The USSR was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991, comprising 15 Soviet republics. It was established following the Russian Revolution and adopted a centrally planned economy and one-party rule under the Communist Party. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) that contributed to nationalist movements in the republics seeking independence. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, with Russia and 14 other republics becoming independent states.
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The document discusses Stalin's Five-Year Plans from the 1920s to 1930s in the Soviet Union. It describes the plans' goals of rapidly industrializing the country, introducing socialized farming, eliminating private enterprise, and developing education and transportation. It discusses the collectivization of agriculture, which faced resistance from farmers, and the purges and cult of personality Stalin used to consolidate his power and control over society. Overall, the Five-Year Plans industrialized the Soviet Union but also had many negative consequences for citizens and caused much suffering.
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Fascism is defined as a totalitarian philosophy that glorifies the state and assigns it control over all aspects of national life. Fascists believe the state is absolute and individuals exist to serve it. Fascism in Italy began after World War 1, led by Benito Mussolini. Mussolini used his Fascist squads, known as Squadristi, to gain power through violence and intimidation. By 1922, Mussolini had become Prime Minister through threats of chaos. He established a totalitarian fascist state ruled by his Fascist Party, though it was ineffective and compromised with the Catholic Church.
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The document provides an autobiographical account of the author's experience growing up and living under socialism in Czechoslovakia from the 1950s to the 1980s. It describes the strict controls, censorship, and oppression by the communist government. It discusses how the author realized from a young age that he did not fit in with the socialist system and developed a strong desire to leave the country. In July 1984, the author was finally able to escape Czechoslovakia with his family by deceiving authorities about taking a vacation in Italy, and they ultimately came to the United States as refugees in 1985.
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The document summarizes the rise of communism in Russia from 1900 to 1940. It describes key aspects of communist ideology like public ownership and equal distribution of resources. It then discusses several factors that led to the communist revolution in Russia in 1917, including the weakness and undemocratic rule of Czar Nicholas II, poor working conditions and low pay for industrial workers, and widespread discontent among peasants. Finally, it notes that while communism aimed to create equality and fairness, it has never worked successfully in practice due to human greed and corruption.
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3) In 1922, Mussolini threatened a "March on Rome" which intimidated the king into appointing Mussolini as Prime Minister. By 1925 Mussolini had seized dictatorial powers and established a fascist single-party state, abolishing opposition and instituting propaganda and a secret
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The Cold War intensified as the U.S. fought to contain the spread of communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. This involved providing military and economic aid to countries resisting communist takeovers. In response, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact alliance and communist China was established under Mao Zedong in 1949. Mao then launched disastrous economic campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution that led to millions of deaths from starvation and chaos in China as Mao sought total control.
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The document summarizes the evolution of the capitalist and communist blocs following World War 2. It describes the leadership and policies of countries in each bloc, including the US adoption of a two-party system and presidency of Eisenhower, Nixon, Kennedy, and Reagan in the capitalist bloc. It also discusses the formation of the EEC/EU and economic recovery plans like the Marshall Plan. For the communist bloc, it outlines the USSR's dominance and suppression of uprisings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, as well as the establishment of communist governments in China and Cuba. It concludes with Gorbachev's reforms in the USSR and the eventual collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe.
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Joseph Stalin became the Soviet Premier in 1928 after eliminating his rivals like Trotsky. He sought to industrialize the Soviet Union through totalitarian control and Five Year Plans that focused on rapid growth of heavy industry, collectivization of agriculture, and use of propaganda, censorship, and terror to maintain power over citizens.
The cold war part 1
The Cold War was a period of tension between communist nations led by the Soviet Union and capitalist nations led by the United States from 1945 to 1991. The US and USSR had opposing economic systems and governments - the US was a capitalist democracy while the USSR was a communist dictatorship. Each sought to prevent the spread of the other's ideology and influence around the world through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Rejection of liberalism
The document discusses human rights abuses that occurred under three totalitarian regimes in the 20th century: Stalin's Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and Fascist Italy under Mussolini. It provides examples of how each regime restricted basic rights and freedoms. Stalin banned private businesses and eliminated political opponents through purges and executions without trials. Hitler restricted rights through decrees and eliminated equality by targeting Jews and others. Mussolini rigged elections and used violence against socialists to establish his dictatorship. The regimes justified these actions as necessary to maintain control, though critics view the restrictions as unjustified given their impact on individual liberties.
