The 1960s were a tumultuous decade defined by social unrest and foreign policy challenges for the United States. Kennedy faced problems with the Berlin Wall and Vietnam, pursuing a policy of flexible response. The decade saw the Cuban Missile Crisis, ongoing civil rights struggles, and escalating US involvement in Vietnam under Johnson. Mass protests against the war grew through the late 1960s, culminating in the Tet Offensive and Nixon's policy of Vietnamization. Domestically, Johnson pursued a Great Society agenda but divisions grew over civil rights amid inner city unrest. Cultural norms shifted significantly as well, with rising social liberalism, counterculture movements, and opposition to established authority.
The 60s american politics turbulent decadeMarcus9000
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
Required Reading American YAWP Chapter 27Primary Sources.docxkellet1
Required Reading
: American YAWP Chapter 27
Primary Sources:
Lyndon Johnson, Howard University Commencement Address (1965)
National Organization for Women, “Statement of Purpose” (1966)
George M. Garcia, Vietnam Veteran, Oral Interview (2012/1969)
The Port Huron Statement (1962)
The 1960s was a pivotal decade in American history. The legacy of the 1960s, for example, the Vietnam War, Civil Rights, and feminism, still resonates in America today. When John Kennedy assumed the presidency in 1961, he inspired a generation of young people to serve their country in organizations like the Peace Corps. Millions of Baby Boomers, born after World War II, went to colleges and universities in the 1960s. Many young people in the 1960s felt they could change the nation for the better. Early in the decade, many young Americans fought for civil rights and the end to racial discrimination in public places and in voting. The Civil Rights movement had major successes in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
By 1964-65, the growing anti-war movement grew on college campuses across the country as the United States increased its military involvement in South Vietnam. Vietnam had been divided in 1954 between a communist North Vietnam and a democratic South Vietnam. The United States supported South Vietnam with economic and military assistance because we did not want South Vietnam to fall to communism. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson began to dramatically increase US military involvement in South Vietnam as hundreds of thousands of American troops were sent to fight the war. The war became deeply unpopular in the United States among young people, and by the late 1960s, other Americans as well who became disillusioned by the lack of progress in the war.
The 1960s saw the rise of many movements to address sexism, homophobia, and the environmental crisis in America. The Second Wave feminist movement challenged the gender norms of the 1950s that women belonged in the home. The modern gay rights movement started during the Stonewall Riots in 1969 against police brutality and discrimination of gay and lesbian people. Finally, we also saw the environmental movement gain national attention as it focused on clean air and water.
QUIZ 10 (Short Essay format- Please use direct quotes/proper citations only from the primary sources listed above).
Describe some of the ways the Civil Rights movement worked to end Jim Crows laws in the 1960s? How did Lyndon Johnson help the cause of Civil Rights? What did he say to students at Howard University in 1965? What was the Great Society? How did the young people who wrote the Port Huron statement in 1962 see the United States? What issues did they care about? How did the United States get involved in Vietnam? What event in 196.
American Portraits Betty FriedanFred Pal.docxdaniahendric
*
American Portraits: Betty Friedan
Fred Palumbo, Betty Friedan, 1960.
Photograph. Library of Congress.
*
HIST 180 Survey of American History
Beuford Smith, Malcolm X, Harlem, 1964.
Photograph. Keith de Lellis Gallery.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
*
Republic in Turmoil: The Sixties
Timeline: The Sixties
The Freedom Movement
Black Power
The Great Society
The New Left and Free Speech
Beuford Smith, Boy and Doll, Lower East Side, NYC, 1966.
Photograph.
*
1. Timeline: Republic in Turmoil: The 1960s
1960 Democrat John F. Kennedy elected president, defeating Richard Nixon.
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails.
Berlin Wall erected.
Cuban missile crisis.
Test Ban Treaty between United States and Soviet Union.
March on Washington for civil rights.
Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
Johnson announces War on Poverty.
Free speech movement at UC Berkeley.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Tonkin Gulf resolution; Johnson sends combat troops to Vietnam in coming year.
Johnson elected president.
Voting Rights Act.
Watts riots.
National Organization for Women (NOW) founded.
Tet Offensive. Martin Luther King Jr. and Sen. Robert Kennedy assassinated.
Richard M. Nixon elected president.
1969 United States puts first man on the moon.
Beuford Smith, Three Girls, Bronx, 1968.
Photograph.
