This document provides information about various benign breast conditions including cysts, fibroadenomas, hyperplasia, intraductal papillomas, sclerosing adenosis, radial scars, galactocele, lipoma, LCIS, and phyllodes tumor. It defines each condition, describes symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Case studies are presented to demonstrate clinical presentations and diagnostic workups for each condition. The goal is to educate about non-cancerous breast disorders and their management.
This document discusses ovarian tumors, including normal ovarian anatomy and dimensions. It describes non-neoplastic lesions like functional cysts and endometriomas. It also covers neoplastic lesions including epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors. Specific tumor types are defined along with their clinical features, investigation, and treatment. Complications of ovarian tumors are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types of ovarian cysts and tumors. It begins by distinguishing between functional/hemorrhagic cysts and real ovarian tumors. For reproductive aged women, most ovarian cysts are physiological or functional cysts. Ultrasound can often distinguish these from other cysts or tumors based on appearance. Real ovarian tumors are further broken down into epithelial, germ cell, sex cord-stromal tumors and metastases. Specific tumor types like teratomas, granulosa cell tumors and others are then described in terms of prevalence, appearance on imaging and other characteristics.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and various benign breast conditions including fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, sclerosing adenosis, phyllodes tumors, mastalgia, and galactocele. Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in women under 30 and presents as a firm, movable mass that can increase in size over months. Fibrocystic disease is common and characterized by cyclical breast pain and nodularity related to the menstrual cycle. Sclerosing adenosis has a proliferation of ductules and stroma that can mimic carcinoma on imaging. Phyllodes tumors are mixed connective and epithelial tumors that can rapidly increase in size. Benign conditions are
1. Cystic lesions are commonly seen in breast imaging and range from simple cysts to more complex cysts with solid components.
2. Simple cysts appear anechoic with thin walls and posterior enhancement, while complicated cysts have internal echoes and complex cysts have thick walls or solid components.
3. Differential diagnoses for cystic masses include galactoceles, hematomas, fat necrosis, abscesses, papillomas, and necrotic tumors. Careful evaluation of imaging features is needed to distinguish these entities.
This document discusses benign breast disorders and their management. It begins by classifying benign breast disorders according to age group and type, such as fibroadenomas which commonly occur in younger women. Specific disorders are then discussed in more detail such as their presentation, risk of malignancy, investigations and treatment options. These include fibroadenomas, cysts, epithelial hyperplasia, papillomas and fat necrosis. Surgical and non-surgical management strategies are provided depending on the disorder.
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
This document provides an overview of evaluating and managing a breast lump. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and describes the triple assessment approach including clinical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Common benign and malignant breast conditions are outlined. Fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy techniques are also summarized. The document reviews breast cancer staging and provides examples of evaluating specific breast lumps.
This document discusses ovarian tumors, including normal ovarian anatomy and dimensions. It describes non-neoplastic lesions like functional cysts and endometriomas. It also covers neoplastic lesions including epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and sex cord-stromal tumors. Specific tumor types are defined along with their clinical features, investigation, and treatment. Complications of ovarian tumors are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types of ovarian cysts and tumors. It begins by distinguishing between functional/hemorrhagic cysts and real ovarian tumors. For reproductive aged women, most ovarian cysts are physiological or functional cysts. Ultrasound can often distinguish these from other cysts or tumors based on appearance. Real ovarian tumors are further broken down into epithelial, germ cell, sex cord-stromal tumors and metastases. Specific tumor types like teratomas, granulosa cell tumors and others are then described in terms of prevalence, appearance on imaging and other characteristics.
This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and various benign breast conditions including fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, sclerosing adenosis, phyllodes tumors, mastalgia, and galactocele. Fibroadenoma is the most common breast tumor in women under 30 and presents as a firm, movable mass that can increase in size over months. Fibrocystic disease is common and characterized by cyclical breast pain and nodularity related to the menstrual cycle. Sclerosing adenosis has a proliferation of ductules and stroma that can mimic carcinoma on imaging. Phyllodes tumors are mixed connective and epithelial tumors that can rapidly increase in size. Benign conditions are
1. Cystic lesions are commonly seen in breast imaging and range from simple cysts to more complex cysts with solid components.
2. Simple cysts appear anechoic with thin walls and posterior enhancement, while complicated cysts have internal echoes and complex cysts have thick walls or solid components.
3. Differential diagnoses for cystic masses include galactoceles, hematomas, fat necrosis, abscesses, papillomas, and necrotic tumors. Careful evaluation of imaging features is needed to distinguish these entities.
This document discusses benign breast disorders and their management. It begins by classifying benign breast disorders according to age group and type, such as fibroadenomas which commonly occur in younger women. Specific disorders are then discussed in more detail such as their presentation, risk of malignancy, investigations and treatment options. These include fibroadenomas, cysts, epithelial hyperplasia, papillomas and fat necrosis. Surgical and non-surgical management strategies are provided depending on the disorder.
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
This document provides an overview of evaluating and managing a breast lump. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and describes the triple assessment approach including clinical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Common benign and malignant breast conditions are outlined. Fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy techniques are also summarized. The document reviews breast cancer staging and provides examples of evaluating specific breast lumps.
