The document discusses the phenomenon of "brain gain" in India, where highly skilled Indian immigrants return to India from developed countries. It provides several reasons for this reverse brain drain, including new opportunities in India due to economic liberalization, policies aimed at attracting return migrants, and the growth of cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad into hubs of knowledge-based industries and research institutions. The government has implemented various policies and programs to facilitate brain gain, such as scholarships, research funding, and improving the education system. Overall, globalization and India's economic rise have made returning more attractive for skilled Indian immigrants.
This document provides an overview of Bengaluru's IT cluster:
- Bengaluru emerged as a major IT hub in India, home to over 4,500 IT companies including 3,500 domestic firms and 750 multinationals. It has the largest number of IT/ICT companies and professionals in India.
- The Infosys model of establishing IT training centers and collaborating with universities helped address skills needs and established Bengaluru as the premier destination for IT in India. Most state governments then set up their own IT parks.
- Key factors in Bengaluru's success include lower costs, a skilled workforce, support from government policies, and the presence of major companies applying positive externalities through their operations.
This document provides an overview of India's economy and society. It notes that India is the largest democracy, has a long history and diverse population, and is now the 4th largest economy in the world. India has experienced high economic growth in recent decades, driven by domestic consumption, services, and a large private sector. This growth has lifted many out of poverty and created a large middle class. However, infrastructure and other issues remain as India continues developing as a global economic power.
2013 ka wi india's demographic divident - asset or laibilitybrandsynapse
This document discusses India's large and young population as either a potential asset or liability for the country's economic growth. While India's demographic dividend could boost GDP growth if jobs are created and people acquire necessary skills, there is also a risk that many will lack opportunities and skills training. Opinions diverge on whether India can generate enough employment. While some are optimistic India can export skilled labor, others are more pessimistic given that development has focused more on skilled services than labor-intensive manufacturing, and question whether skills training can match the demand. How India addresses this skills gap and employs its youth will determine if its demographic profile becomes an economic asset or liability.
Principals’ perception of entrepreneurship education as a management strategy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on principals' perceptions of entrepreneurship education as a strategy for economic security in Rivers State, Nigeria. The following key points were discussed:
1) The study examined the role, challenges, and prospects of entrepreneurship education according to principals' perceptions. It found that principals viewed entrepreneurship education as playing an important role in economic security through job creation and skills development.
2) The main challenges identified were lack of funding, inconsistent government policies, and lack of infrastructure. However, principals disagreed that lack of qualified teachers and poor working conditions were challenges.
3) Principals agreed there was greater emphasis on entrepreneurship education but disagreed that investment and government funding were
This document provides an overview of India as a BRIC nation case study, with a focus on how cultural influences may impact the fashion industry. It discusses India's large population and growing middle class, which is increasing disposable income. Culturally, India has many languages and the majority practice Hinduism or Islam, influencing modest dress norms. Traditional garments like saris remain important while western brands are adapting to local culture. Technological advances are improving online access and awareness, aiding the fashion industry in marketing to India's massive population.
India has the potential to become a superpower due to several factors:
1) It has the third largest education system and is continuing to improve literacy rates.
2) Over half the population is under 25, making India the youngest country.
3) A growing middle class of over 500 million people will drive domestic economic growth.
4) Several sectors like IT, manufacturing, and infrastructure are growing rapidly due to reforms and investment.
Gyanm general awareness_monthly_issue_november_2015Grover's Gyanm
The document summarizes key details about the new gold bond scheme and gold monetization scheme introduced by the Indian government:
- The gold bond scheme will be issued by the RBI on behalf of the government. Bonds can be purchased from banks and post offices, with a maximum annual purchase limit of 500 grams. The bonds will have a maturity period of 5-7 years and can be used as collateral for loans.
- The gold monetization scheme allows individuals to deposit gold in banks in exchange for interest. Deposits can be for short (1-3 years), medium (5-7 years) or long (12-15 years) terms. Redemption options depend on deposit term -
The document discusses Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's background and career, including that he served as the 11th President of India and was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on missile technology and his role in India's nuclear tests. It also provides an overview of Kalam's popular books that discuss visions for India's future development and strategies to improve in areas like education, healthcare, poverty reduction, and self-sufficiency. The reviewer notes that while the book describes India's present situation and comparisons to developed countries, the language is not very interactive and could better attract readers by presenting facts in a more hidden way and only providing details when wanted.
This document provides an overview of Bengaluru's IT cluster:
- Bengaluru emerged as a major IT hub in India, home to over 4,500 IT companies including 3,500 domestic firms and 750 multinationals. It has the largest number of IT/ICT companies and professionals in India.
- The Infosys model of establishing IT training centers and collaborating with universities helped address skills needs and established Bengaluru as the premier destination for IT in India. Most state governments then set up their own IT parks.
