Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled professionals and highly educated individuals from their home country to opportunities abroad. It can occur when students educated abroad do not return home or when educated locals emigrate for better pay or opportunities. While it poses problems for developing countries that invest in education, it can also represent a brain gain for destination countries. Globalization has increased mobility such that skills are transferable worldwide, influencing more individuals' decisions to emigrate long-term. Some argue brain drain can be addressed by improving research support and independence in home countries to attract expatriates to return.

1. BRAIN DRAIN

2. WHAT IS BRAIN DRAIN?
• The loss of skilled, intellectual and technical labor through their movement
to more favorable geographic, economic, or professional environments.
• It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of technically skilled
people from one country to another country.
• Brain-drain is also termed as “human capital flight” because it resembles
the case of capital flight.
• Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad
and complete their education do not return to their home country,
or when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for
higher wages or better opportunities.

3. HISTORY OF BRAIN
DRAIN
• The term originated about 1960.
• In 1960, many British scientists
and intellectuals emigrated to the
United States for a better working
climate.
• Its meaning has broadened into:
the departure of educated or
professional people from one
country.
Neil Bohr
Albert Einstein

4. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF
BRAIN DRAIN :-
 There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons from
developing to developed countries.
 In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientists
usually tend to predominate.
 They are characterized by large flows from a comparatively
small number of developed countries and by small flows from a
larger number of developing countries.
 The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character of
national educational systems by lack and inadequate planning
for the training of students from developing countries, in
developed states as well as the proper utilization of their-skills
in their home country etc.

5. CONCEPT & MAGNITUDE OF BRAIN
DRAIN :-
 Migration of people as a phenomenon differs from country
to country and from time to time.
 Migration of HQM from LDCs may be due to several
different sets of underlying social, political and economic
forces.
 The phenomenon of migration of high quality manpower
can justify the use of the expression on the term “brain
drain”.
 Brain drain represents the defacto transfer of resources
spent on imparting education and nurturing technical skills
of the drained brain in question by the parent country (DCs)
to the country of the transfer.
 The main crux of the matter is that emigrants as they enter
developed countries are often in the most productive phase
of his professional life and by the time they returns back .

6. MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIA DUE
TO BRAIN DRAIN :-
 A shortage of skilled and competent people in India.
 A tremendous increase in wages of high-skill labors in
India.
 Problems for the public sector : With the exception of ICICI, none
of the public sector finance companies have done a serious job of
revamping their pay scales. They face two alternatives: a sharp increase in
wages of high-skill labors, or bankruptcy.
 Problems of governance : In government itself, low wages at senior
levels are a serious problem. An economic advisor at the Finance Ministry
earns less than Rs.20,000 a month. It is possible to have individuals take up
these roles if they are independently wealthy; altruistic; power-hungry;
corrupt or incompetent. This is not a happy state of affairs etc.

7. WHAT WE CAN DO ???
 We need to take higher education more seriously. The
conventional wisdom states that India has an excellent
system of higher education, and needs to do more on
elementary education.
 We are used to feeling proud about five good IITs. But
five good IITs do not add up to a system of higher
education. The drop-off in quality in even the next ten
universities is simply frightening.
 Ironically, one of the biggest hurdles in obtaining a
sensible system of higher education is low wages in
academics.

8. India’s million-
strong brain drain
represents just
4.3% of its vast
graduate
population.

9. PUSH FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN :-
 Under employment.
 Economic under development.
 Low wage/salary.
 political instability.
 Over production and under utilization or HQM.
 Lack of research and other facilities.
 Lack of freedom.
 Discrimination in appointment and promotion.
 Poor working facilities.
 Lack of scientific tradition and culture.
 Unsuitable institution.
 Desire for a better urban life.
 Desire for higher qualification and recognition.
 Better career expectation.
 Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

10. PULL FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN :-
 Better economic prospects.
 Higher salary and income.
 Better level of living and way of life.
 Better research facilities.
 Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher
qualifications.
 Prestige of foreign training.
 Intellectual freedom.
 Better working condition and better employment opportunities.
 Relative political stability.
 Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition.
 Attraction of urban centre.
 Availability of experience/supporting staff.
 Frequent chances of a lucky break in life.
 Technological gap.
 Allocation of substantial funds for research.

