Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable replication of cells which can lead to tumor formation. Breast cancer forms in the breast tissues and spreads mainly through the lymphatic system. The normal document provides detailed information about breast anatomy, the lymphatic system, types of breast lumps and cancers, signs and symptoms of breast cancer, risk factors, diagnostic tests, staging of breast cancer, and treatment options which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drug therapy, and biological therapy.
breast cancer is the malignent condition of breast and it is the 2nd most common cancer in females with needs to be special attention as it its a very private things for female for early detection and its treatment, and provide a brief knowledge regarding breast cancer to all the nursing students and for their application in their c
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
PLEASE LIKE AND COMMENT FOR ANY CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM. This power point presentation was made to raise awareness about breast cancer. Slides include definition of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic exam, stages of breast cancer and treatment.
Breast cancer is known as the cancer that grow up in the cells of breasts. Breast cancer is the most typical cancer detected in the women. We are celebrating October month as the breast cancer awareness month. It helps the women to get more information about the breast cancer. DDRC SRL diagnostics center in Kerala provides free mammography campaigns for the women in Kerala in this breast cancer awareness month.
breast cancer is the malignent condition of breast and it is the 2nd most common cancer in females with needs to be special attention as it its a very private things for female for early detection and its treatment, and provide a brief knowledge regarding breast cancer to all the nursing students and for their application in their c
Check a showcase of our Breast Cancer PowerPoint Presentation. Download Breast Cancer PowerPoint presentation now for great and creative presentation ideas on Breast Cancer Prevention & Control. This is our general marketing powerpoint presentation on breast cancer prevention & control. We invite you to download TheTemplateWizard's Breast Cancer PPT presentation for great ideas on healthcare presentations. We have created Breast Cancer sample powerpoint presentations that demonstrates how to use visuals and illustrations in your PowerPoint presentations.
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
PLEASE LIKE AND COMMENT FOR ANY CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM. This power point presentation was made to raise awareness about breast cancer. Slides include definition of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, diagnostic exam, stages of breast cancer and treatment.
Breast cancer is known as the cancer that grow up in the cells of breasts. Breast cancer is the most typical cancer detected in the women. We are celebrating October month as the breast cancer awareness month. It helps the women to get more information about the breast cancer. DDRC SRL diagnostics center in Kerala provides free mammography campaigns for the women in Kerala in this breast cancer awareness month.
Why go for Early Breast Cancer Screening?Anita Arora
In cases of breast cancer there are numerous inevitable factors that lead to its onset like aging, genetic disorders and gender. Being a female is a big risk factor as the presence of estrogen and progesterone can result in breast cancer cells growth. In such cases early detection and breast cancer screening goes a long way in ensuring that the patient can undergo a successful treatment.
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
Why go for Early Breast Cancer Screening?Anita Arora
In cases of breast cancer there are numerous inevitable factors that lead to its onset like aging, genetic disorders and gender. Being a female is a big risk factor as the presence of estrogen and progesterone can result in breast cancer cells growth. In such cases early detection and breast cancer screening goes a long way in ensuring that the patient can undergo a successful treatment.
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
Here in these slides we have explain about the Breast cancer Screening with the help of which one can get the x-ray image to identify the breast cancer and it is a mammogram which is used when one have no symptoms.
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
Breast Reconstruction at Perimeter Plastic SurgeryDr. Mark Deutsch
After breast cancer survivors have endured a mastectomy, many choose to pursue breast reconstruction surgery to help enhance their natural beauty. Dr. Deutsch at Perimeter Plastic Surgery is one of the most accomplished breast reconstruction surgeons in the Southeast. In this presentation, Perimeter Plastic Surgery explains what Breast Reconstruction is and the different options patients have for their procedure.
http://cancer-treatment-madurai.com Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast. Dr.S.G.Balamurugan is one of the best cancer doctor in India, offers low cost breast cancer diagnosis, breast cancer treatments and breast cancer care at Guru Cancer Hospital, Madurai.
