Stagnation
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Under Brezhnev in the 1980s, the Soviet Union devoted a quarter of its economy to the military. While poorer than the US, the USSR spent over twice as much of its wealth on defense. This was due to humiliation from the Cuban Missile Crisis and not wanting a similar occurrence. However, the large military spending was seriously endangering the Soviet economy through overstretch. Most historians view Brezhnev negatively, saying he symbolized the decline of the USSR through inability to give ideology meaning. Negative assessments of Brezhnev include economic mismanagement that reduced living standards and political repression without providing new goals.
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1) The document provides information about events in Russia in the early 20th century, including the formation of the Petrograd Soviet, Czar Nicholas II abdicating the throne in February 1917, and the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin seizing power in the October Revolution.
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For many people, entrepreneurship has become the job choice of the 21st century. That's understandable given the challenges and rewards of building a successful business. An entrepreneur is a businessperson who not only conceives and organizes ventures but also frequently takes risks in doing so. Not all independent business people are true entrepreneurs, and not all entrepreneurs are created equal.
Qualities or Personal Entrepreneurial Characteristics (PEC) of successful entrepreneurs refer to the desired traits, which enable the entrepreneurs to do what is expected of them and succeed in business. It is the combination of these characteristics that is required to enable any one to perform effectively as an entrepreneur.
The characteristics of entrepreneurs being numerous, a successful entrepreneur possesses a combination of traits that show both innovation and leadership qualities. Scholars from around the world have worked tirelessly to discover just what characteristics make a good entrepreneur. While a lot of the findings are still open to debate, there's no doubt that great entrepreneurs have these traits which are presented
Chapter 1 on Entrepreneurship
The document discusses entrepreneurship and introduces key concepts:
1) Entrepreneurship is creating something new of value by devoting time and effort while accepting risks and potential rewards.
2) An entrepreneur actively starts and leads their own business to grow and prosper by recognizing opportunities and managing resources.
3) Entrepreneurship can lead to innovation, job creation, and economic growth through organizing resources and creating new products/services.
Basics of entrepreneurship
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship, defining entrepreneurs as risk-takers who start new businesses. It discusses the mindset of entrepreneurs, including traits like seizing opportunities and always improving. The document also outlines the different forms entrepreneurship can take and reasons why entrepreneurs are important, such as creating most new jobs and solving problems through innovation.
Entrepreneurship Lecture Notes Part 1
Part One of Entrepreneurship Lecture Notes on Students Enterprise Club at www.studentsenterpriseclub.com.
This is a Study guide for intending Entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship powerpoint slide
This powerpoint presentation defines entrepreneurship and discusses its history and modern applications. It begins by defining an entrepreneur as someone who organizes and manages a business while taking on financial risk. It notes that agricultural students have been involved in entrepreneurship since the early 20th century through programs like raising livestock and growing crops. Today, agricultural entrepreneurship can involve many diverse activities beyond farming like custom harvesting or operating a small engine repair service. The presentation concludes by discussing characteristics of successful entrepreneurs and different types like social and lifestyle entrepreneurs.
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Political Progression, Economic Stagnation and the Strategic Opportunity
Political Progression, Economic Stagnation and the Strategic Opportunity
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Sec 4 chapter 4.1 the end of cold war
The document discusses the end of the Cold War. It states that the collapse of the Soviet Union was not due to military force by NATO, as no tanks fired or bombs fell. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in the 1980s allowed criticism of the Soviet government and led to reforms of the communist system. This loss of confidence in communist rule, along with economic stagnation, contributed to the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War without direct military confrontation.
Soviet Union Collapse
1. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 due to economic and political problems including a weak economy, widespread corruption, and rising nationalism in the republics.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost weakened the communist party's grip on power and emboldened independence movements.
3. The Soviet war in Afghanistan and military spending drained the economy while Gorbachev's openness policies destabilized communist rule, leading to the dissolution of the USSR and formation of 15 independent republics.