Carcinoma Endometrium DR H.K.Cheema Professor-OBG,PIMS JalandharDr H.K. Cheema
Carcinoma of the endometrium is one of the most common gynecological cancers, especially in postmenopausal women. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, late menopause, and use of unopposed estrogen. Symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or curettage. Treatment primarily involves surgery including hysterectomy, with radiation added for more advanced stages or high-risk features. Prognosis is generally good, especially for early-stage disease that is confined to the uterus.
The document provides information about various breast imaging techniques and biopsy procedures. It discusses the appearance of masses and lesions on mammography including characteristics like shape, margin, density, and enhancement patterns. It also describes different types of calcifications and their typical benign or suspicious morphologies. Additionally, the document outlines procedures for fine needle biopsy, core needle biopsy, and vacuum-assisted biopsy. Key details about each technique are given, such as how samples are obtained and analyzed to determine if a growth is benign or malignant.
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma, including its development, anatomy, risk factors, subtypes, and diagnosis. It begins with the development of the breast from fetal stages through adulthood. It describes the anatomy of the breast including blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and subareolar plexus. Risk factors associated with breast carcinoma include age, family history, personal history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. The document discusses the molecular subtypes of breast cancer and genes associated with inherited forms. It provides details on non-invasive and invasive breast carcinomas and concludes with an overview of the clinical examination and workup for diagnosing breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 100% for stage I to 18% for stage IV metastatic cancer.
This document provides an overview of approaching a patient presenting with a breast lump. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the breast, epidemiology of breast lumps, pathophysiology of common breast conditions, differential diagnoses, clinical assessment including history and physical exam, imaging techniques like mammography and ultrasound, histological analysis via biopsy, baseline investigations, cancer staging, and treatment options. The goal is to thoroughly evaluate any breast lump to identify serious conditions like cancer and ensure appropriate management.
The document summarizes revisions to the FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer in 2023. Key changes include distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive histological subtypes and assessing lymphovascular space invasion. The revised system incorporates prognostic molecular markers like POLE mutations and p53 abnormalities. Stage I is now restricted to non-invasive tumors. Stage IA3 includes some ovarian involvement by low-grade endometrial cancer. The revisions aim to better stratify patients by risk to guide treatment decisions.
This document provides information on the management of soft tissue sarcoma. It discusses the clinical presentation, patterns of spread, imaging, histology, grading, staging, prognostic factors and management of soft tissue sarcomas. The key points are:
1) Soft tissue sarcomas most commonly present as painless swellings in the extremities and can invade locally along fascial planes. Imaging like MRI is important for assessing tumor extent.
2) Histologically, the most common subtypes are undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and liposarcoma. Grading systems consider tumor differentiation, mitosis and necrosis.
3) Staging is based on tumor size, depth, nodal status and metastasis
This document summarizes a clinical seminar on the management of breast cancer. It provides statistics on breast cancer incidence and risk factors such as genetic predisposition, hormone exposure, radiation exposure, and age. It discusses screening guidelines, staging workup, pathological assessment of biopsies, intrinsic subtypes, and treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, and management of ductal carcinoma in situ. Treatment is tailored based on tumor subtype, size, lymph node involvement, and menopausal status, with the goal of reducing the risk of recurrence after primary treatment.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, with nearly 97,000 new cases detected each year resulting in over 60,000 deaths annually. Screening through regular Pap smears can prevent cervical cancer by detecting pre-cancerous lesions early through identification of abnormal or dysplastic cells. Risk factors for cervical cancer include age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, HPV infection, smoking, and poor socioeconomic status.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of malignant breast diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various types of breast cancers and their radiological appearances. It begins by describing breast cancer in general, noting that it usually occurs in women and can begin in the ducts or lobules. It then summarizes the main types of breast cancers like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast carcinoma, and rare types like mucinous carcinoma and phyllodes tumor. For each type, it provides details on their clinical and radiological features like mammography and MRI appearances to aid in diagnosis.
(I) The document discusses various types of ovarian tumours including functional cysts, inflammatory cysts, and benign and malignant neoplastic tumours.
(II) Functional cysts include follicular cysts, corpus luteal cysts, and theca lutein cysts which are usually asymptomatic and resolve on their own. Inflammatory cysts include tubo-ovarian abscesses.
(III) Benign neoplastic tumours discussed are serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, dermoid cyst, fibroma, thecoma, and Brenner's tumour. Malignant transformations are possible in some tumour types.
This document outlines the 2023 FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer. It discusses the different histological subtypes and their prognostic implications. The staging system is stratified by tumor extent, including involvement of the myometrium, cervix, ovaries, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. Molecular classification is also recommended to further stratify prognosis within stages. The 2023 system aims to better incorporate histology, lymphovascular space invasion, and molecular features to predict patient outcomes.
1) The document discusses the normal anatomy of the breast including ducts, lobules, and changes that occur during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.
2) It also covers developmental abnormalities, inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant tumors of the breast including fibroadenomas, cystosarcoma phyllodes, ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and Paget's disease of the nipple.
3) The pathology of the male breast is also summarized, mainly being gynecomastia which is a benign increase in breast tissue, and carcinoma which is rare but can occur.
A case of an ovarian tumour pre-operatively thought to be malignant, which was per-operatively diagnosed as benign and later confirmed as a mucinous cystadenoma.