Surgical Anatomy of Breast and Approach to Breast Carcinoma. Basic idea on the significance of important surgical anatomy landmarks/ fact of the breast. Ideas/approach to identify red flags of breast carcinoma. Compare breast carcinoma and aberrant benign causes.
cancer of breast , this slide cointains detailed information about the breast cancer that is definition, causes and risk factor, sign and symptoms, management of patient with cancer , giving psychological support .treatment
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the breast. It can start in one or both breasts. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. It is important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer.
Breast Cancer Congress 2018 | New York | USA | 25-26 May | about Breast cance...Paul Hederson
I Thank you for the Opportunity to share my Knowledge on Breast cancer and Therapy here.
Click here to register for the conference : https://breastcancer.conferenceseries.com/america/registration.php
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Lemessa Jira Bearst cancer slide shareLemessa jira
Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
6. 1. Chest wall.
2. Pectoral muscles.
3. Lobules (glands that
make milk).
4. Nipple surface.
5. Areola.
6. Lactiferous duct tube
that carries milk to the
nipple
7. Fatty tissue.
8. Skin.
THE NORMAL BREAST
7. Lymphatic System which consists of vessels and
organs plays two vital roles in our lives:
1) The vessels essentially maintain interstitial
fluid levels by carrying excess fluids as well as
any plasma proteins, back into the CVS.
2) The organs, house critical immune cells such as
lymphocytes which carry out our body defense
against infection.
8. Most of the lymph vessels of the breast
drain into:
Lymph nodes under the arm (auxiliary nodes).
Lymph nodes around the collar bone
(supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph
nodes)
Lymph nodes inside the chest near the breast
bone (internal mammary lymph nodes)
11. Not cancerous.
Benign breast tumors are abnormal growths,
but they do not spread outside of the breast
and they are not life threatening.
12. Most lumps are caused by the combination of
cysts and fibrosis
Cysts are fluid-filled sacs.
Fibrosis is the formation of scar - like tissue.
These changes can cause breast swelling and
pain.
13.
14. Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous)
tumor that starts in the cells of the breast.
It is found mostly in women, but men
can gets breast cancer, too.
15. Invasive
Cancerous
Malignant
Spreads to other
organs (metastasis)
Non - Invasive
Pre – Cancerous
Still in its original
position
Eventually develops
into invasive breast
cancer.
16. The inner lining of
milk ducts.
Ductal Carcinoma
The lobules – Milk
producing glands.
Lobular Carcinoma
18. Uncommon (1% to 3% of all breast cancers)
Invasive Brest Cancer.
No lump or tumor.
Mistaken for infection in its early stages.
19. IBC makes the skin of the breast look red and
feel warm.
It also may make the skin look thick and pitted
and may have an orange peel feel.
The breast may get bigger, hard, tender, or
itchy
20. Non – invasive
contained within the milk ducts .
May become invasive (pre – cancer).
22. Most common breast cancer.
Accounts for about 8 out of 10 invasive breast
cancers.
Lining of the ducts Grows /invades
the breast tissues
Spreads to lymph nodes
Other organs
23. Non – Invasive.
Contained in the lobules and does not spread
to the tissues of the breast.
May become malignant .
25. About 1 in 10 Invasive breast cancers are ILC.
Formed in the lobules.
Grows through the wall of the lobules.
Spreads
26.
27.
28. Gender
Age
Genetic risk factors
Family history
Personal history of breast cancer
29. Race/ethnic background
Dense breasts tissue
Certain benign (not cancer) breast problems
Menstrual periods
Breast radiation early in life
30. Gender: more prevalent in women.
One (1) in every 150 cases (MALE).
Age: The chance of getting breast cancer goes up
as a woman gets older.
Over 80% of all female breast cancers occur
among women aged 50+ years
31. Genetic risk factor:
Women who carry the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
have a considerably higher risk of developing
breast cancer.