Russian subversion of the usa final phase
- The document discusses Russia's ongoing nuclear war preparations and the lack of preparedness in the United States to respond to a potential nuclear attack. It notes that Russia has been refurbishing bunkers, developing new weapons, and engaging in joint military exercises with China, indicating they are anticipating a future war. However, the US is largely ignoring these signs and is unprepared to deal with the aftermath of a nuclear attack, which could result in hundreds of thousands of casualties and civil disorder. Experts warn the government response could be worse than Katrina and that hospitals, emergency services, and radiation treatment options are ill-equipped for a nuclear disaster scenario.
Russian subversion of the usa final phase
- The document discusses Russia's ongoing nuclear war preparations and the lack of preparedness in the United States to respond to a potential nuclear attack. It notes that Russia has been refurbishing bunkers, developing new weapons, and engaging in joint military exercises with China, indicating they are anticipating a future war. However, the US is largely ignoring these signs and is unprepared for the consequences of a nuclear attack, such as providing medical care or evacuation assistance to hundreds of thousands of victims. Experts warn the US response could be worse than Katrina and contribute to civil disorder without improved disaster planning.
Russian subversion of the usa final phase
- The document discusses Russia's preparations for nuclear war and how the US is unprepared to respond to a nuclear attack. It notes that Russia has been refurbishing bunkers, developing new weapons, and allying with China in a way that suggests they are anticipating a future war. However, the US is failing to recognize these threats and prepare an adequate response. Experts warn that the US is ill-prepared for a nuclear disaster and its response could be worse than Katrina, with thousands of lives lost due to lack of education, medical resources, and emergency personnel. Proper preparation is urgently needed to mitigate the consequences of a potential nuclear event.
Russian subversion of the usa final phase
- The document discusses Russia's ongoing nuclear war preparations and the lack of preparedness in the United States to respond to a potential nuclear attack. It notes that Russia has been refurbishing bunkers, developing new weapons, and engaging in joint military exercises with China, indicating they are anticipating a future war. However, the U.S. is failing to properly prepare for the consequences of a nuclear attack and would struggle to respond effectively to minimize casualties and damage. Experts estimate a small 10-kiloton bomb could kill hundreds of thousands and cause hundreds of billions in losses. The government lacks adequate plans, resources, and public education to handle a nuclear disaster.
Mikhail gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and unleashed reforms that ultimately led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union just 7 years later. While not every crisis necessarily leads to collapse, Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) exacerbated long-standing structural issues in the Soviet system by giving citizens a voice to express dissatisfaction and allowing discussion of problems like economic stagnation. However, Gorbachev did not initially intend to radically reform the political system, believing change could occur within existing Communist structures. His leadership style of engaging with citizens differed from his predecessors and helped consolidate his power over rivals within the Soviet government.
Breakup of the Soviet Union Causes & Consequences
The breakup of the Soviet Union, the largest country in size, in 1991 was one of the top five news of the 20th century
Caused by multiple reasons, it resulted in multi-dimensional consequences, short term as well as long term
Some of the consequences we are still witnessing even in the 21st century, some may be witnessed by the coming generations
This presentation is an attempt to analyse the causes of this momentous event and assess its far-reaching consequences
Assignment Changes in Formerly Communist NationsWhile their vie.docx
Assignment: Changes in Formerly Communist Nations
While their views ran parallel, Winston Churchill and President Ronald Reagan found themselves nearly alone in their view that communism was metaphysically flawed and that opposition to such regimes was paramount. However, after nearly 45 years of opposition to such communist regimes, their prediction to came to fruition as the world witnessed the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War era.
As you read in Week 2, Churchill geographically defined the Iron Curtain in his "Sinews of Peace" speech. He noted that the Iron Curtain was "erected" by the Soviet Union to close itself and certain eastern European allies from contact with the West.
"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow" (Churchill, 1946).
While there were physical barriers later erected within areas of Soviet control, the Iron Curtain was not an actual physical barrier, contrary to some people's misunderstanding. Instead, it was a move to form a political, ideological, and military barrier from the West and other non-communist nations post - World War II. While there is debate about how much impact President Ronald Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech had on the start of the collapse of Communism, many claim that it changed the world.