Ob-Gyn Department, BIRDEM-2 General Hospital, Shegunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The document discusses the approach to evaluating ovarian masses through imaging. It describes how ovarian masses can be categorized and that epithelial tumors are the most common type of malignant ovarian tumor. The evaluation involves considering patient factors like age and mass characteristics on ultrasound like size, wall thickness, and presence of septations or solid areas. Scoring systems can help characterize masses as benign or malignant, though some remain indeterminate. MRI may help in these cases by identifying tissue types and infiltrative features suggestive of malignancy. The goal is to determine if the mass is ovarian in origin and the degree of suspicion for malignancy to guide clinical management.
This document provides guidance on approaching adnexal masses in patients. It discusses evaluating the patient's history and risk factors, performing a physical exam, ordering relevant blood tests such as CA-125, and using transvaginal ultrasound as the primary imaging technique. The risk of malignancy index (RMI) combines various factors to estimate cancer risk. While CT and MRI are not usually needed initially, they may be useful for complex cases. Referral is advised when cancer risk is elevated or for premenarchal patients. Close evaluation is important as ovarian cancer risk ranges from 13-21% for adnexal masses.
This document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of breast lumps and nipple discharge. It begins by outlining the objectives, anatomy, history, and physical exam findings relevant to evaluating a patient with a breast lump or nipple discharge. It then reviews the differential diagnosis for breast lumps and types of nipple discharge. Investigations like mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy are discussed. Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic disease and fibroadenomas are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of breast cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis.
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include gender, age, genetics, family history, lifestyle factors like obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Diagnosis involves breast exams, mammograms, biopsies and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, medication, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses play a key role in educating patients, managing symptoms, and supporting adjustment throughout the cancer journey.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
Carcinoma Endometrium DR H.K.Cheema Professor-OBG,PIMS JalandharDr H.K. Cheema
Carcinoma of the endometrium is one of the most common gynecological cancers, especially in postmenopausal women. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, late menopause, and use of unopposed estrogen. Symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or curettage. Treatment primarily involves surgery including hysterectomy, with radiation added for more advanced stages or high-risk features. Prognosis is generally good, especially for early-stage disease that is confined to the uterus.
The document provides information about various breast imaging techniques and biopsy procedures. It discusses the appearance of masses and lesions on mammography including characteristics like shape, margin, density, and enhancement patterns. It also describes different types of calcifications and their typical benign or suspicious morphologies. Additionally, the document outlines procedures for fine needle biopsy, core needle biopsy, and vacuum-assisted biopsy. Key details about each technique are given, such as how samples are obtained and analyzed to determine if a growth is benign or malignant.
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma, including its development, anatomy, risk factors, subtypes, and diagnosis. It begins with the development of the breast from fetal stages through adulthood. It describes the anatomy of the breast including blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and subareolar plexus. Risk factors associated with breast carcinoma include age, family history, personal history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. The document discusses the molecular subtypes of breast cancer and genes associated with inherited forms. It provides details on non-invasive and invasive breast carcinomas and concludes with an overview of the clinical examination and workup for diagnosing breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment depends on cancer stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on cancer stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 100% for stage I to 18% for stage IV metastatic cancer.
This document provides an overview of approaching a patient presenting with a breast lump. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the breast, epidemiology of breast lumps, pathophysiology of common breast conditions, differential diagnoses, clinical assessment including history and physical exam, imaging techniques like mammography and ultrasound, histological analysis via biopsy, baseline investigations, cancer staging, and treatment options. The goal is to thoroughly evaluate any breast lump to identify serious conditions like cancer and ensure appropriate management.
The document summarizes revisions to the FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer in 2023. Key changes include distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive histological subtypes and assessing lymphovascular space invasion. The revised system incorporates prognostic molecular markers like POLE mutations and p53 abnormalities. Stage I is now restricted to non-invasive tumors. Stage IA3 includes some ovarian involvement by low-grade endometrial cancer. The revisions aim to better stratify patients by risk to guide treatment decisions.
This document provides information on the management of soft tissue sarcoma. It discusses the clinical presentation, patterns of spread, imaging, histology, grading, staging, prognostic factors and management of soft tissue sarcomas. The key points are:
1) Soft tissue sarcomas most commonly present as painless swellings in the extremities and can invade locally along fascial planes. Imaging like MRI is important for assessing tumor extent.
2) Histologically, the most common subtypes are undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and liposarcoma. Grading systems consider tumor differentiation, mitosis and necrosis.
3) Staging is based on tumor size, depth, nodal status and metastasis
This document summarizes a clinical seminar on the management of breast cancer. It provides statistics on breast cancer incidence and risk factors such as genetic predisposition, hormone exposure, radiation exposure, and age. It discusses screening guidelines, staging workup, pathological assessment of biopsies, intrinsic subtypes, and treatment options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, and management of ductal carcinoma in situ. Treatment is tailored based on tumor subtype, size, lymph node involvement, and menopausal status, with the goal of reducing the risk of recurrence after primary treatment.