*
2. The Freedom Movement
Dan Budnik, Selma to Montgomery March, 1965, Day 4, Will Henry “Do-Right” Rogers with his hand-mad flag and home-made pole, on the Rogert Gardner Farm Road, Lowndes County, 23 March 1965.
Photograph. Collier Gallery.
*
Attorneys George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrate the Brown decision, May 17, 1954.
Photograph. Washington Post.
*
White protesters harass 15-year old Elizabeth Eckford on the first day of school, Central High, Little Rock, 1957.
*
Rosa Parks, 1954.
Photograph. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Rosa Parks with Martin Luther King, Jr., 1955.
Photograph. Ebony Magazine/National Archives.
Martin Luther King Jr. gives a speech, c. 1963.
*
Martin Luther King Jr. mug shot, Birmingham, 1963.
*
College students “sitting in” at Greensboro lunch counter, 1960.
Julian Bond and the staff of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1963.
*
Freedom Riders with a burning bus at Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961.
Photograph. United Press International.
Bob Adelman, Birmingham Protesters,1963.
Photograph.
*
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. . . Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'”
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963.
Bruce Davidson, Arrest of Birmingham protester, 1963.
Photograph.
*
*
President John F. Kennedy’s televised civil rights address, 1963.
...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The 60s american politics turbulent decadeMarcus9000
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
Required Reading American YAWP Chapter 27Primary Sources.docxkellet1
Required Reading
: American YAWP Chapter 27
Primary Sources:
Lyndon Johnson, Howard University Commencement Address (1965)
National Organization for Women, “Statement of Purpose” (1966)
George M. Garcia, Vietnam Veteran, Oral Interview (2012/1969)
The Port Huron Statement (1962)
The 1960s was a pivotal decade in American history. The legacy of the 1960s, for example, the Vietnam War, Civil Rights, and feminism, still resonates in America today. When John Kennedy assumed the presidency in 1961, he inspired a generation of young people to serve their country in organizations like the Peace Corps. Millions of Baby Boomers, born after World War II, went to colleges and universities in the 1960s. Many young people in the 1960s felt they could change the nation for the better. Early in the decade, many young Americans fought for civil rights and the end to racial discrimination in public places and in voting. The Civil Rights movement had major successes in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
By 1964-65, the growing anti-war movement grew on college campuses across the country as the United States increased its military involvement in South Vietnam. Vietnam had been divided in 1954 between a communist North Vietnam and a democratic South Vietnam. The United States supported South Vietnam with economic and military assistance because we did not want South Vietnam to fall to communism. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson began to dramatically increase US military involvement in South Vietnam as hundreds of thousands of American troops were sent to fight the war. The war became deeply unpopular in the United States among young people, and by the late 1960s, other Americans as well who became disillusioned by the lack of progress in the war.
The 1960s saw the rise of many movements to address sexism, homophobia, and the environmental crisis in America. The Second Wave feminist movement challenged the gender norms of the 1950s that women belonged in the home. The modern gay rights movement started during the Stonewall Riots in 1969 against police brutality and discrimination of gay and lesbian people. Finally, we also saw the environmental movement gain national attention as it focused on clean air and water.
QUIZ 10 (Short Essay format- Please use direct quotes/proper citations only from the primary sources listed above).
Describe some of the ways the Civil Rights movement worked to end Jim Crows laws in the 1960s? How did Lyndon Johnson help the cause of Civil Rights? What did he say to students at Howard University in 1965? What was the Great Society? How did the young people who wrote the Port Huron statement in 1962 see the United States? What issues did they care about? How did the United States get involved in Vietnam? What event in 196.
American Portraits Betty FriedanFred Pal.docxdaniahendric
*
American Portraits: Betty Friedan
Fred Palumbo, Betty Friedan, 1960.
Photograph. Library of Congress.
*
HIST 180 Survey of American History
Beuford Smith, Malcolm X, Harlem, 1964.
Photograph. Keith de Lellis Gallery.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
*
Republic in Turmoil: The Sixties
Timeline: The Sixties
The Freedom Movement
Black Power
The Great Society
The New Left and Free Speech
Beuford Smith, Boy and Doll, Lower East Side, NYC, 1966.
Photograph.
*
1. Timeline: Republic in Turmoil: The 1960s
1960 Democrat John F. Kennedy elected president, defeating Richard Nixon.
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails.
Berlin Wall erected.
Cuban missile crisis.
Test Ban Treaty between United States and Soviet Union.
