Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix and is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the majority of cases. Regular cervical screening can detect pre-cancerous changes that may develop into cancer if left untreated. Early stage cervical cancer is often treated with surgery or radiation therapy, while more advanced cases may require a combination of treatments like chemotherapy as well. Prevention through HPV vaccination and routine screening can significantly reduce cervical cancer rates.

1. CERVICAL CANCER
Presented by- Drashti Chauhan

2. Cancer cells:
 Cancer begins in cells, the
building blocks that make up
tissue.Tissue make up the
organs of the body.
 Sometimes, this process goes
wrong, new cells form when
the body does not need them,
and old or damaged cells do
not die as they should.

3.  Normal cells grow and divide to from new cells as
the body needs them.When normal cells grow old
or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their
place.
 The building of extra cells often forms a mass of
tissue called a growth or tumor .

4. cancer cells:
 Changes to the DNA of a cell (mutations) lead to
cellular damage
 Mutations enable cancer cells to divide
continuously, without the need for normal signals.
 In some cancer the unchecked growth results in
a mass, called a tumor.
cancerous cells may invade other parts of the
body interfering with normal body functions.

5. Cancer:
 Although cancer is often referred to as if it were
a single disease, it is really a diverse group of
disease that affects many different organs and
cells types.
 The likehood of developing any particular cancer
depends on an individuals genetics, environment,
and lifestyle.
 The occurrence of some cancers may be
prevented or reduced by wise lifestyle choices.

6. Types of cancer:
 Carcinoma
 Sarcoma
 Leukemia
 Lymphoma and myeloma
 Central nervous system cancers

7. Cervical cancer:
 Cervical cancer is the
second most common
cancer among women
worldwide.
 Over 500,000 women
worldwide die of cervical
cancer annually.
 Approximately every 47
minutes a women is
diagnosed with cervical
cancer.

8. Cervical cancer:

9. Cancer cells:
 Growths on the cervix can be benign or
malignant.
 Benign growths are not cancer.
 They are not harmful as malignant growths
(cancer).
 Benign growths (polyps, cysts):
 Are rarely a threat to life
 Don’t invade the tissues around them

10.  Malignant growths (cervical cancer)
 May be a threat to life
 Can invade nearby tissues and organs
 Can spread to other parts of the body

11. How does cervical cancer
start?
 Cervical cancer begins in cells on the surface of
the cervix. Over time, the cervical cancer can
invade more deeply into the cervix and nearby
tissues.
 The cancer cells can spread by breaking away
from the original (primary) tumor. They enter
blood vessels or lymph vessels, which branch
into all the tissues of the body.

12.  The cancer cells may be other tissues and grow
to from new tumor that may damage those
tissues.
 The spread of cancer is called metastasis.

13. Risk factors:
 Lack of regular cervical smear tests: cervical
cancer is more common among women who
don’t have regular smear tests.The smear test
screen for abnormal cells. Removing or killing the
abnormal cells usually prevent cervical cancer.
 Family history: Heredity/Genetics
 Smoking: smoking cigarettes increases the risk of
cervical cancer.

14.  Using birth control pills for a long time: using
birth control pills for a long time (5 or more
years)may slightly increase the risk of cervical
cancer. However, the risk decreases quickly when
women stop using birth control pills.
 Having many children: studies that giving birth
to many children (5 or more) may slightly
increase the risk of cervical cancer among
women with HPV infection.

15.  Having a HPV infection or other risk factors
does not men that a women will develop
cervical cancer. Most common who have risk
factors never develop it. Women who have never
been sexually active and who have not had the
HPV virus can also develop cervical cancer.
 HPV and cervical cancer:
 About 80% of women will be infected with HPV
in their lifetime
 About 7% women have an abnormal smear test

16. Symptoms:
 Early cervical cancer usually don’t cause
symptoms.
 When the cancer grows large, women may notice
one more of these symptoms.
 Infections or other health problems may also
cause these symptoms.
 A woman with any of these symptoms should tell
her doctor so that problems can be diagnosed
and treated as early as possible.

17.  Abnormal vaginal bleeding:
 Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual
periods
 Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching or a
pelvic exam
 Menstrual periods that last longer and are heaviar
than before
 Bleeding after going through menopause.
 Increased vaginal discharge:
 Pelvic pain
 Pain during sex

18. How cervical smear tests
help prevent cervical
cancer:
 Routine cervical screening (smear tests) detects
abnormal cervical cells before they have a chance to
turn into cancer.
 Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite
slowly and begins with a pre-cancerous condition
known as dysplasia.
 Dysplasia is easily detected in a routine smear and is
completely treatable.