32. Family history:
Breast cancer risk is higher among women
whose close blood relatives have this disease.
Personal history of breast cancer:
A woman with cancer in one breast has a greater
chance of getting a new cancer in the other breast
or in another part of the same
33. Race/Ethnic background:
Overall, white women are slightly more likely
to get breast cancer than African-American
women.
African-American women, though, are more
likely to die of breast cancer.
Asian, Hispanic, and Native-American women
have a lower risk of getting and dying from
breast cancer.
34. Dense breast tissue: Dense breast tissue means
there is more gland tissue and less fatty tissue.
Certain benign (not cancer) breast problems:
Women who have certain benign breast
changes may have an increased risk of breast
cancer.
35. Tobacco smoke: Smoking may increase the risk
of breast cancer.
Night work: A few studies have suggested that
women who work at night have a higher risk of
breast cancer.
40. A lump in a breast.
A pain in the armpits or breast that does not
seem to be related to the woman's menstrual
period.
Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast; like
the skin of an orange.
A rash around (or on) one of the nipples.
41. A swelling (lump) in one of the armpits.
An area of thickened tissue in a breast.
One of the nipples has a discharge; sometimes it
may contain blood
42. The nipple changes in appearance; it may
become sunken or inverted.
The size or the shape of the breast changes.
The nipple-skin or breast-skin may have
started to peel, scale or flake.
43.
44.
45. Diagnostic tests and procedures for
breast cancer include:
Breast exam
Mammograms
Breast ultrasound Imaging tests
Breast MRI scan
Biopsy
47. Women in their 20s and 30s should have a
clinical breast exam every 3 years.
After age 40, women should have a breast
exam every year
48. BSE is an option for women starting in their
20s.
Any changes detected should be reported to a
medical expert.
BSE: Conducted standing or reclining
49.
50. An x-ray of the breast.
It uses a very small amount of radiation.
Mammograms
screening diagnosis
screening mammograms diagnostic mammogram
51. A technologist will position your breast for the
test.
The breast is pressed between 2 plates to flatten
and spread the tissue.
The pressure lasts only a few seconds while the
picture is taken.
The breast and plates are repositioned and then
another picture is taken.
The whole process takes about 20 minutes.
52.
53. Uses sound waves to outline a part of the body.
The sound wave echoes are picked up by a
computer to create a picture on a computer
screen.
Used to investigate areas of concerns found by
a mammogram.
54. Use magnets and radio waves.
Cross-sectional images of the body.
MRI scans can take a long time.
Used if view areas of concern found on a
mammogram.
55. Patients must lie inside a narrow tube, face
down on a special platform.
The platform has openings for each breast that
allow the image to be taken without pressing
on the breast.
Contrast material may be injected into a vein to
help the MRI show more details.
56.
57.
58. A biopsy is done when other tests show that
you might have breast cancer.
It confirms if a mass is cancerous or not.
Mass is removed and studied.
60. Very fine needle is used.
Extracts fluid from the lump.
Guided by ultrasound.
simple but is not 100% accurate.
61. Needle is larger than in fine needle biopsy.
Removes more tissues.
Clearer results.
62. Done with systems such as ATEC® (Automated
Tissue Excision and Collection)
Guided by MRI
First the skin is numbed and a small cut (incision)
is made.
A hollow probe is put through the cut into the
breast tissue.
A piece of tissue is sucked out.
63.
64. Anesthesia is administered.
Incision is made.
Part or whole lump is extracted and studies.
65. Removal of
lymph nodes
Surgical biopsy
Removal of
fluids
Needle biopsy
66. Tissues obtained during biopsy are
examined to determine:
Malignant or Benign
Type
Invasive or Non - invasive
Size
Has it metastasized
Is the lymph nodes affected
Treatment
67. Breast cancer grade
Hormone receptor status
HER2/neu status
68. Breast cancer grade:
If a biopsy sample is cancer, it is given a grade
from 1 to 3.
A lower grade number means a slower-growing
cancer, while a higher number means a faster-
growing cancer.
