Perestroika 1989 1991
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Central planning agencies in the Soviet Union found it increasingly difficult to assert authority as political changes weakened the economics of perestroika. Major economic disturbances like miners' strikes spread across the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the Soviet system to prevent disaster. A team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed economic reforms, but Gorbachev rejected the Shatalin Plan and instead implemented a compromise package in October 1990 that satisfied few people.
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The slides present the two of Gorbachev's well-known economic philosophies - Glasnost and Perestroika. It starts with the background on Gorbachev's life and proceeds with the discussion on how the Our Lady of Fatima is related with the Russian history and Gorbachev's beliefs.
Perestroika.
Presentación digital del tema PERESTROIKA, para el curso de Décimo Año del profesor Gustavo Bolaños Ramírez, del Liceo de Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
Perestroika
La Perestroika fue una reforma económica y política lanzada por Mijail Gorbachov en la Unión Soviética en la década de 1980 con el objetivo de descentralizar la economía y dar más autonomía a los ciudadanos. Aunque tuvo algunos éxitos iniciales, las reformas no pudieron evitar el colapso de la Unión Soviética en 1991 tras varios intentos de golpe y el surgimiento de movimientos independentistas en las repúblicas. Esto llevó a la disolución final de la URSS y la formación de la Com
Perestroika Y Fin De La Urss
Mijaíl Gorbachov llegó al poder en la Unión Soviética en 1985 e inició reformas económicas y políticas conocidas como perestroika y glásnost que buscaban descentralizar la economía y abrir la sociedad. La perestroika fracasó en revitalizar la economía soviética y llevó a una mayor desestabilización que resultó en el colapso de la Unión Soviética en 1991 y el surgimiento de 15 estados independientes.
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The economic situation in the Soviet Union was deteriorating due to political reforms weakening central planning agencies' authority. Major strikes by miners and railway workers occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low pay. By summer 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the economic system to prevent disaster. An economic reform team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed rapid market reforms (the Shatalin Plan), but Gorbachev rejected it due to concerns it went too far. The compromise package implemented in October 1990 satisfied few and the planned economy continued to break down.
Soviet Economy before and after Gorbachev
the very first Presentation done in IIT by me along with Vibhu Tewary and Vishnu M.J.
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This document provides an overview of the economic development and institutional changes in Poland from 1944 to 2019. It discusses the evolution from a centrally planned communist economy to a market-based system after 1989. Key events and policies introduced by different governments that shaped the economy are analyzed, including the "shock therapy" reforms in 1990, EU accession in 2004, and the current state-led capitalist model under the Law and Justice government. The performance and effects of the various economic approaches are also considered, though economists have differing views on some issues. The document is divided into three chapters covering the pre-1989 period, transition era, and most recent 15 years.
AS History - Industrialisation Under Alex III and Witte
Witte pursued policies of state capitalism as Minister of Finance from 1893-1903 to industrialize Russia. He arranged foreign loans, imposed high taxes, and protected domestic industries with tariffs to fund infrastructure projects and attract foreign investment. This led to rapid industrial and economic growth, especially in railways, coal, iron, and oil. However, Witte's policies also increased social problems by expanding the urban proletariat without improving living/working conditions. Overall, his reforms began modernizing Russia's economy but faced criticism for not addressing agricultural issues and increasing the country's dependence on foreign capital.
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe
The document summarizes the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) weakened the Soviet hold on Eastern Europe. This allowed for pro-democracy movements to take hold in countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. The reforms also weakened the Soviet Union itself, leading to its collapse in 1991 and the formation of independent republics.
THE CAUSES OF CHAOS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND HOW TO ELIMINATE THEM.pdf
This article aims to present the causes of the chaos that has prevailed in the world economy for centuries and how to eliminate them. These causes are explained by the absence of feedback and control mechanisms in the world capitalist system that would allow mitigating the harmful consequences generated by long waves or long economic cycles of the world economy presented by Russian economist Nikolai Dimitrievitch Kondratieff who shows how the world capitalist system has evolved with cycles that go from prosperity to economic decline from 1780 to 2010, as well as mitigating the harmful consequences generated by waves of innovation presented by Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter who shows how technological innovations introduced into production processes in each Kondratieff cycle are responsible for the expansion and decline of the world capitalist economy. To deal with the cyclical crises of capitalism and put an end to global economic chaos, as well as ensuring that technological advancement does not cease and contributes to the progress of humanity, the only solutions for stabilizing the global economy are the adoption of Keynesianism in each country and globally and the existence of a world government.