Imagine how hard life must have been for those under Soviet control who were effectively imprisoned behind the Iron Curtain. How must they have felt when they heard the news of President Reagan's speech? Was their reaction joy and relief or was it fear of change? In this assignment, you will share your thoughts about what led to the fall of the Soviet Union and how people were affected by the changes.
To prepare for this assignment:
Research one former European Communist country we have read about throughout the term.
Read President Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech from this week's Learning Resources and reflect upon its impact on the breakdown of the Soviet Union.
Review Gorbachev's Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance speech from this week's Learning Resources.
If necessary, review "The Sinews of Peace" (aka "The Iron Curtain" speech) from the Week 2 Learning Resources as well as past readings on your country of choice.
Consider how individuals living in the former Communist Soviet Union were affected by that nation's collapse.
Think about how social structures were affected after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Draw from this week's reading and reflect upon the length of the Cold War era and h.
Assignment 3GRADED ASSIGNMENT 2Directions1. Complete the followin.docx
Assignment 3GRADED ASSIGNMENT 2Directions:1. Complete the following two problems, save your work, then submit your saved spreadsheet to Moodle by the due date and time.2. Do not change the name of this file when you save your work. The file should be called "Graded Assignment 2.xls".3. To facilitate grading, please do not delete or insert ROWS.4. Do your own work. Students submitting substantially identical spreadsheets receive a grade of zero.5. If you have questions, see me or email me at [email protected]Inventory holding cost (per unit per month)$1.00Hiring cost (per worker hired):$5,000.00Firing cost (per worker fired):$5,000.00Straight-time labor cost (per worker per month):$2,000.00Overtime cost (per worker per month)$4,000.00Production per worker per month100Present permanent workforce:60(The number of workers must be an INTEGER.)Beginning inventory in January:400a. Use Microsoft Excel Solver to find the least-cost CHASE aggregate production plan with a CONSTANT workforce. Workers may be hired or fired only at the beginning of January. Vary production using overtime. Your Solver setup will be GRADED. (20 points)JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberShipment Forecast500060008000100001200080004000600080001200060003000Aggregate Production PlanStraight-Time ProductionOvertime ProductionOutput Plan:Beginning Inventory400Shipments500060008000100001200080004000600080001200060003000Ending InventoryInput Plan:Number of WorkersHiresFiresOvertime (worker-months)Costs:Inventory Holding CostStraight-Time Labor CostHiring CostFiring CostOvertime CostTotal Plan Costb. Find the least-cost LEVEL aggregate production plan with a CONSTANT workforce. Workers may be hired or fired only at the beginning of January. DO NOT USE SOLVER. The Solver setup for question (a) will be graded. (20 points)JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberShipment Forecast500060008000100001200080004000600080001200060003000Aggregate Production PlanStraight-Time ProductionOvertime ProductionOutput Plan:Beginning Inventory400Shipments500060008000100001200080004000600080001200060003000Ending InventoryInput Plan:Number of WorkersHiresFiresOvertime (worker-months)Costs:Inventory Holding CostStraight-Time Labor CostHiring CostFiring CostOvertime CostTotal Plan Cost
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The Myth of Asia's Miracle
Paul Krugman ,;
A CAUTIONARY FABLE ;
O N C E uPONa time. Western opinion leaders found themselves both
impressed and frightened by the extraordinary growth rates achieved
by a set of Eastern economies. Although those economies were still
substantially poorer and smaller than those of the West, the speed
with which they had transformed themselves from peasant societies
into industrial powerhouses, their continuing ability to achieve
growth rates several times higher than the advanced nations, and
their increasing ability to challenge or even surpass American and
European technology in certain areas ...
The Myth of Asias MiraclePaul Krugman ,;A CAUTIONARY .docx
The Myth of Asia's Miracle
Paul Krugman ,;
A CAUTIONARY FABLE ;
O N C E uPONa time. Western opinion leaders found themselves both
impressed and frightened by the extraordinary growth rates achieved
by a set of Eastern economies. Although those economies were still
substantially poorer and smaller than those of the West, the speed
with which they had transformed themselves from peasant societies
into industrial powerhouses, their continuing ability to achieve
growth rates several times higher than the advanced nations, and
their increasing ability to challenge or even surpass American and
European technology in certain areas seemed to call into question the
dominance not only of Western power but of Western ideology. The
leaders of those nations did not share our faith in free markets or
unlimited civil liberties. They asserted with increasing self-
confidence that their system was superior: societies that accepted
strong, even authoritarian governments and were willing to limit
individual liberties in the interest of the common good, take charge
of their economies, and sacrifice short-run consumer interests for the
sake of long-run growth would eventually outperform the increas-
ingly chaotic societies of the West. And a growing minority of
Western intellectuals agreed.