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, with nearly 97,000 new cases detected each year resulting in over 60,000 deaths annually. Screening through regular Pap smears can prevent cervical cancer by detecting pre-cancerous lesions early through identification of abnormal or dysplastic cells. Risk factors for cervical cancer include age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, HPV infection, smoking, and poor socioeconomic status.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of malignant breast diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various types of breast cancers and their radiological appearances. It begins by describing breast cancer in general, noting that it usually occurs in women and can begin in the ducts or lobules. It then summarizes the main types of breast cancers like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast carcinoma, and rare types like mucinous carcinoma and phyllodes tumor. For each type, it provides details on their clinical and radiological features like mammography and MRI appearances to aid in diagnosis.
(I) The document discusses various types of ovarian tumours including functional cysts, inflammatory cysts, and benign and malignant neoplastic tumours.
(II) Functional cysts include follicular cysts, corpus luteal cysts, and theca lutein cysts which are usually asymptomatic and resolve on their own. Inflammatory cysts include tubo-ovarian abscesses.
(III) Benign neoplastic tumours discussed are serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, dermoid cyst, fibroma, thecoma, and Brenner's tumour. Malignant transformations are possible in some tumour types.
This document outlines the 2023 FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer. It discusses the different histological subtypes and their prognostic implications. The staging system is stratified by tumor extent, including involvement of the myometrium, cervix, ovaries, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis. Molecular classification is also recommended to further stratify prognosis within stages. The 2023 system aims to better incorporate histology, lymphovascular space invasion, and molecular features to predict patient outcomes.
1) The document discusses the normal anatomy of the breast including ducts, lobules, and changes that occur during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause.
2) It also covers developmental abnormalities, inflammatory conditions, benign and malignant tumors of the breast including fibroadenomas, cystosarcoma phyllodes, ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and Paget's disease of the nipple.
3) The pathology of the male breast is also summarized, mainly being gynecomastia which is a benign increase in breast tissue, and carcinoma which is rare but can occur.
A case of an ovarian tumour pre-operatively thought to be malignant, which was per-operatively diagnosed as benign and later confirmed as a mucinous cystadenoma.
Ob-Gyn Department, BIRDEM-2 General Hospital, Shegunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The document discusses the approach to evaluating ovarian masses through imaging. It describes how ovarian masses can be categorized and that epithelial tumors are the most common type of malignant ovarian tumor. The evaluation involves considering patient factors like age and mass characteristics on ultrasound like size, wall thickness, and presence of septations or solid areas. Scoring systems can help characterize masses as benign or malignant, though some remain indeterminate. MRI may help in these cases by identifying tissue types and infiltrative features suggestive of malignancy. The goal is to determine if the mass is ovarian in origin and the degree of suspicion for malignancy to guide clinical management.
This document provides guidance on approaching adnexal masses in patients. It discusses evaluating the patient's history and risk factors, performing a physical exam, ordering relevant blood tests such as CA-125, and using transvaginal ultrasound as the primary imaging technique. The risk of malignancy index (RMI) combines various factors to estimate cancer risk. While CT and MRI are not usually needed initially, they may be useful for complex cases. Referral is advised when cancer risk is elevated or for premenarchal patients. Close evaluation is important as ovarian cancer risk ranges from 13-21% for adnexal masses.
This document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of breast lumps and nipple discharge. It begins by outlining the objectives, anatomy, history, and physical exam findings relevant to evaluating a patient with a breast lump or nipple discharge. It then reviews the differential diagnosis for breast lumps and types of nipple discharge. Investigations like mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy are discussed. Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic disease and fibroadenomas are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of breast cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis.
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Risk factors include gender, age, genetics, family history, lifestyle factors like obesity, alcohol use, and hormone therapy. Symptoms may include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Diagnosis involves breast exams, mammograms, biopsies and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, medication, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nurses play a key role in educating patients, managing symptoms, and supporting adjustment throughout the cancer journey.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
This document provides information about male breast cancer including:
- Males can develop breast cancer because they are born with a small amount of breast tissue.
- Risk factors include family history, genetic conditions, obesity, radiation exposure, and estrogen exposure.
- Symptoms are similar to females and include a breast lump, nipple discharge or inversion, or dimpling of the skin.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography and biopsy of any suspicious masses.
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and reconstruction if needed.
This document outlines a wellness program on breast health awareness presented by Mahalia Alexander at Hospital M Learning Center on December 23, 2013. The objectives of the program are to define wellness, promote breast cancer awareness, discuss breast anatomy and function, and demonstrate breast examination techniques. The purpose is to increase early detection of breast cancer among nurses and reduce late-stage diagnoses. The program delivery includes visual aids, handouts, and resources on breast health. It covers breast cancer risks, signs, clinical and self-examinations, and emphasizes the importance of monthly self-exams for early detection.
The document discusses breast masses in adolescents. It notes that while uncommon, breast masses can cause significant distress for patients and families. The prevalence of breast masses in teenage girls is approximately 3.2%. Evaluation of breast masses in adolescents includes history, physical exam, ultrasound, and biopsy if needed. Common benign causes include fibroadenomas, cysts and abscesses. Rare malignancies can occur but make up only 0.02% of surgically removed breast masses in adolescents.