Hrvatski turizam
By providing over $55 billion in timely fiscal stimulus, Croatia's Economic Action Plan made important investments that will contribute to Croatia's long-term economic prosperity while supporting those most affected by the global recession. Taxes have been reduced for Croatian families and job-creating businesses; EI benefits were enhanced for the unemployed; thousands of infrastructure projects were completed across the country; significant support was provided for science and technology, industries and communities; and extraordinary actions were taken to improve access to financing. The implementation of the stimulus phase of the Economic Action Plan was timely and completed as planned. The Government carefully designed and managed the stimulus to ensure the sound stewardship of taxpayer funds. - See more at: As you may or may not know, I have recently become extremely passionate about a new tool I've found to help with high vibrational living. What is high vibrational living? Well, in a meditation I learned that my duty here on Earth was to teach High Vibrational Living... But I didn't exactly know what that was. I did know that it included the channeled messages that I've been creating... But I felt like it also included more than that. Great health and physical vitality are definitely a part of high vibrational living. Freedom of time and abundance are also part of high vibrational living. So, I have continued to follow my intuition which has lead me to this great opportunity that allows you and I to work together so we can both create high vibrational lives together. To learn about this tool that I'm absolutely in love with, click here: www.hssd.hr
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Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
The Congress of People's Deputies in 1989 was largely ceremonial and met only a few days a year to ratify decisions made by the party and government. It elected the Supreme Soviet to carry out legislative functions in between sessions. The Supreme Soviet served as a permanent legislature that decided most issues, while amendments to the Soviet Constitution were left to the full Congress. The Council of Ministers administered all aspects of Soviet life and managed the economy through decrees that had the same legal power as laws passed by the Supreme Soviet.
Konstantin chernenko
Konstantin Chernenko rose to power as the Soviet leader after Yuri Andropov's death from complications of kidney and heart disease after just 15 months in office. Chernenko's appointment was contested by Mikhail Gorbachev, who formed a temporary alliance with another reformer, but Gorbachev allowed Chernenko to lead knowing he would succeed the aging leader. However, Chernenko himself only led for 13 months before dying in office, paving the way for Gorbachev to become the new Soviet leader.
Rise of andropov
- Brezhnev's health declined in the 1970s as he suffered two strokes, and he was increasingly absent from his duties. He died in November 1982 after standing for hours in freezing conditions.
- There was a power struggle between Andropov and Chernenko to succeed Brezhnev. Chernenko was backed by Brezhnev but Andropov was supported by the KGB and military.
- Andropov campaigned against corruption and implicitly criticized the Brezhnev regime, which was seen as an attack on both Brezhnev and his ally Chernenko. Andropov was elected as the new Soviet leader.
Stagnation
Under Brezhnev in the 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its economy to the military. While poorer than the US, the USSR spent over twice as much of its wealth on defense. This was due to humiliation from the Cuban Missile Crisis and not wanting a similar occurrence. However, the large military spending was seriously endangering the Soviet economy through overstretch. Most historians view Brezhnev negatively, saying he symbolized the decline of the USSR through inability to give ideology meaning. Negative assessments of Brezhnev include economic mismanagement that reduced living standards and political repression without providing new goals.
Rise Of Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev rose to power in the Soviet Union after 1968, consolidating his control over the next 14 years as leader. He had a long career in the Communist party before becoming head of state. When he took over leadership, Brezhnev worked to strengthen his position by placing allies in important government roles. Alexei Kosygin was a high-ranking official who served as Premier under Brezhnev after having a career in government and industry.
The repression of dissidence
The document discusses dissent and artistic expression under Soviet leadership. It explains that while dissent was too dangerous under Stalin, people were more willing to express opinions after Khrushchev challenged Communist infallibility. However, political dissent was still rare. The document also notes that Brezhnev allowed art that reflected the views of the working class but did not tolerate "art for art's sake." Those who challenged the system through artistic or intellectual expression became known as dissidents.
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively cracked down on dissidents through threats, job removal, imprisonment in labor camps or mental hospitals. Religious groups like Jews, Catholics, and Muslims faced repression. The Afghan war from 1979 and subsequent international backlash further criticized the regime. However, by the 1980s most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled, and dissent publications were less common, showing the regime was ultimately successful in limiting major opposition.
Economic stagnation
The Soviet economy was in decline due to several social, political, and economic factors:
1. The Soviet economy relied on outdated technology and faced a declining working population as birth rates fell outside of central Asia.
2. Resources were drained by the Soviet Union's emphasis on military spending.
3. There was widespread corruption, as factory managers lied about production and payroll. Citizens contributed to the black market economy to obtain goods, undermining the official Soviet regime.
Czechoslovakia and helsinki
In the 1960s, Czechoslovakia posed a threat to Soviet domination as Alexander Dubcek implemented reforms promoting "socialism with a human face", including less censorship and more freedoms. This Prague Spring relaxed controls and saw open criticism of Communist leaders on television and radio. In August 1968, the Soviets and other Warsaw Pact nations grew concerned with the reforms and invaded Czechoslovakia with little resistance, demoting Dubcek and ending the reforms. While Dubcek's vision was silenced, the 1975 Helsinki Accords later promoted human rights standards that emboldened dissident movements within the Eastern Bloc.