The gap between Western and Eastern economic performance
eventually became a political issue. The Democrats recaptured the
White House under the leadership of a young, energetic new presi-
PAUL K R U G M A N is Professor ofEconomics at Stanford University. His
most recent book is Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in
the Age of Diminished Expectations.
[62]
The Myth of Asia's Miracle
dent who pledged to "get the country moving again"—a pledge that,
to him and his closest advisers, meant accelerating Americas eco-
nomic growth to meet the Eastern challenge.
The time, of course, was the early 1960s. The dynamic young pres-
ident was John F. Kennedy. The technological feats that so alarmed
the West were the launch of Sputnik and the early Soviet lead in
space. And the rapidly growing Eastern economies were those ofthe
Soviet Union and its satellite nations.
While the growth of communist economies was the subject of
innumerable alarmist books and polemical articles in the 1950s, some
economists who looked seriously at the roots of that growth were
putting together a picture that differed substantially from most pop-
ular assumptions. Communist growth rates were certainly impressive,
but not magical. The rapid growth in output could be fully explained
by rapid growth in inputs: expansion of employment, increases in
education levels, and, above all, massive investment in physical capi-
tal. Once those inputs were taken into account, the growth in output
was unsurprising—or, to put it differently, the big surprise about
Soviet growth was that when closely examined it posed no mystery.
This economic analysis had two crucial implications. First, most
of the s ...
The russia china partnership
The Russia-China partnership has developed over the past 20 years based on several factors:
1) They have a long historical relationship with few conflicts compared to Russia's relationships with other countries.
2) They have parallel experiences with imperial decline in the 19th century and revolutions in the early 20th century.
3) Currently, they share geopolitical interests in opposing US unilateralism and hegemony.
4) Economic cooperation has increased but remains asymmetrical, with Russia exporting energy and arms and China exporting manufactured goods.
5) Ideologically, they both favor state-capitalist models and defense of sovereignty over Western democracy promotion.
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Assignment Changes in Formerly Communist NationsWhile their vie.docx
Assignment Changes in Formerly Communist NationsWhile their vie.docx
Assignment 3GRADED ASSIGNMENT 2Directions1. Complete the followin.docx
Assignment 3GRADED ASSIGNMENT 2Directions1. Complete the followin.docx
The Myth of Asias MiraclePaul Krugman ,;A CAUTIONARY .docx
The Myth of Asias MiraclePaul Krugman ,;A CAUTIONARY .docx
More from matthewhulett
Perestroika 1989 1991
The economic situation in the Soviet Union was deteriorating due to political reforms weakening central planning agencies' authority. Major strikes by miners and railway workers occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low pay. By summer 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the economic system to prevent disaster. An economic reform team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed rapid market reforms (the Shatalin Plan), but Gorbachev rejected it due to concerns it went too far. The compromise package implemented in October 1990 satisfied few and the planned economy continued to break down.
Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
The Congress of People's Deputies in 1989 was largely ceremonial and met only a few days a year to ratify decisions made by the party and government. It elected the Supreme Soviet to carry out legislative functions in between sessions. The Supreme Soviet served as a permanent legislature that decided most issues, while amendments to the Soviet Constitution were left to the full Congress. The Council of Ministers administered all aspects of Soviet life and managed the economy through decrees that had the same legal power as laws passed by the Supreme Soviet.
Perestroika 1989 1991
Central planning agencies in the Soviet Union found it increasingly difficult to assert authority as political changes weakened the economics of perestroika. Major economic disturbances like miners' strikes spread across the country in the late 1980s and early 1990s. By 1990, it was clear there was a major economic crisis and reforms were needed to the Soviet system to prevent disaster. A team led by Stanislav Shatalin proposed economic reforms, but Gorbachev rejected the Shatalin Plan and instead implemented a compromise package in October 1990 that satisfied few people.