- Key factors in Bengaluru's success include lower costs, a skilled workforce, support from government policies, and the presence of major companies applying positive externalities through their operations.
This document provides an overview of India's economy and society. It notes that India is the largest democracy, has a long history and diverse population, and is now the 4th largest economy in the world. India has experienced high economic growth in recent decades, driven by domestic consumption, services, and a large private sector. This growth has lifted many out of poverty and created a large middle class. However, infrastructure and other issues remain as India continues developing as a global economic power.
2013 ka wi india's demographic divident - asset or laibilitybrandsynapse
This document discusses India's large and young population as either a potential asset or liability for the country's economic growth. While India's demographic dividend could boost GDP growth if jobs are created and people acquire necessary skills, there is also a risk that many will lack opportunities and skills training. Opinions diverge on whether India can generate enough employment. While some are optimistic India can export skilled labor, others are more pessimistic given that development has focused more on skilled services than labor-intensive manufacturing, and question whether skills training can match the demand. How India addresses this skills gap and employs its youth will determine if its demographic profile becomes an economic asset or liability.
Principals’ perception of entrepreneurship education as a management strategy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on principals' perceptions of entrepreneurship education as a strategy for economic security in Rivers State, Nigeria. The following key points were discussed:
1) The study examined the role, challenges, and prospects of entrepreneurship education according to principals' perceptions. It found that principals viewed entrepreneurship education as playing an important role in economic security through job creation and skills development.
2) The main challenges identified were lack of funding, inconsistent government policies, and lack of infrastructure. However, principals disagreed that lack of qualified teachers and poor working conditions were challenges.
3) Principals agreed there was greater emphasis on entrepreneurship education but disagreed that investment and government funding were
This document provides an overview of India as a BRIC nation case study, with a focus on how cultural influences may impact the fashion industry. It discusses India's large population and growing middle class, which is increasing disposable income. Culturally, India has many languages and the majority practice Hinduism or Islam, influencing modest dress norms. Traditional garments like saris remain important while western brands are adapting to local culture. Technological advances are improving online access and awareness, aiding the fashion industry in marketing to India's massive population.
India has the potential to become a superpower due to several factors:
1) It has the third largest education system and is continuing to improve literacy rates.
2) Over half the population is under 25, making India the youngest country.
3) A growing middle class of over 500 million people will drive domestic economic growth.
4) Several sectors like IT, manufacturing, and infrastructure are growing rapidly due to reforms and investment.
Gyanm general awareness_monthly_issue_november_2015Grover's Gyanm
The document summarizes key details about the new gold bond scheme and gold monetization scheme introduced by the Indian government:
- The gold bond scheme will be issued by the RBI on behalf of the government. Bonds can be purchased from banks and post offices, with a maximum annual purchase limit of 500 grams. The bonds will have a maturity period of 5-7 years and can be used as collateral for loans.
- The gold monetization scheme allows individuals to deposit gold in banks in exchange for interest. Deposits can be for short (1-3 years), medium (5-7 years) or long (12-15 years) terms. Redemption options depend on deposit term -
The document discusses Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's background and career, including that he served as the 11th President of India and was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on missile technology and his role in India's nuclear tests. It also provides an overview of Kalam's popular books that discuss visions for India's future development and strategies to improve in areas like education, healthcare, poverty reduction, and self-sufficiency. The reviewer notes that while the book describes India's present situation and comparisons to developed countries, the language is not very interactive and could better attract readers by presenting facts in a more hidden way and only providing details when wanted.
Harshit discovered several educational social networking sites that provided innovative ways of learning. He found LEARNOUT, which had over 80,00,000 registered students using the site daily. It offered user-generated content in 7 languages. Harshit also used TWOWAY, which allowed interactive studying through student-created flashcards and quizzes. He used TROUBLE BUBBLE to get answers to math questions from experts. TROUBLE BUBBLE saw the most questions asked between 4-6pm. Harshit benefited from these sites becoming empowered as a global learner through international teachers' content.
The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Based Tourism Building Ontology Conc...YogeshIJTSRD
Tourism is a strategy for country to increase its income. Digital technologies are currently used to help improve tourism, for example with information about tourist areas through the website or Mobile Apps. Database is required as the basic infrastructure for implementing system when to support tourism In this research, we discussed about the database model that can stored tourism data. Tourism databases such as warehouses are rich in information about tourism. Tourism information can be in the structured or unstructured form. Database development is an important part of enhancing development supported by digital technology. In this research, ontology is applied for database development and it produce the ontologies that could be utilized for tourism. In this research, ontology is applied for database development and it produces the ontologies that could be utilized for gastronomic tourism. Khamida Tulaeva | Detty Purnamasari "The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Based Tourism: Building Ontology Concept by XML Schema Definition and Extensible Markup Language" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44944.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/44944/the-digital-infrastructure-for-knowledge-based-tourism-building-ontology-concept-by-xml-schema-definition-and-extensible-markup-language/khamida-tulaeva
The slide was prepared in collaboration with Praneet Sharma at IIIT-Delhi.
