This document provides information about breast cancer presented by a group of students. It defines breast cancer as abnormal cell growth that forms tumors in breast tissue. Breast cancer spreads mainly through the lymphatic system to lymph nodes under the arm, around the collarbone, and near the breastbone. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, lifestyle factors like alcohol consumption and obesity. Common symptoms are breast lumps, pain, skin changes, and nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves exams, mammograms, ultrasounds, and biopsies. Stages range from 0 to 4 based on tumor size and spread. Treatment includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drug therapy.

1. UNIVERSITY OF AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR
Faculty Of Health & Medical Sciences

2. Group Members:
Kiran Imtiaz 03
Zarish Raiz 07
Almas Mehmood 22
Saqib Altaf 30
Qammar Razaq 39
Kainat Qurban 48
Amir Sohail 73
Safi ullah Aziz 76

3. Presentation topic:

4. Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable , continuous
division of cells lead to the formation of a tumor.

5. Forms in the
tissues of the
breast
Spreads mainly
through the
Lymphatic system
Breast cancer is second only to lung cancer as a cause of
cancer deaths in women.

7. Most of the lymph vessels
of the breast drain into:
 Lymph nodes under the
arm (auxiliary nodes).
 Lymph nodes around the
collar bone (supraclavicular
and infraclavicular lymph
nodes)
 Lymph nodes inside the
chest near the breast bone
(internal mammary lymph
nodes)

8.  Malignant
 Cancerous
 Benign
 Not - Cancerous

9.  Most lumps are caused
by the combination of
cysts and fibrosis
 Cysts are fluid-filled sacs.
 Fibrosis is the formation of
scar - like tissue.
 These changes can cause
breast swelling and
pain.

10.  Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous)
tumor that starts in the cells of the breast
and spread to other tissues. It is found
mostly in women, but men can get breast
cancer, too.

11. Invasive
 Cancerous
 Malignant
 Spreads to other organs
(metastasis)
Non - Invasive
Pre – Cancerous
Still in its original position
Eventually develops into
invasive breast cancer.

12. Invasive Breast Cancer
Breast
Lymph nodes
Lungs
Liver

13.  The inner lining of
milk ducts.
 Ductal Carcinoma
 The lobules – Milk
producing glands.
 Lobular Carcinoma

14. Ductal
Carcinoma
Invasive Ductal
Carcinoma
Ductal Carcinoma
in situ
Inflammatory
Breast Cancer
(IBC)
Lobular
Carcinoma
Invasive Lobular
Carcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma
in situ

15.  Uncommon (1% to 3%
of all breast cancers)
 Invasive Brest Cancer.
 No lump or tumor.
 Mistaken for infection
in its early stages.

16. Picture

17.  Most common breast cancer.
 Lining of the ducts
Grows /invades
the breast tissues
Spreads to lymph nodes
Other organs

18.  picture

19.  About 1 in 10 Invasive
breast cancers are ILC.
 Formed in the lobules.
 Grows through the
wall of the lobules.
 Spreads

21.  Gender
 Age
 Genetic risk factors
 Family history
 Personal history of breast cancer
 Race
 Menstrual periods
 Breast radiation early in life

22.  Not having children or having them later in
life.
 Certain kinds of birth control
 Using hormone therapy after menopause
 Not breastfeeding
 Alcohol
 Being overweight or obese

24.  Alcohol consumption
 Physical exercise
 Diet
 Postmenopausal hormone therapy
 Bodyweight
 Breast cancer screening
 Breastfeeding

26.  A lump in a breast.
 A pain in the armpits or breast that does not seem to be
related to the woman's menstrual period.
 Pitting or redness of the skin of the breast; like the skin
of an orange.
 A rash around (or on) one of the nipples.

27.  A swelling (lump) in one of the armpits.
 One of the nipples has a discharge; sometimes it
may contain blood
 The nipple changes in appearance; it may
become inverted.
 The size or the shape of the breast changes.

29. Diagnostic tests and procedures for
breast cancer include:
 Breast exam
 Mammograms
 Breast ultrasound Imaging tests
 Breast MRI scan
 Biopsy

30.  Sage 0
 Stage l
 Stage ll
 Stage lll
 Stage lV

31.  Sage 0 : Non – Invasive breast cancer. Has not spread
to breast tissues.
 Stage l : ≤ 2cm and has not spread to lymph nodes.
 Stage ll : 2-5 cm and has spread to lymph nodes.

32.  Stage lll
Stage lllA: >5 cm and spread to lymph
nodes without forming clumps.
Stage lllB: Any size and spread to the skin or
chest wall. Swelling.
Stage lllC: Any size , spread to lymph nodes, skin
and chest wall.
 Stage lV: Metastasized

34.  Surgery
 Radiation therapy
 Biological therapy (targeted drug therapy)
 Hormone therapy
 Chemotherapy

35. Surgery for breast cancer:
 Lumpectomy
 Mastectomy
Lymph node surgery:
 Sentinel node biopsy
 Axillary lymph node dissection
Breast reconstruction surgery

36.  Surgically removing the tumor and a small
margin of healthy tissue around it.
 Followed by radiation therapy

37.  Surgically removing the breast and other
infected components.
Mastectomy
A simple
mastectomy.
A Radical
mastectomy.
Modified radical
mastectomy.

38.  Simple mastectomy : removing the lobules,
ducts, fatty tissue, nipple, areola, and some skin.
 Modified radical mastectomy: simple
mastectomy combined with the removal of the
axillary lymph nodes.
 Radical mastectomy: a simple mastectomy
combined with removing the lymph nodes and
muscles of the chest wall.

39.  Radiation therapy is treatment with high-
energy rays (such as x-rays) or particles to kill
cancer cells.
 The patient may require three to five sessions
per week for three to six weeks.

40.  Breast radiation therapy – applied after a
lumpectomy,.
 Chest wall radiation therapy – applied after a
mastectomy
 Breast boost - a high-dose of radiation therapy
is applied to where the tumor was surgically
removed.
 Lymph nodes radiation therapy - aimed at the
axilla and surrounding area to destroy cancer
cells that have reached the lymph nodes

41.  Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of cancer-killing
drugs.
 Intravenously, given as a shot, or taken as a pill or
liquid.
 They enter the bloodstream and reach most parts of
the body.
 Combats metastasis.
 Damage some normal cells.

42.  Used for breast cancers that are sensitive to
hormones.
 These types of cancer are often referred to as ER
positive (estrogen receptor positive) and PR
positive (progesterone receptor positive) cancers.
 Estrogen and progesterone promotes cancer
growth.
 Estrogen and progesterone are blocked using
certain drugs.

43. Short – term side effects
 · Hair loss
 · Loss of appetite or increased appetite
 · Nausea and vomiting
 · A higher risk of infection (low WBC count)
 · Stopping of menstrual periods
 · Easy bruising or bleeding (low platelets)
 · Being very tired

44. Long - term side effects
 Menstrual changes: infertility
 Nerve damage: pain, burning or tingling and
sensitivity to cold or hot.
 Heart damage

45. Thank you