The grade helps predict the outcome.
69. Hormone receptor status:
Hormone receptors are proteins in cells that can
attach to hormones.
Estrogen and progesterone are hormones that fuel
breast cancer growth.
Breast cancers are tested for hormone receptors.
If the tumor has them, it is often called ER-
positive, PR positive,
About 2 out of 3 breast cancers have at least one
of these receptors.
70. HER2/neu status:
About 1 out of 5 breast cancers have too much of
a protein called HER2/neu.
Tumors with increased levels of HER2/neu are
called HER2-positive.
These cancers tend to grow and spread faster
than other breast cancers
71. Chest x-ray: the lungs.
Bone scan: the bones.
CT scan (computed tomography): the chest
and/or abdomen.
MRI : brain and spinal cord.
Ultrasound: other parts
72. The TNM staging system
This system takes into account:
the tumor size and spread (T),
whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes
(N) and
whether it has spread to distant organs (M) for
metastasis
73. Sage 0 : Non – Invasive breast cancer. Has not spread
to breast tissues.
Stage l : ≤ 2cm and has not spread to lymph nodes.
Stage ll
Stage llA: ≤ 2 cm and has spread to lymph nodes or
2-5 cm and has spread to lymph nodes.
Stage llB: 2-5 cm and has spread to lymph nodes or
> 5 cm and has not spread to lymph nodes.
74. Stage lll
Stage lllA: ≤ 5cm and spread to lymph nodes
forming clumps or >5 cm and spread to lymph
nodes without forming clumps.
Stage lllB: Any size and spread to the skin or
chest wall. Swelling.
Stage lllC: Any size , spread to lymph nodes, skin
and chest wall.
Stage lV: Metastasized
75.
76. The type of breast cancer
The stage and grade of the breast cancer - how large
the tumor is, whether or not it has spread, and if so
how far
Whether or not the cancer cells are sensitive to
hormones
The patient's overall health
The age of the patient
The patient's own preferences
77. Surgery
Radiation therapy
Biological therapy (targeted drug therapy)
Hormone therapy
Chemotherapy
78. Surgery for breast cancer:
Lumpectomy
Mastectomy
Lymph node surgery:
Sentinel node biopsy
Axillary lymph node dissection
Breast reconstruction surgery
79. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or
partial/segmented mastectomy.
Surgically removing the tumor and a small
margin of healthy tissue around it.
Followed by radiation therapy
80. Surgically removing the breast and other
infected components.
Mastectomy
A simple
mastectomy.
A Radical
mastectomy.
Modified radical
mastectomy.
81. Simple mastectomy : removing the lobules,
ducts, fatty tissue, nipple, areola, and some skin.
Modified radical mastectomy: simple
mastectomy combined with the removal of the
axillary lymph nodes.
Radical mastectomy: a simple mastectomy
combined with removing the lymph nodes and
muscles of the chest wall.
82. Pain after the surgery and the change in the
shape of the breast.
Wound infection, build-up of blood and build-
up of clear fluid in the wound.
If axillary lymph nodes are removed swelling
of the arm and chest may occur
(Lymphedema).
83. Axillary lymph node dissection: about 10 to 40
lymph nodes are removed.
Usually done at the same time as the mastectomy or
breast-conserving surgery.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy: is used to determine if
cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm
without removing many of them.
A blue dye/radioactive substance is injected in order
to identify the sentinel lymph nodes which drains
lymph from the tumor.
They are then removed.
84. Pain, swelling, bleeding, and infection
Swelling in the arm or chest (Lymphedema).
Lymphedema is mostly due to axillary lymph
node biopsy.
85. Surgical procedures aimed at recreating a
breast so that it looks as much as possible like
the other breast.
The surgeon may use a breast implant, or tissue
from another part of the patient's body.
86. Adjuvant therapy:
After surgery
Combat metastasis.
Chemotherapy and hormone therapy.