Brezhnev’s social policies
Brezhnev wished to define a new era of "developed" socialism with a 1977 constitution that declared the USSR a mature socialist society, guaranteeing some freedoms but allowing the state to override them if they threatened societal interests. Urban populations grew as life expectancy declined due to alcoholism, pollution, and low birth rates from fewer men after WWII.
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
The document summarizes key events surrounding the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Soviet control. It notes that Hungary had resented the USSR's totalitarian regime and sought reforms under Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Nagy began implementing democratic reforms which threatened Soviet dominance, including giving back land to farmers and disbanding the secret police. When Hungary expressed a desire to leave the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, the USSR responded by invading Hungary with 200,000 troops and 2,500 tanks on November 4th. Despite appeals to the West, fighting between Soviet forces and Hungarian resistance lasted two weeks, resulting in over 2000 Soviet and 4000 Hungarian casualties. After the uprising, Janos Kadar was installed as the new Soviet-backed leader of
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The document discusses Khrushchev's reforms in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death, known as "de-Stalinization". It aims to provide context around de-Stalinization by describing cultural reforms allowing more freedom of expression, the rehabilitations of figures like the composer Shostakovich, and encouraging visits from other countries. However, de-Stalinization still had limits, as shown by an event in 1962 in Novocherkassk where the Soviet government violently suppressed a workers' protest, demonstrating the regime still relied on fear and control over its citizens.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This document provides background information on the Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization. It discusses how Castro came to power in Cuba and requested help from Khrushchev. Khrushchev agreed to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, angering the US and leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev eventually backed down, seen as weak. The document also notes that de-Stalinization caused tensions with China, and Khrushchev's foreign policy was contradictory in advocating "peaceful coexistence" but placing missiles near the US. Khrushchev was eventually ousted, partly due to backing down in Cuba.
Brezhnev And Kosygins Leadership
Khrushchev was removed from power due to opposition from a broad coalition of political elites who opposed his erratic leadership style. Brezhnev and Kosygin emerged as the new leaders, offering stability and predictability after Khrushchev. Brezhnev consolidated power by sidelining threats and promoting supporters while Kosygin served as an able administrator without ambitions of leadership, minimizing rivalry with Brezhnev. Their partnership provided stable leadership for the Soviet Union in contrast to Khrushchev's arbitrary policies.
Political And Social Reforms Of Khrushchev
Khrushchev implemented political and social reforms in the Soviet Union. He purged other party officials to consolidate his own power. Khrushchev also reformed the legal system to provide citizens with more protections and fairness. However, dissidents were still repressed. Khrushchev introduced reforms to improve workers' benefits and living standards, such as housing construction and education access. However, many of his reforms faced opposition from conservatives.
Khrushchevs Secret Speech
Khrushchev gave a secret speech in 1956 denouncing Stalin's purges and cult of personality. In the speech, he acknowledged Stalin's weaknesses as a leader and accused him of destroying party democracy. The speech shocked listeners and aimed to distance Khrushchev from Stalin while bolstering Khrushchev's own power. It marked the beginning of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union.
Khrushchevs Industrial Policy
Khrushchev had beliefs that Stalin's methods held back industrial progress and a different approach was needed to improve living standards. He established regional economic councils in 1957 to decentralize control and give local areas more autonomy over industrial policy. While this aimed to boost innovation and consumer goods production, the councils struggled without clear authority and coordination. Production rose slightly under Khrushchev's reforms but seven-year plans fell short of targets and space and defense spending came at the cost of further consumer goods improvements.
Khrushchevs Agricultural Policy
Khrushchev embarked on improving Russia's agricultural problems by increasing food production, as grain stocks and livestock populations had fallen under Stalin's control of agriculture. Khrushchev implemented policies like paying peasants more for grain, reducing taxes, and allowing local leaders more control over agricultural policy, which increased food output. However, the Virgin Lands scheme of cultivating new lands failed due to unsuitable soil and climate, lack of investment in fertilizers and machinery, and overfarming of the land. By 1963, Russia still had to import grain, showing the incompleteness of Khrushchev's agricultural reforms.
Ppt0000001
Political developments in the Soviet Union following World War II saw Andrei Zhdanov promote strict conformity to the Communist Party line. However, fewer Communists were purged during this time compared to the Great Terror. The growth of the Cold War and conflict with the West led to increased nationalism in the Soviet Union. With Stalin growing frail and Zhdanov's death in 1948, other Communist leaders like Beria and Malenkov launched purges in Leningrad and Georgia to position themselves as Stalin's successor. Anti-Semitism also increased as several Russian Jews were executed for treason in fabricated cases.
Khrushchevs Rise
After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union entered a period of collective leadership as there was no clear successor. Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov, and Bulganin emerged as the main contenders for power. Over time, through political maneuvering and outmaneuvering his rivals, Khrushchev was able to consolidate power and become the sole leader of the Soviet Union by 1958, emerging as both First Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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