This document discusses break-even analysis, which is used to determine the minimum level of sales or output needed for a business to cover its total costs. It provides an example of calculating break-even point for a trainer business with fixed costs of $5,000, variable costs of $3 per unit, and selling price of $8 per unit. The break-even point is calculated to be 100 units, which is the point where total revenue and total costs intersect. A break-even chart is presented to visually illustrate the areas of loss and profit depending on production levels. Advantages and disadvantages of break-even analysis are also summarized.

1. BREAK- EVEN ANALYSIS

2.  The break-even level of output or sales
indicated to the owner or manager of a
business the minimum level of output that
must be sold so that total costs are covered.
At the break-even level of output a profit is
not being made but neither is a loss.
 The ‘quicker’ a start-up business can reach
the break-even point the more likely it is to
survive – and then make a profit.

3. DRAWING A BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS
 In order to draw a break-even chart we
need the information about:
 the fixed costs,
 variable costs and
 revenue of a business.

4. EXAMPLE
In a trainer business we will assume that:
Fixed costs are $5,000 per year
The Variable costs for each pair of trainer is
$3
Each pair of trainers is sold for a price of $8
The factory can produce a maximum output
of 2000 pairs of trainers per year.

5.  To draw a break-even chart if will help if a
table is completed.

6.  When output is 2000 units, variable costs will
be: 2000 x $3 = $6000
 Assuming all output is sold, total revenue will
be 2000 x $8 = $16,000
 Make sure you understand how the other
figures were arrived at before looking at how
the data is used to construct a break-even
chart.

7. 15000
10000
5000
0
CostsandRevenue($)
1000 2000
Sales revenue
($ 16,000)
Profit
Total Costs
($ 11,000)
Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
Area of Loss
Break-Even Point
Area of Profit
Units of production

8.  What does the Graph Show?
 The break-even point of production is where
total costs and total revenue cross. The
business must therefor sell 100 pairs of trainers
in order to avoid making a loss.
 At production below the break-even point, the
business is making a loss, above this point it’s
making a profit. Maximum profit is made when
maximum output is reached and this is a point
level of $5000.

9. ADVANTAGES
Managers are able to read off the graph the
expected profit or loss to be made at any
level of output.
The impact on profit and loss on certain
business decisions can also be shown by
redrawing the graph.
The break-even chart can also be used to
show the safety margin - the amount by
which the sales exceed the break-even point

10. DISADVANTAGES
 Break-even charts are made assuming all goods produced by the
company are actually sold – the graph does not show the possibility
that inventories may build up if not sold.
 Fixed costs only stay constant if the scale of production does not
change
 Break-even charts concentrate on the Break-even point of production,
but there many other aspects of the operation of the business which
need to be analysed by managers like how to reduce wastage or
increase sales.
 The charts here used have assumed that costs and revenues can be
drawn on straight lines. This is not always the case, increasing output
to the capacity of a factory may involve paying overtime to workers. This
will make the variable cost line slope upwards as output expands. The
company may have to offer discounts to increase sales for large orders
which will cause the revenue line to slope less.

11. CALCULATION METHOD
 We can use the formula:

12. EXAMPLE
 Haifa Supplies Ltd make wooden desks. The selling price for
each desk is $50. the variable costs of materials and production
labour are $20. The weekly fixed costs are $6000.
 What is the break-even level of production? It is necessary to
calculate the Contribution (selling price minus the variable cost)
of each desk.
 The calculation for the contribution is:
 Selling Price – Variable Cost = Contribution
 $50 - $20 = $30
 Each desk gives a Contribution to fixed costs and profit of $30. In
order to break-even each week, the business must make sufficient
desks, contributing $30 each, to cover the fixed costs of $6000.