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The document discusses the process of foreign policy formulation in Pakistan. It outlines both the formal process involving governmental bodies like the President, Cabinet, Prime Minister, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as informal factors like security agencies, regional/international influences, and domestic political forces. The key roles of the Prime Minister, Cabinet, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in developing and implementing foreign policy are described. The document also evaluates Pakistan's foreign policy process and provides recommendations.
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India's foreign policy aims to preserve national interests through principles of non-alignment, opposition to colonialism, support for the UN and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Key aspects of foreign policy include non-alignment dating back to Nehru, maintaining friendly relations with all countries, and supporting the goals of the UN. India has close ties with neighbors like Bangladesh but disputes with Pakistan and China. Major foreign policy issues involve relations with the US, China, Pakistan, and Russia.
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Chapter 27Brave New World Communism on TrialCopyright © 2.docx
Chapter 27
Brave New World: Communism on Trial
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Postwar Soviet Union:
Focus Questions
How did Nikita Khrushchev change the system that the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had put in place before his death in 1953?
To what degree did his successors adopt Khrushchev’s policies?
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
2
The Postwar Soviet Union
(Part 1 )
From Stalin to Khrushchev
Stalinism in action
Exploitation of Soviet labor
Citizens asked to suffer for a better tomorrow
Secret police and Siberian concentration camps
The rise and fall of Khrushchev
An innovator – he had to overcome the conservative instincts of the Soviet bureaucracy and those of the majority of the peoples
De-Stalinization
Voted out of office because of “deteriorating health”
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3
The Postwar Soviet Union
(Part 2 )
The Brezhnev years (1964–1982)
A controlled society
Restrictive policy toward dissidents
Media controlled by the state
Conformity was the rule
A stagnant economy
The absence of incentives
An aging leadership
Moscow seemed stuck in a time warp
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4
The Postwar Soviet Union
(Part 3 )
Cultural expression in the Soviet Union
Expected to follow party line
No criticism of social conditions was permitted
In the satellites, cultural freedom varied from country to country
Social changes
Elite privileged class possessed political power – received special privileges
Women’s pay unequal – worked “double shift”
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
5
The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire: Focus Questions
What were the key components of perestroika, which Mikhail Gorbachev espoused during the 1980s?
Why did it fail?
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
6
The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire (Part 1)
The Gorbachev era
Perestroika or “restructuring” of economic policy; beginning of a market economy
Glasnost or “openness” encouraged discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union
Congress of People’s Deputies chosen in competitive elections
Gorbachev was the Soviet Union’s first president
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
7
The Disintegration of the Soviet Empire (Part 2)
End of an empire
Ethnic groups call for sovereignty
Growing disorder within the country
A “commonwealth of independent states”
Eastern Europe: From satellites to sovereign nations
Elections in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
East Germany’s political and economic reunification with West Germany
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8
Chronology – The Soviet Bloc and Its Demise Events of the Soviet Bloc and Its DemiseDatesDeath of Joseph Stalin1953Rise of Nikita Khrushchev1955Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization speech1956Removal of Khrushchev1964The Brezhnev era1964–1982Rule of Andropov and Chernenko1982–1985Gorbachev comes to p ...
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civics
This document discusses the expansion of democracy throughout the 20th century based on three maps showing democratic governments in 1900-1950, 1950, and 2000. It notes that democracy has spread over time, starting first in some regions like Europe and North America in 1900 and 1950, and becoming more global by 2000. However, some regions still lack democratic governments today. The document also provides historical context on the development of democracy in countries like France, Britain, and the United States from the 18th century onward, including struggles to expand voting rights.
The Great Debate: Revisiting the Sino-Soviet Split and the Failure of the “Ch...
Article written by Nevin Gussack in September 2011. Based on the evidence presented in this essay, one can come to the following conclusions: despite the pretensions of friendship and non-hostility, China was irrevocably committed to the destruction of the capitalist and imperialist U.S.A. and the Sino-Soviet dispute was either a strategic deception or a conflict that could be healed under the rubric of internationalist communist solidarity. Indeed, the open split was publicly healed as the 1980s progressed and became an unrealized threat to the NATO countries, CONUS, and the non-communist Asian countries. Such an anti-American axis developed and morphed into what is presently called the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
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The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was a Soviet republic that existed from 1940 to 1990. It was established as a puppet state after the Soviet army occupied Lithuania in June 1940 based on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Between 1941-1944 it was dissolved during the German occupation of the Soviet Union, but Soviet rule was re-established after the Germans retreated in 1944-1945. Lithuania remained under Soviet rule for nearly 50 years, during which time the Soviets made reforms to make Lithuania permanently dependent on the Soviet Union politically and economically.