11. Individual's motives and experiences
 Economic and professional
a) suitable job
b) income and living standard
c) working conditions: facilities, autonomy, career
prospects, relations with superiors and with co-workers.
 Personal influence
a) Spouse
b) Feelings and interests of the children
c) Family
d) Friends
e) Colleagues at work

12.  Living conditions in society
a) where life is more interesting and more pleasant
b) Discrimination by the public
 Political situation
a) Government controls
b) Nationalist feelings of respondent

13. Brain drain vs brain gain
Brain drain :-
 A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of
trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other
nations is called brain drain.
 Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study
abroad and complete their education do not return to their
home country, or when individuals educated in their home
country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities.
 This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for
developing nations, where it is widespread. In these
countries, higher education and professional certification
are often viewed as the surest path to escape from a
troubled economy or difficult political situation.

14. Brain gain :-
 An opposite situation, in which many trained and
talented individuals seek entrance into a country, is
called a brain gain.
 While simultaneously many qualified immigrants were
coming to home country from a number of different
nations.
 This phenomenon is common in developed countries
where people come from many nations for higher
studies & didn't return back.

15. Globalisation and the brain drain :-Globalisation and the brain drain :-
The ``The ``brain drainbrain drain'' has been on our consciousness for over'' has been on our consciousness for over
30 years. India has steadily exported some of its30 years. India has steadily exported some of its
brightest youngsters. From the earlybrightest youngsters. From the early 1960s onwards1960s onwards, a, a
large fraction of the graduating class at the IITs has leftlarge fraction of the graduating class at the IITs has left
India. In earlier decades, the big decisions that individualsIndia. In earlier decades, the big decisions that individuals
made were atmade were at age 20age 20 and atand at age 25age 25.. At age 20At age 20, a young, a young
person decided whether he wanted to study abroad. Atperson decided whether he wanted to study abroad. At
age 25age 25, he decided whether he wanted to return to India., he decided whether he wanted to return to India.
Once a person spent a few years in the Indian labourOnce a person spent a few years in the Indian labour
market, with or without a foreign education, it was highlymarket, with or without a foreign education, it was highly
likely that he would stay in it for life.likely that he would stay in it for life.
““GlobalisationGlobalisation “has reduced the differences between“has reduced the differences between
countries, so that the skills of a good doctor or a goodcountries, so that the skills of a good doctor or a good
futures trader or a good economist are highly portablefutures trader or a good economist are highly portable
across the globe.across the globe.

16. Beginning of end of brain drain :-
For fifteen young innovators of Indian origin who were honoured with
the MIT Global Indus Technovators awards, the question of 'brain drain'
has always been a seminal one.
The ‘brain drain’ trend is reversing. Many colleagues have decided to
stay in India and many of my students from India are planning to return.
But was the 'brain-drain' a bad thing in itself? Perhaps, researchers
and entrepreneurs in India found it difficult to escape from the shackles
of poverty and anonymity, and wanted greener pastures to feed their
passion for creativity.
As a solution to India's brain drain, the government needs to
demonstrate to researchers a sincere commitment to supporting
research while allowing scientists to remain as independent as
possible.
There is such a wealth of talent in India that it would take long for
even a small number of successful researchers based there to attract
others and make India one of the world's leading nations for technical
innovation.

17. Current brain drain issues :-
 The former Soviet Union countries and today's Russia continue
to experience a brain drain in science, business, and culture, as
many of their citizens leave for the United States, Israel, Europe,
Japan, China and Latin America because of dramatic political
and economic changes.
 In particular, Eastern European countries have expressed
concerns about brain drain to Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Lithuania.
 In Western Europe France is currently experiencing a brain
drain, with young graduates moving to Britain, USA, and
Canada because of economic and labor regulations making it
extensively difficult to find white-collar private jobs.
 Certainly there is a brain drain occurring in the last 5 years in
Germany, with 144 814 people leaving their country in 2005 due
to economic problems, the highest rate of emigration from
Germany since the end of World War II.

18. Larger countries have less brain
drain :-
 Report shows the extent of the drain brain problem in
larger countries is much less.
 On average for countries with more than 30 million people,
the brain drain is less than five percent of all college
educated people. The reason is that they have a large
population of skilled people, so that even with a large share
of skilled people in the migrant population, their share in
the skilled population is nevertheless small, Countries such
as China and IndiaIndia only have about three to five percent of
their graduates living abroad. And it's a similar situation in
Brazil, Indonesia and the former Soviet Union.

19. Our views on brain drainOur views on brain drain :-
India can become superpower but it depends on peoples
attitudes. if this brain drain is in the form of cycle i
think there would not be any problem if they assure to
come back to their own how country. may be the talents ,
work they used in other country may saturate but the
resources he has is always remains .if he could apply the
work in India there will be a good future in India. so i
request as per human rights and liberty everyone has to
move as they wish but they should be think about their
home country. so attitudes are more important rather
than the money, pride,etc.instead of enjoying the fruits
in other country why don't he enjoy in his own land.