This document provides an overview of breast disease and breast cancer. It begins by outlining the aims and objectives of the session which are to understand common breast conditions, presentations, assessments, screening programs, treatments and guidelines. It then discusses the prevalence of breast referrals, common presentations, benign and malignant breast lumps, history taking, breast examinations, breast cancer types, screening criteria, treatment options, genetics, family history, and new developments in the field.
Ovarian tumors can be primary (arise in the ovary) or secondary (spread from other sites). The most common primary ovarian tumor is epithelial ovarian cancer, which arises from ovarian surface cells. Germ cell tumors arise from egg-producing cells and are more common in children/teens. Stromal tumors produce hormones. Risk factors include nulliparity, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, and hereditary conditions. Epithelial tumors are classified as malignant, borderline, or benign. Staging involves assessing spread from ovaries to other pelvic/abdominal sites or distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery and chemotherapy.
This document discusses various breast conditions including bacterial mastitis, breast cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, atypical ductal hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive breast cancer. It covers clinical features, diagnostic testing, staging, and management approaches for each condition. Risk factors for breast cancer are also outlined. Surgical and nonsurgical treatment options are described depending on factors like infection improvement, size, biopsy findings, and cancer stage. Complications of nerve injury from breast surgery are briefly mentioned.
Criteria for suggesting mammogram or ultrasound screeningاحمد قنديل MOH
- Mammography remains the main screening tool for breast cancer, while ultrasound plays a role in evaluating abnormalities found on mammogram.
- Screening mammography is recommended starting at age 40-45 and continuing annually or every 2 years depending on age. It can begin earlier for those with risk factors.
- Both mammographic views and adequate compression are needed to properly screen for masses or microcalcifications. While screening finds cancers early, it can also produce false positives and overdiagnosis.
- For dense breasts or high risk patients, ultrasound may also be used but cannot replace mammography for screening. Genetic testing identifies mutations increasing breast cancer risk up to 60% allowing risk-reducing options.
Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unplanned expulsion or extraction of an embryo or fetus before 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, previous spontaneous abortions, smoking, and certain medications. Most spontaneous abortions are due to fetal chromosomal or structural abnormalities. Clinically, women present with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Diagnosis involves pelvic examination, ultrasound criteria for gestational sac size and fetal heart activity. Treatment options include expectant management, medical methods using misoprostol, or surgical evacuation. Prevention focuses on preconception counseling and screening, and treating underlying maternal conditions.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. It occurs when cancer cells form in the tissues of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body if not properly treated. Some key signs and symptoms include a breast lump, skin changes, nipple discharge or inversion. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, alcohol use and hormone treatments. Treatment options depend on cancer stage but may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Regular self-exams and mammograms are important for early detection and improved outcomes.
The document discusses breast anatomy, the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant breast diseases. It covers risk factors, staging, and treatment options for breast cancer which include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation depending on the stage. Imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of breast diseases.
This document provides information about breast cancer, including its definition, types, risk factors, symptoms, treatments, and how it is diagnosed and managed. It notes that breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow out of control and can begin in different parts of the breast. It lists common types of breast cancer and describes how risk increases with age but slows after menopause, noting several risk factors. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Treatments discussed include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and biological therapy.
This document discusses breast cancer, including risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and management. It notes that breast cancer is the most common cancer among Indian women, affecting one in 21. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, genetic mutations, early menarche, late menopause, and increased breast density. Screening methods like breast self-examination, clinical examination, and mammography can aid in early detection. Management may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy depending on the cancer characteristics. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and being breast aware can help reduce risks.
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the ovaries. Most cysts are benign and functional, related to the menstrual cycle. They cause no symptoms and resolve on their own. Ultrasound is used to diagnose cysts based on size, contents, and appearance. Small, asymptomatic cysts may simply be monitored while larger or symptomatic cysts may require surgery.
Optimum approach to patients with gynecological malignancies ver 3.0Vivek Verma
This document discusses the optimum approach to treating patients with gynecological malignancies. It covers risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, therapeutic goals, and management including surgery, radiation, and drug therapy for the three main gynecological cancers: endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines from 2016 are referenced for treatment recommendations. Supportive care is also discussed to manage side effects from treatment.
This document provides an overview of antepartum hemorrhage, with a focus on placenta previa. It defines antepartum hemorrhage and the two main causes - placenta previa and abruptio placentae. It discusses the definition, incidence, etiology, pathological anatomy, types, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, prognosis, prevention, and management of placenta previa. Key points include that placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, the risk increases with prior c-sections, diagnosis is made through ultrasound, and management involves expectant treatment or cesarean delivery depending on gestational age and severity of bleeding.
Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the clinically recognized loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation. It is the most common complication of early pregnancy, with a frequency that decreases with increasing gestational age. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, previous spontaneous abortion, smoking, certain medications, extremes of maternal weight, and maternal infections. Spontaneous abortions are usually due to fetal abnormalities but can also result from maternal factors. Presenting symptoms include vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Diagnosis involves pelvic examination, ultrasound criteria, and serial beta hCG levels. Management depends on the classification of abortion as threatened, incomplete, or missed and may involve expectant monitoring, medical treatment, or surgical evacuation
Mastalgia, or breast pain, is a common breast symptom in women. There are two main types - cyclical mastalgia, which occurs before menstruation and is relieved after, and non-cyclical mastalgia, which is more common in older women. Potential causes include hormonal abnormalities or structural breast issues like cysts or fibroadenomas. Evaluation involves history, exam, ultrasound or mammogram. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to medications like tamoxifen or danazol to surgical procedures for significant issues. Benign breast lumps like fibroadenomas and cysts are also common and usually diagnosed and managed conservatively through imaging and procedures.