19. What is cervical smear test?
 A cervical smear test is a simple procedure which
involves simple procedure which involves inserting a
speculum into the vagina, opening it up and gently
opening of the cervix.The cells are then sent to a
laboratory and examined under a microscope to see
if they are normal.
 Pre and early cancerous changes in the cervix can be
detected but the smear.
 Pre-cancers and very early cervical cancers are
nearly 100% curable, so early and regular screening
tests can prevent nearly all deaths from cervical
cancer.

21. Diagnosis:
Colposcopy:
 A visual examination of the surface of the cervix
using a colposcope-an instrument with magnifying
lenses and a light.
 If abnormalities are seen, a a tissue sample (biopsy)
may be taken and sent for evaluation.

22. Biopsy:

23. Treatment options for CIN:
 Treatment include:
 LEEP
 Laser
 Cryotherapy
 Cone biopsy
 Hysterectomy may be recommended (rarely)

24. Surgical management:
 Laser surgery: a narrow beam of intense light
destroys cancerous and precancerous cells.
 Leep (loop electrosurgical excision procedure)- a
wire loop which has an electric current cuts through
tissue removing cells from the mouth of the cervix.

25. Cryotherapy:

26. Hysterectomy:

27. Treatment for cervical
cancer (options):
 The option are surgery , radiation therapy,
chemotherapy or a combination of methods.
 The choice of treatment depends mainly on the size
of the tumor and whether choice may also depend
on whether the women wishes to become pregnant
someday.
 Cancer treatment often damage healthy cells and
tissues, so side effects are common.
 Side effects may not be the same for each person,
and they may change from one treatment session
to the next.

28. Surgery :
 Surgery is an option for women with stage 1 or 2
cervical cancer.
 The surgeon removes tissue that may contain
cancer cells:
 Radical trachelectomy: removal of the cervix, part
of the vagina , and the lymph nodes in the pelvis.
 Total hysterectomy: removal of the cervix and
uterus.
 Radical hysterectomy: removal of the cervix, some
tissue around the cervix, the uterus and part of the
vagina.

29.  Fallopian tubes and ovaries: the surgeon may
remove both fallopian tubes and ovaries. this
surgery is called a salpingo-oophorectomy.
 Lymph nodes:The surgeon may remove the lymph
nodes near the tumor to see if they contain cancer.
 If cancer cells have reached the lymph nodes, it
means the disease may have spread to other parts
of the body.

30. Radiation therapy:
 Early stage of cancer of cervical cancer can be
treated with radiation therapy instead of surgery.
 It may also be used after surgery to destroy any
cancer cells that remain In the area.
 Cancer that extends beyond the cervix may have
radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
 Radiation therapy uses high- energy rays to kill
cancer cells.
 It affects cells only in the treated area.

31. Chemotherapy:
 For the treatment of cervical cancer, chemotherapy
is usually combined with radiation therapy.
 However depending on the type of cancer
chemotherapy can also be used alone.
 Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Cytotoxic medication prevents cancer cells from
dividing and growing.
 The drug for cervical cancer are usually given
through a vein
 Chemotherapy can take place at a clinic, at the
doctors surgery, or sometimes at home.

32.  The side effects depend mainly on which drugs are
given and hoe much. Chemotherapy kills fast-
growing cancer cells, but the drug can also harm
normal cells that divide rapidly:
 Blood cells: chemotherapy lowers the levels of
healthy blood cells, and the patient is more
susceptible to infections, bruise or bleed easily, feel
very weak and tired. Blood test will check for low
levels of blood cells. if levels are low, chemotherapy
may be stopped for a while or the dose of drug
reduced.There are also medicines to help the body
make new blood cells.

33.  Cells in hair roots: chemotherapy may cause hair
loss. It will grow back, but it may change in color
and texture
 Cells that line the digestive tract: chemotherapy can
cause a poor appetite, nausea and vomiting,
diarrhea , or mouth and lip sores.

34. Prevantion is beteer than
cure:
 Vaccination:
 Of the >100 types of HPV, only 15 are known to
cause cancer. Immunization against high-risk types
(16 and 19) can reduce HPV infection and the
cancers that may result.
 Cervix :prevents infection by cancer –causing HPV
types 16 and 18