Konstantin chernenko
Konstantin Chernenko rose to power as the Soviet leader after Yuri Andropov's death from complications of kidney and heart disease after just 15 months in office. Chernenko's appointment was contested by Mikhail Gorbachev, who formed a temporary alliance with another reformer, but Gorbachev allowed Chernenko to lead knowing he would succeed the aging leader. However, Chernenko himself only led for 13 months before dying in office, paving the way for Gorbachev to become the new Soviet leader.
Glasnost
Glasnost means "openness" or "publicity". Gorbachev introduced glasnost to allow for open debate and explain decisions, though he did not advocate for complete freedom of speech. There were two main reasons for glasnost: to help people understand necessary changes and to expose corruption. However, the Chernobyl disaster showed flaws in glasnost as the Soviet media remained silent while foreign media heavily covered it.
Rise of andropov
- Brezhnev's health declined in the 1970s as he suffered two strokes, and he was increasingly absent from his duties. He died in November 1982 after standing for hours in freezing conditions.
- There was a power struggle between Andropov and Chernenko to succeed Brezhnev. Chernenko was backed by Brezhnev but Andropov was supported by the KGB and military.
- Andropov campaigned against corruption and implicitly criticized the Brezhnev regime, which was seen as an attack on both Brezhnev and his ally Chernenko. Andropov was elected as the new Soviet leader.
Rise Of Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev rose to power in the Soviet Union after 1968, consolidating his control over the next 14 years as leader. He had a long career in the Communist party before becoming head of state. When he took over leadership, Brezhnev worked to strengthen his position by placing allies in important government roles. Alexei Kosygin was a high-ranking official who served as Premier under Brezhnev after having a career in government and industry.
The repression of dissidence
The document discusses dissent and artistic expression under Soviet leadership. It explains that while dissent was too dangerous under Stalin, people were more willing to express opinions after Khrushchev challenged Communist infallibility. However, political dissent was still rare. The document also notes that Brezhnev allowed art that reflected the views of the working class but did not tolerate "art for art's sake." Those who challenged the system through artistic or intellectual expression became known as dissidents.
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
There were various forms of dissent against the Soviet regime under Brezhnev, including human rights activists who used the Helsinki Accords to demand more freedoms. The KGB actively cracked down on dissidents through threats, job removal, imprisonment in labor camps or mental hospitals. Religious groups like Jews, Catholics, and Muslims faced repression. The Afghan war from 1979 and subsequent international backlash further criticized the regime. However, by the 1980s most prominent dissidents were imprisoned or exiled, and dissent publications were less common, showing the regime was ultimately successful in limiting major opposition.
Czechoslovakia and helsinki
In the 1960s, Czechoslovakia posed a threat to Soviet domination as Alexander Dubcek implemented reforms promoting "socialism with a human face", including less censorship and more freedoms. This Prague Spring relaxed controls and saw open criticism of Communist leaders on television and radio. In August 1968, the Soviets and other Warsaw Pact nations grew concerned with the reforms and invaded Czechoslovakia with little resistance, demoting Dubcek and ending the reforms. While Dubcek's vision was silenced, the 1975 Helsinki Accords later promoted human rights standards that emboldened dissident movements within the Eastern Bloc.
Brezhnev’s social policies
Brezhnev wished to define a new era of "developed" socialism with a 1977 constitution that declared the USSR a mature socialist society, guaranteeing some freedoms but allowing the state to override them if they threatened societal interests. Urban populations grew as life expectancy declined due to alcoholism, pollution, and low birth rates from fewer men after WWII.