March on Washington for civil rights.
Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
Johnson announces War on Poverty.
Free speech movement at UC Berkeley.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Tonkin Gulf resolution; Johnson sends combat troops to Vietnam in coming year.
Johnson elected president.
Voting Rights Act.
Watts riots.
National Organization for Women (NOW) founded.
Tet Offensive. Martin Luther King Jr. and Sen. Robert Kennedy assassinated.
Richard M. Nixon elected president.
1969 United States puts first man on the moon.
Beuford Smith, Three Girls, Bronx, 1968.
Photograph.
*
2. The Freedom Movement
Dan Budnik, Selma to Montgomery March, 1965, Day 4, Will Henry “Do-Right” Rogers with his hand-mad flag and home-made pole, on the Rogert Gardner Farm Road, Lowndes County, 23 March 1965.
Photograph. Collier Gallery.
*
Attorneys George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrate the Brown decision, May 17, 1954.
Photograph. Washington Post.
*
White protesters harass 15-year old Elizabeth Eckford on the first day of school, Central High, Little Rock, 1957.
*
Rosa Parks, 1954.
Photograph. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Rosa Parks with Martin Luther King, Jr., 1955.
Photograph. Ebony Magazine/National Archives.
Martin Luther King Jr. gives a speech, c. 1963.
*
Martin Luther King Jr. mug shot, Birmingham, 1963.
*
College students “sitting in” at Greensboro lunch counter, 1960.
Julian Bond and the staff of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1963.
*
Freedom Riders with a burning bus at Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961.
Photograph. United Press International.
Bob Adelman, Birmingham Protesters,1963.
Photograph.
*
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. . . Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'”
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963.
Bruce Davidson, Arrest of Birmingham protester, 1963.
Photograph.
*
*
President John F. Kennedy’s televised civil rights address, 1963.
...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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3. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Troubles
O Vienna Summit 1961
O Berlin Wall constructed
O Flexible Response
O Prompted by problems
in Laos
O Conventional military
options
O Vietnam: military
advisors and support for
Diem (for now)
President John F. Kennedy and
Secretary of Defense Robert
McNamara at Hyannis Port, MA in
1961 (Source:
WashingtonPost.com)
4. Trouble in the neighborhood
O Alliance for Progress
O Bay of Pigs failure – April 17, 1961
O October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
O Quarantine for 13 days
O Local History: Low level flights & NAS Jacksonville
O Result: Soviets removed the missiles
O Real dangers now realized since the fall of the
Soviet Union
O Later Result: 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
NIB
6. Lyndon Baines Johnson
O Threat of nukes used in 1964 Election
O VIDEO: http://youtu.be/ExjDzDsgbww
O USMC to Dominican Republic in 1965 to prevent
communist coup
O 1967 Six Day War
O Israel attacked by Egypt & others
O Conquered West Bank, Gaza, Sinai and Golan
Heights
7. Involvement in Vietnam
O August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
O Attack at Pleiku, SV “Operation Rolling
Thunder” (beginning March 1965)
O General William Westmoreland
O New technology: helicopters and weaponry (i.e.
Agent Orange)
O Take over by American forces and the draft
O Definitions: Viet Cong and Viet Minh
8. Reactions at Home
O Draft resistance
O “Teach-ins”
O LBJ orders the CIA to spy on protest organizations
O 1968 Tet Offensive (January)
O Peak of forces in 1968
O Result: Johnson chooses not to seek a second term
O Will discuss more of political and social
ramifications in future segments…
9. Nixon’s Handling of Vietnam
O Plan: “Vietnamization” and “Peace with Honor”
O What is happening with the draft…
O Appealing to the “silent majority”
O Nixon Doctrine
O Problems for Nixon
O 1968 My Lai Massacre published in 1970
O Secret bombing of Cambodia
O Protests at Kent State and Jackson State
O June 1971: Pentagon Papers (Nixon’s reaction: wire
tapping)