Similar to Tara PowerPoint Benign Breast Disease (20)
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• Define and identify benign breast conditions
• Identify the symptoms of benign breast
conditions
• Identify the correlation of benign breast
conditions and the risk of breast cancer
• Demonstrate the diagnosis of benign breast
conditions
Objectives
Benign Breast Conditions
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Benign Breast Conditions
Definition of Benign Breast Disease
Benign breast conditions (also known as
benign breast diseases) are non-cancerous
disorders or changes in the breast. There are
a variety of benign breast conditions.
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Benign Breast Conditions
Symptoms
• Benign breast conditions are not life-
threatening, but can cause bothersome
symptoms such as a lump or nipple
discharge.
• Certain benign conditions are linked with a
higher risk of developing breast cancer in
the future.
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Benign Breast Conditions
Cysts
• Small fluid-filled sacs found in the breast
• Most commonly found in premenopausal women
• Do not increase the risk of developing breast cancer
• May be felt by patient if large enough, otherwise seen
using mammography and breast ultrasound
• Cause of cysts are unknown
• No necessary follow-up unless causing discomfort to
the patient
• Cyst aspiration is a treatment option
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 39 y/o presents with right breast lump in the UOQ
• Tenderness at site of lump x 1 month
• No discharge or inversion of nipple
• 3D mammogram demonstrates a 1.7 cm oval-shaped nodule
• There is also a possible 1.2 cm oval-shaped nodule present in
the subareolar region demonstrated on the MLO view
• No obvious spiculation
• >75% density
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Benign Breast Conditions
Ultrasound
Ultrasound demonstrates a simple cyst in the 10-11:00
position, 6 cmfn. It measures 2.7 x 1.5 x 2.5 cm. Several
smaller cysts are seen within its immediate vicinity
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Benign Breast Conditions
Fibroadenomas
• Fibroadenomas are benign tumors
• They are most common in younger women (between the
ages of 15 and 35)
• Most fibroadenomas do not increase the risk of breast
cancer
• If a fibroadenoma causes discomfort, it may be excised
• Blood flow may be present
• Often followed using ultrasound every six months (up to 1
to 2 years) to track any change in size
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 23 y.o. female
• Right palpable mobile lump
• Measures 2.3 x 1.2 x 1.6 cm
• Lobulated homogeneous solid mass
• Blood flow present
• Followed over a sixth month period with no
significant change in size
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 40 y.o. female
• 0.7 x 1 x 1.3 cm hypoechoic mass
• Right breast; 7:00 position
• Moderate suspicion for malignancy
• U/S of right breast demonstrates a well-circumscribed
macrolobulated hypoechoic lesion
• No shadowing present
• Given the solid appearance, biopsy recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
Biopsy Results
• Patient underwent ultrasound-guided core biopsy
• Pathology findings confirm a benign fibroadenoma
• Six month follow-up ultrasound recommended to
look for any post-procedure changes
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Benign Breast Conditions
Hyperplasia
• High rate of mitosis or overgrowth (proliferation)
of cells
• Most often occurs on the inside of the lobules
(milk ducts) in the breast
• Two types of hyperplasia
• Typical (Usual)
• Atypical
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Benign Breast Conditions
• 50 y.o. female
• Presents with 5 day history of spontaneous
bloody discharge; left breast
• No breast lump or skin changes
• Mild diffused breast pain
• Physical exam demonstrated blood coming from a
single duct at the 3:00 position
Case Study
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Benign Breast Conditions
Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy
• Subareolar ultrasound demonstrates
slightly prominent ducts with no debris
• Fairly well circumscribed hypoechoic lesion
is seen measuring 9x4 mm
• No shadowing, but of solid nature
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Benign Breast Conditions
Pathology
• Ultrasound-guided biopsy was performed
and sent to pathology
• Indication: Hypoechoic lesion
• Pathologic diagnosis: Atypical ductal
hyperplasia
• Recommended follow-up: Excision of area
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Benign Breast Conditions
ADH
• Classification between TDH and ADH is dependent on
histological features
• High reproducibility is important classification
• Typical cells appear heterogeneous and atypical are
homogeneous in cell type
• ADH is more related to DCIS than typical
• ADH is rare and seen in approx. 4% of symptomatic benign
biopsies
• ADH is more commonly linked to sreen-detected benign calcs
(31%) and is more commonly an incidental finding
• Patients are at a 4-5x higher risk of developing BrCA with a h/o
ADH
• Risk is even higher if patient has a first degree relative with BrCA
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Benign Breast Conditions
ADH
Three components to the diagnosis of ADH:
1. Pattern
2. Cytology
3. Disease Extent
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Benign Breast Conditions
Intraductal Papillomas
• Small growths that occur in the lobules
• Can cause nipple discharge
• Sometimes presents as a lump
• Most commonly seen in women 35-55 years old
• May be removed by a breast surgeon
• No follow-up necessary
• Does not increase a woman’s risk of developing
breast cancer
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 51 y.o. female
• Perimenopasual
• Presents with bloody discharge from the right
nipple
• Physical examination revealed no evidence of
lumps, asymmetry or dimpling of the skin
• Small amount of bloody fluid appeared when
pressure was exerted on the nipple
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Benign Breast Conditions
Ultrasound
demonstrates a
solid mass
measuring 2.45 mm
within a dilated
duct
Ultrasound
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Benign Breast Conditions
Recommendation