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Political changes in the late 20th century led to the end of the Cold War and collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. This was accompanied by economic challenges and social changes like the growth of women's rights movements. New technologies also transformed society and culture, while issues like terrorism and conflicts in Yugoslavia and Kosovo emerged. The late 20th century was defined by major geopolitical shifts with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, German reunification, and the rise of the European Union.
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2, 1977 constitution & brezhnev’s foreign policy
- 1. 1977 Constitution & Brezhnev’s foreign policy EXAMINE THE CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1977 CONSITUTION EXAMINE THE NATURE OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USSR UNDER BREZHNEV
- 3. 1977 Constitution 60th anniversary of the revolution Stalin said the Soviet Union was ‘on the road to socialism’ now claimed that the proletarian revolution had succeeded Article 6 established the overall supremacy of the Communist Party Reinforced the ban on political opposition Elections every five years – to coincide with FYPs Article 13 the right to private property would be protected by the state Soviet Union had reached ‘developed socialism’
- 4. Developed Socialism Term first used in 1966 Optimism as a result of: 1917 revolution Victory in WWII Successful FYPs Given official definition in the Constitution
- 5. In the USSR a developed socialist society has been built. At this stage, when socialism is developing on its own foundations, the creative forces of the new system and the advantages of the socialist way of life are becoming increasingly evident, and the working people are more and more widely enjoying the fruits of their great revolutionary gains. It is a society in which powerful productive forces and progressive science and culture have been created, in which the well-being of the people is constantly rising, and more and more favourable conditions are being provided for the all-round development of the individual. It is a society of mature socialist social relations, in which, on the basis of the drawing together of all classes and social strata and of the juridical and factual equality of all its nations and nationalities and their fraternal co-operation, a new historical community of people has been formed--the Soviet people. It is a society of high organisational capacity, ideological commitment, and consciousness of the working people, who are patriots and internationalists. It is a society in which the law of life is concern of all for the good of each and concern of each for the good of all. It is a society of true democracy, the political system of which ensures effective management of all public affairs, ever more active participation of the working people in running the state, and the combining of citizen's real rights and freedoms with their obligations and responsibility to society. Developed socialist society is a natural, logical stage on the road to communism. The supreme goal of the Soviet state is the building of a classless communist society in which there will be public, communist self- government. The main aims of the people's socialist state are: to lay the material and technical foundation of communism, to perfect socialist social relations and transform them into communist relations, to mould the citizen of communist society, to raise the people's living and cultural standards, to safeguard the country's security, and to further the consolidation of peace and development of international co-operation. (CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Oct 1977)
- 6. Brezhnev’s foreign policy after 1976
- 7. Introduction Cold War Détente end of 1960s Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I 1972 Helsinki Final Act 1975 1976 mood starts to change due to expansion of Soviet influence into Africa
- 8. Arms control and SALT II SALT I dealt with obsolete weapons not MIRVs which by 1977 USSR had USA response was to put Cruise and Pershing missiles in Western Europe 1979 Relations had deteriorated and the détente perceive by many in the USA to have benefitted the Soviets Soviet presence in the Horn of Africa and the invasion of Afghanistan did not help SALT II signed in 1979 but not ratified by the US Senate
- 9. USSR Africa and Asia (1) 1970s many post-colonial movements with communist ideologies – often the cause or consequence of civil wars Vietnam War ended 1975 with victory of the communist north Laos and Cambodia also communist USSR support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 1978 China invades Vietnam 1979 Signs of the Sino-Soviet split
- 10. USSR Africa and Asia (2) Collapse of Portuguese Empire 1974 led to communist liberation movements coming into power in Guinea Bissau and Mozambique Angola USSR and Cuba support MPLA & USA UNITA USA see Soviet interest as exploiting the détente 1977 Colonel Mengistu established control over Ethiopia and bought arms from the USSR USSR had good relations with Somalia and Ethiopia June 1977 Somalia attacked Ethiopia over disputed Ogadon region US President Jimmy Carter refused to arm Somalia USSR arm Ethiopia and Cuba send 10,000 troops Ethiopia kicks out the Somalis and takes Eritrea
- 11. Carter and Brezhnev Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, ‘the détente is buried in the sands of Ogadon’ Brzezinski suggested that Brezhnev did not respect Carter as he did Nixon Brezhnev saw Carter’s failure to are Somalia as a sign of weakness Carter’s concern over human rights in USSR but not in South Korea or China angered Brezhnev Détente was dying and Afghanistan would be the final blow Brezhnev was not well and was not in full control 1980 Carter lost presidential election to Ronald Regan