Neo-adjuvant therapy:
Before surgery
Reduce tumors
Radiation therapy
87. Radiation therapy is treatment with high-
energy rays (such as x-rays) or particles to kill
cancer cells.
The patient may require three to five sessions
per week for three to six weeks.
The type of breast cancer will determine the
type of radiation therapy used.
88. Breast radiation therapy – applied after a
lumpectomy,.
Chest wall radiation therapy – applied after a
mastectomy
Lymph nodes radiation therapy - aimed at the
axilla and surrounding area to destroy cancer
cells that have reached the lymph nodes
89. Swelling and heaviness in the breast.
Sunburn-like changes in the skin and feeling
very tired.
Weakness .
Damage some of the nerves to the arm. This can
lead to numbness, pain, and weakness in the
shoulder, arm and hand.
Radiation to lymph nodes causes (Lymphedema).
90. Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of cancer-
killing drugs.
Intravenously, given as a shot, or taken as a pill
or liquid.
They enter the bloodstream and reach most parts
of the body.
92. Doctors give chemo in cycles.
The time between cycles is most often 2 or 3
weeks.
For early-stage breast cancer, the total course of
treatment usually lasts for 3 to 6 months.
For advanced breast cancer chemo is often
continued as long as it is working.
93. The side effects of chemo depend on:
the type of drugs used
the amount given
and the length of treatment.
94. Short – term side effects
· Hair loss
· Loss of appetite or increased appetite
· Nausea and vomiting
· A higher risk of infection (low WBC count)
· Stopping of menstrual periods
· Easy bruising or bleeding (low platelets)
· Being very tired
95. Long - term side effects
Menstrual changes: infertility
Nerve damage: pain, burning or tingling and
sensitivity to cold or hot.
Heart damage
96. Used for breast cancers that are sensitive to
hormones.
These types of cancer are often referred to as ER
positive (estrogen receptor positive) and PR
positive (progesterone receptor positive)
cancers.
Estrogen and progesterone promotes cancer
growth.
97. Tomoxifen :it blocks the actions of estrogen , a
female hormone. Taking tamoxifen may
increase your risk of uterine cancer, stroke, or a
blood clot in the lung, which can be fatal.
Toremifene (Fareston®):it is used in
postmenopausal women to treat breast
cancer that has spread to other parts of the
body (metastatic breast cancer). It is usually
used to treat cancer that needs estrogen, a
female hormone, in order to grow (estrogen
receptor positive). Toremifene is a nonsteroidal
antiestrogen that blocks the effects of estrogens
in the breast tissue, thereby slowing or
stopping the growth of cancer.
98. Side effects of Toremifene : Azole
antifungals ( itraconazole, ketoconazole,
voriconazole), mitomycin C, nefazodone, protease
inhibitors ( boceprevir , ritonavir ), or
telithromycin because they may increase the risk of
toremifene's side effects
Carbamazepine, dexamethasone, hydantoins (eg,
phenytoin), phenobarbital, rifamycins (eg,
rifabutin, rifampin), or St. John's wort because the
effectiveness of toremifene may be decreased
Anticoagulants ( warfarin) or hydantoins because
actions and side effects of these medicines may be
increased.
99. Fulvestrant : it is an estrogen receptor
antagonist. It works by blocking estrogen from
tumors that need estrogen to grow.
Side effects : Back, bone, joint, muscle, or pelvic pain;
constipation; cough; dizziness; headache; hot flushes;
loss of appetite; mild pain at the injection site; mild sore
throat; mild stomach pain; mild pain in the hands or
feet; nausea; tiredness; vomiting; weakness.
100. Drugs used to change hormone levels:
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs): stop fat tissue from
making estrogen after menopause
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
(LHRH) analogs: shuts down the ovaries.
101. Drugs that target HER2
HER2: protein that increase cancer growth.
· Trastuzumab (Herceptin): IV
· Pertuzumab (Perjeta®): IV
· Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla™)
· Lapatinib (Tykerb): pill