• After reviewing the negative mammogram from six
months prior, immediate surgical consultation was
recommended
• Mass was excised
• Histological examination revealed it was benign
(intraductal papilloma, central)
• Following excision, all of the patient's symptoms
disappeared
• No follow-up required
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Benign Breast Conditions
Sclerosing Adenosis
• A group of small breast lumps caused by enlarged lobules
• A lump may be felt and may be painful
• Can be found mammographically
• May be mistaken for breast cancer due to its shape and feel
• A biopsy is often necessary to rule out breast cancer
• Sclerosing adenosis does not need medical treatment
• This can be found alongside an existing or developing cancer
and/or atypical hyperplasia
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 40 y.o. female
• Presents with right breast lump at 6:00
• Imaging also shows amorphous calcifications
• U/S guided biopsy recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
Biopsy Results
• Right stereo core biopsy preformed at 6:00
• Results show proliferative fibrocystic disease with cellular
change and focal sclerosing adenosis
• Calcifications look to be benign; repeat magnification
views in six months
• Microscopic descriptions in addition to above
demonstrates typical ductal hyperplasia and intraductal
cells and cysts
• 6 month f/u recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 50 y.o. female
• Cluster of pleomorphic calcifications seen on the
CC and MLO views
• Left UOQ of breast
• Due to irregular borders, biopsy recommended
• Stereo-core biopsy
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Benign Breast Conditions
Biopsy Results
• Pathology demonstrates non-proliferative
fibrocystic disease
• Rare benign focus suggesting early sclerosing
adenosis
• Calcifications present in benign ducts
• Findings are concordant with imaging features
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Benign Breast Conditions
Radial Scars (Also known as complex
sclerosing lesions)
• Made up of connective tissue fibers from which milk
ducts and lobules grow from
• Present similar to breast cancer on a mammogram, but
they are not cancer
• Because of their appearance on imaging, they are often
biopsied and excised
• After they are removed, no further treatment is necessary
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 40 y.o. female presented to the breast clinic with a
history of irregular nodularity in the right breast
• Serous nipple discharge x 5 months
• Physical examination demonstrates a firm nodularity
in right breast
• Mammographically, the nodule measures 0.7 cm
• Radiating spicules noted
• No calcifications or architectural distortion was
appreciated
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Benign Breast Conditions
Biopsy and Diagnosis
• Patient underwent an ultrasound-guided fine needle
aspiration
• Sample of the material was insufficient for a definitive
diagnosis
• A lumpectomy was performed on the patient as the
mammography was suggestive of a radial scar
• Lumpectomy specimen revealed a firm stellate area of
about 0.6 cm
• Microscopically, the lesion had a central fibroelastotic core
with radiating tubules characteristic of a radial scar
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Benign Breast Conditions
Galactocele
• Most common benign breast lesion
• Typically occurs in young lactating women
• Is also referred to as a lactocele
• Presents with a painless breast lump occurring over weeks to
months
• Can present as a single or multiple nodule(s)
• Unilateral or bilateral
• Diagnosis can be done with an aspiration
• Most likely located near the sub-areolar region
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• Presents with lump x 2 weeks
• Patient currently breast feeding
• No pain
• No skin changes
• Physical exam of lump demonstrates a firm and mobile lesion
• Ultrasound demonstrates a well-circumscribed hyperechoic
lesion
• Mild shadowing
• Mild doppler flow
• Ultrasound-guided biopsy recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
• Ultrasound appearances can be widely
variable
• Sonographic characteristics according to
one study is as follows:
• cystic / multicystic: ~ 50%
• mixed (cystic + solid): ~ 37%
• solid: ~ 13%
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Benign Breast Conditions
Biopsy Results
Benign breast tissue with lactational change and
features consistent with galactocle
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Benign Breast Conditions
Lipoma
• Slow growing, fatty lump
• Are mobile and “squishy” to the touch
• Are not usually tender
• Most commonly found in middle age
• Some people have more than one at a time
• Lipomas are most often harmless and go untreated
• If the lipoma is bothersome, painful or growing, patient
may have it removed
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 40 y.o. female
• Density seen on baseline mammogram
• Right UOQ
• Persists with spot compression views
• Ultrasound recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
Ultrasound and Ultrasound-guided
biopsy
• Ultrasound demonstrates a circumscribed almost
completely isoechoic lesion
• Lesion measures 2.2 x 1.3 cm
• Biopsy recommended
• Ultrasound- guided biopsy performed
• Biopsy results demonstrate a fatty benign lesion; lipoma
• Six month follow-up recommended
• Patient did not undergo surgery or treatment
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Benign Breast Conditions
Lobular Carcinoma (LCIS)
• An area or areas of abnormal cellular growth
• Increases a person’s risk of developing invasive breast cancer later
on in life
• Lobular means that the abnormal cells start growing in the lobules,
the milk-producing glands at the end of breast ducts
• Carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or other
tissues that cover internal organs — such as breast tissue
• In situ or “in its original place” means that the abnormal growth
remains inside the lobule and does not spread to surrounding
tissues
• Diagnosis of LCIS tends to have more than one lobule affected
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Benign Breast Conditions
LCIS
Despite the fact that its name includes the term
“carcinoma,” LCIS is not a true breast cancer.