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
The document summarizes key events surrounding the Hungarian uprising of 1956 against Soviet control. It notes that Hungary had resented the USSR's totalitarian regime and sought reforms under Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Nagy began implementing democratic reforms which threatened Soviet dominance, including giving back land to farmers and disbanding the secret police. When Hungary expressed a desire to leave the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact, the USSR responded by invading Hungary with 200,000 troops and 2,500 tanks on November 4th. Despite appeals to the West, fighting between Soviet forces and Hungarian resistance lasted two weeks, resulting in over 2000 Soviet and 4000 Hungarian casualties. After the uprising, Janos Kadar was installed as the new Soviet-backed leader of
De Stalinisation
The document discusses Khrushchev's reforms in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death, known as "de-Stalinization". It aims to provide context around de-Stalinization by describing cultural reforms allowing more freedom of expression, the rehabilitations of figures like the composer Shostakovich, and encouraging visits from other countries. However, de-Stalinization still had limits, as shown by an event in 1962 in Novocherkassk where the Soviet government violently suppressed a workers' protest, demonstrating the regime still relied on fear and control over its citizens.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This document provides background information on the Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev's policy of de-Stalinization. It discusses how Castro came to power in Cuba and requested help from Khrushchev. Khrushchev agreed to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, angering the US and leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev eventually backed down, seen as weak. The document also notes that de-Stalinization caused tensions with China, and Khrushchev's foreign policy was contradictory in advocating "peaceful coexistence" but placing missiles near the US. Khrushchev was eventually ousted, partly due to backing down in Cuba.
Political And Social Reforms Of Khrushchev
Khrushchev implemented political and social reforms in the Soviet Union. He purged other party officials to consolidate his own power. Khrushchev also reformed the legal system to provide citizens with more protections and fairness. However, dissidents were still repressed. Khrushchev introduced reforms to improve workers' benefits and living standards, such as housing construction and education access. However, many of his reforms faced opposition from conservatives.
Khrushchevs Secret Speech
Khrushchev gave a secret speech in 1956 denouncing Stalin's purges and cult of personality. In the speech, he acknowledged Stalin's weaknesses as a leader and accused him of destroying party democracy. The speech shocked listeners and aimed to distance Khrushchev from Stalin while bolstering Khrushchev's own power. It marked the beginning of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union.
Ppt0000001
Political developments in the Soviet Union following World War II saw Andrei Zhdanov promote strict conformity to the Communist Party line. However, fewer Communists were purged during this time compared to the Great Terror. The growth of the Cold War and conflict with the West led to increased nationalism in the Soviet Union. With Stalin growing frail and Zhdanov's death in 1948, other Communist leaders like Beria and Malenkov launched purges in Leningrad and Georgia to position themselves as Stalin's successor. Anti-Semitism also increased as several Russian Jews were executed for treason in fabricated cases.
Khrushchevs Rise
After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union entered a period of collective leadership as there was no clear successor. Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov, and Bulganin emerged as the main contenders for power. Over time, through political maneuvering and outmaneuvering his rivals, Khrushchev was able to consolidate power and become the sole leader of the Soviet Union by 1958, emerging as both First Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Economic Developments 1945 1953
The Soviet Union focused on rebuilding its damaged industry after World War II under Stalin's leadership, with the goal of outproducing other nations. There were some economic reforms that decentralized control and reduced direct Party interference, while still emphasizing heavy industry and inflexible economic planning. Industrial production increased between 1945 and 1950 for coal, oil, steel and agriculture, though the plans remained inefficient. Agriculture also improved after 1945 but faced challenges in fulfilling production targets.
Political Developments 1945 1953
Andrei Zhdanov was a leading figure in the Soviet regime after 1945 who promoted strict conformity to the Party line. He opposed Western influences like jazz and dictated cultural policies. As the Cold War emerged, he led a campaign against "cosmopolitanism" and promoted Russian nationalism. With Stalin growing frail and Zhdanov's sudden death in 1948, other Communists jockeyed for power. Beria and Malenkov launched a purge of Leningrad Party officials in which over 200 were arrested and some executed. They also orchestrated a purge of officials in Georgia, seen as an attack on Beria, who was allowed to survive. In 1948 and 1953, there were also
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Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
Gorbachev’s parliamentary democracy and presidency
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
Examine different types of dissent within the ussr
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
How Secure Was The Ussr’S Control Over Eastern Europe
Stagnation
- 10. Evaluation of the regime under Brezhnev