10. Conclusion to Vietnam?
O 1972 Election: Announce that end is near
O War Powers Act (1973): President must
notify within 48 hours
O Draft ends 1973
O Official Cease-Fire in Vietnam 1973
O North Vietnam
breaks deal 1975
O Fall of Saigon
Source: thinkquest.org
11. Vietnam Pictures
Johnson in Vietnam (1967)
Source: National Archives and Records Administration (via
about.com)
15. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
O Image of Camelot and Youth
(Inaugural)
O Young Cabinet
O Idealism:
O Peace Corps
O “Go to the Moon”
O New Frontier Programs – no
real legislative success
O Tax cut
O Will discuss Civil Rights later
Source: Wikimedia
17. Lyndon Baines Johnson
O 1st priority: Civil Rights
(will discuss)
O “Johnson Treatment”
O Election of 1964
(already discussed)
O Great Society
O Michael Harrington,
The Other America
(1962) President Johnson taking the
Oath of Office on board Air Force
One
(National Archives and Records
Administration)
18. Johnson’s Great Society
Chart of Great Society
Programs (link)
From Ms. S. Pojer
http://www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/Charts/c
hart-1960sSociety_Culture.pdf
Education Health Poverty
Culture Environment Civil Rights
Immigration
Discussion:
Role of the
Federal
Government?
Entitlement
Programs?
19.
20. Election of 1968
Republican
Richard M.
Nixon
“Law and Order”
“Silent Majority”
Democrat
Robert F.
Kennedy
Assassinated
June 5, 1968
Eugene
McCarthy
Anti-Vietnam
Success in
primaries caused
LBJ not to run again
Hubert
Humphrey
Johnson’s VP
Received
nomination in
Chicago amid
protests
American
Independent Party
George
Wallace
Segregationist
Governor of
Alabama
21.
22. Early 1960s and Kennedy
O Kennedy delayed action – why?
O 1960 – Freedom Rides
O Work with MLK / suspicion and the FBI?
O Oct. 1962 – James Meredith @ Ole Miss
O 1963 SNCC Voter Education Project
O Spring 1963 – MLK to Birmingham
O Violence and famous Letter from a
Birmingham Jail
O June 11, 1963: JFK’s “moral issue” speech
23. “I have a dream”
O March on Washington – August 1963
O The pinnacle speech of the era:
http://youtu.be/V57lotnKGF8
O Violence continued in 1963
O Medgar Evars
O Sept: 16th St. Baptist Church
24. Johnson & Civil Rights reform
O Goal # 1: Civil Rights Act of 1964
O Bans discrimination in private facilities
open to the public
O Created E.E.O.C.
O Title VII – gender equality?
O “Affirmative Action” for federal jobs
(Executive Order, not law)
O Voting Rights Act of 1965
O 24th Amendment: end to poll taxes
25. Continued Problems
O Freedom Summer, 1964
O March from Selma to Montgomery
O LBJ: “We Shall Overcome”; signed Voting Rights Act
26. Movement Divides after 1965
Violence Non-Violent
Watts Riot, L.A. 1965
What about the cities?
Was MLK too passive?
Malcolm X
Nation of Islam
Black Panther Party
(1967)
Stokely Carmichael
becomes head of SNCC
– advocates “Black
Power”
MLK continued non-
violent protest in the
South
Began some campaigns
in the North
Distances from LBJ on
Vietnam issue (draft)
Memphis – April 4, 1968
– Martin Luther King is
assassinated
Violence and end of
the Civil Rights
Movement
27. Was the dream fulfilled?
O Later efforts:
O Nixon’s Philadelphia Plan
(1971)
O Some reaction against
affirmative action
O Did help spur other
movements…
O Women’s Rights /
Feminist movement
O Social movements
O Cesar Chavez and
migrant workers in SW
Martin Luther King’s Last
Speech
Prophetic? Did he know?
28.
29. Overview
O Consumerism of the 50s continues into the 60s
O Fashion changes as society changes
O How to balance the budget and pay for defense
spending?
O Eisenhower’s Problem in his second term
O Problem grows in the 1960s
O Poverty growing
O Vietnam and the Great Society – large drain on
federal budget (deficit grows)
30.
31. Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
O Gradual at first…
O Image of JFK / youthfulness
O Beatles
O THEN…
For more information:
32. Tumultuous Social Change
O Causes:
O Vietnam and Civil Rights
O Baby boomers? (Broach’s theory)
O Growing skepticism about authority
O Other signs:
O Church attendance drops noticeably
O Reform movements everywhere (even the
Catholic Church – Vatican II)
33. Social Change
O Free Speech Movement at UC-Berkeley
O Drugs – Acid, LSD, and others
O Sexual Revolution: “Free Love” and “Gay
Pride”
O SDS: Students for a Democratic Society
O Weathermen (Bill Ayers!)
O Radical split in the Civil Rights movement
O REACTIONS:
O “Silent Majority”
O Conflict of cultures