LCIS is an indication that a person is at higher-than-
average risk for getting breast cancer at some point
in the future.
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Benign Breast Conditions
Case Study
• 48 y/o
• Mammographic findings demonstrate a
small group of calcifications in the upper
outer posterior right breast
• Magnification views recommended
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Benign Breast Conditions
Mammographic Findings
• Calcifications appear to be new compared to prior studies
• Indeterminate
• BIRADS 4: Suspicious findings
• Stereotactic scout attempted
• Breast tissue measures too thin for stereotactic biopsy
• Patent was referred for a surgical specimen
• Needle localization recommended and undertaken
• Specimen reveals LCIS and area is excised
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Benign Breast Conditions
Phyllodes Tumor
• Rare breast tumors that, like fibroadenomas, contain 2 types of breast
tissue: stromal (connective) tissue and glandular (lobule and duct)
tissue
• Most commonly found in women in their 30s and 40s, but they may be
found in women of any age
Link to cancer risk
• Not usually cancerous, but in rare cases they may be related
• One third of these tumors are classified as malignant based on how
they look under the microscope, less than 5% of phyllodes tumors
overall are clearly true cancers
• Can reappear; close follow-up with frequent breast exams and imaging
is usually recommended after treatment
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Benign Breast Conditions
Diagnosis
• Tumors are usually felt as a painless lump, but may be painful
• Capable of growing quickly and can stretch the skin
• Difficult to differentiate from fibroadenomas on imaging tests and by
biopsy
• Often the tumor needs to be removed to prove it is a phyllodes tumor
• Microscopically the main difference between phyllodes tumors and
fibroadenomas is the overgrowth of connective tissue
• Cells that make up the connective tissue part can look abnormal under
the microscope
• Histology classifies tumors dependent on the cellular makeup;
phyllodes tumors may be classified as benign (non-cancerous),
malignant (cancerous), or borderline (looking more abnormal than
benign tumors, but not quite malignant)
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Benign Breast conditions
Case Study
• 48 y/o female
• Presents with large lump in the medial aspect of the left
breast
• Ultrasound images of the breast demonstrate large
heterogenous mass of 5.6 x 3.4 cm
• Contains multiple lobulations and cystic spaces
• The appearance of the tumor is “leaf-like” in its internal
architecture
• There is also posterior acoustic enhancement
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Benign Breast Conditions
Ultrasound Images
• The images show minimal internal vascularity on color
Doppler ultrasound
• Internal lobulation with typical leaf like pattern on
sonography
• Age of the patient, large size of tumor and typical
ultrasound features are highly suggestive of this being a
Phyllodes tumor of the left breast
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Benign Breast Conditions
Treatment
• Phyllodes tumors (even benign ones) can re-grow in the same place if
they are removed without taking enough of the normal tissue around
them
• Treated by removing the tumor and at least a 1 cm (a little less than ½
inch) area of normal breast tissue around the tumor
• Malignant phyllodes tumors are treated by removing them along with a
wider margin of normal tissue, or by mastectomy if necessary
• Malignant phyllodes tumors are different from the more common types
of BrCA
• They do not respond to hormone therapy and are less likely than most
breast cancers to respond to RT or chemo
• Phyllodes tumors that have spread to distant areas are often treated
more like sarcomas (soft-tissue cancers) than breast cancers
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Benign Breast Conditions
References
American Cancer Society (2014). Non-cancerous breast conditions. Retrieved December 19, 2014 from
http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/womenshealth/non-cancerousbreastconditions/non-cancerous-breast-
conditions-intro
Bortolotto, C., & Canepari, E., & Tarallo, V. (2012). Intraductal papilloma of the breast: A case report. Retrieved March 3,
2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558092/
Breastcancer.org (2015). LCIS-Lobular carcinoma in situ. Retrieved February 3, 2015 from
http://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/lcis
Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (2009). Secretory carcinoma arising in radial scars of the
breast: A case report and review of literature. Retrieved March 2, 2015 from
http://www.ijpmonline.org/article.asp?issn=0377-
4929;year=2009;volume=52;issue=1;spage=83;epage=85;aulast=Menon
Mayo Clinic (2014). Atypical Hyperplasia of the breast. Retrieved December 19, 2014 from
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atypical-hyperplasia/basics/definition/CON-20032601
Pinder, S. E., & Ellis, I. O. (2003). The diagnosis and management of pre-invasive breast disease DCIS and ADH- current
definitions and classification. University of Nottingham. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
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Benign Breast Conditions
References
Radiopaedia.org (2015). Galactocele. Retrieved January 29, 2015 from http://radiopaedia.org/articles/galactocele
Susan G. Komen (2014). Benign breast conditions. Retrieved December, 19, 2014 from
http://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/BenignConditions.html