This presentation shows the various factors that is holding India back from becoming a super power.
What do you think??
This document summarizes a debate on bikini waxing among successful Indian women. Some physicians argue that bikini waxing increases health risks by irritating hair follicles and leaving micro-wounds that can harbor infections. However, others believe women should have the choice regarding their own bodies. The debate touches on issues of women's empowerment, health risks, and social/cultural norms.
- India has economic relationships with other countries through trade, exports, imports and the movement of people. This involves the exchange of goods, services, money and ideas.
- International trade is important as it allows for specialization and more efficient production. Countries can focus on goods they have a comparative advantage in, increasing variety and lowering costs for consumers.
- India exports engineering goods, handicrafts and chemicals while importing petroleum, capital goods and fertilizers. Major trading partners include the US, UAE, and China.
- Globalization has increased economic integration between countries through advances in transportation, communication and policy coordination that facilitate the flow of goods, services and ideas.
- A brief comparison notes that while
This keynote address discusses who decides what giftedness is, as definitions are influenced by various social and political factors beyond just academic research. The speaker aims to provide context on giftedness by addressing three issues: 1) the driving forces behind our interest in the gifted, such as economic and political ambitions, 2) how dogma and human nature influence research and definitions, and 3) the impact of culture on what giftedness means. In conclusion, recognizing social influences beyond just research is important for developing a sustainable understanding of giftedness.
India has the potential to become a superpower due to several factors:
1) It has a large and growing population, with investments in education helping to build a skilled workforce.
2) Infrastructure development and economic reforms have supported strong economic growth rates over 8% annually in recent years.
3) The rising Indian middle class, growth of the IT industry, and increasing domestic consumption are expected to continue driving the economy.
4) Significant investments in modernizing its military, which already has the second largest standing army in the world, demonstrate India's growing international influence.
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 merupakan program presentasi yang digunakan untuk membuat presentasi elektronik. Dokumen ini membahas pengertian PowerPoint 2007, manfaatnya, cara mengaktifkan dan menutup program, bagian-bagian lembar kerja seperti Office Button dan Ribbon Tab, serta cara menyimpan dokumen PowerPoint 2007.
The document provides a name - Freidson Leandro. No other information is given about this person in the single line document. In just one line, the document only states a name without any other context or supporting details about the individual named.
This recipe makes potato balls from mashed potatoes mixed with egg, cheese, green onions, and bacon bits. The mixture is shaped into balls, rolled in bread crumbs, and fried in oil until golden brown. In total, preparation and cooking of the potato balls takes around 30 minutes to prepare and 10 minutes per batch to cook, yielding around 5 servings of fried potato balls.
Cultural learnings of testing for make benefit glorious nation of startupGil Tayar
The document discusses the importance and benefits of software testing. It notes that adding features, fixing bugs, and refactoring code requires testing the entire application due to the risk of introducing new bugs. Two types of testing are discussed: QA testing, where code is passed to QA after development, and developer testing, where testing is integrated into the development process through techniques like test-driven development. Developer testing provides benefits like confidence in changes, agility through faster release cycles, and ability to evolve requirements through collaboration. The document urges both managers and developers to prioritize testing.
Ayres Landscape will provide all their customers with eco-friendly, water conserving, and cost-effective landscape solutions at the best of quality and by a professionally, certified, and expertly trained personnel. It is also our goal here to let each customer know that they are like family to us and that means that anytime they have a problem occur or need support regarding any landscaping needs we will be available day or night, seven days a week. Family is first and that is how we here at Ayres Landscape expect our customers to feel, that they always come first.
The document discusses the simple present tense in English grammar. It defines the simple present tense as expressing facts, habits, or events that occur in the present. The basic formula for simple present tense verbs is subject + verb-1. For nominal sentences, the formula is subject + to be. It also notes that for third person singular subjects like she/he/it, the verb must take -s or -es. Examples of positive, negative, and interrogative sentences are provided to illustrate the tense.
Grupo de 5 diapositivas, elija a la derecah el temaAlquileres Nahemi
Este documento describe la sociedad en comandita por acciones, una forma de sociedad mixta en la que algunos socios (los comanditarios) tienen responsabilidad limitada mientras que otros (los comanditados) tienen responsabilidad ilimitada. Se requiere un capital fundacional y la emisión de acciones, y la administración está reservada para los socios comanditados. También explica los requisitos para constituir y registrar diferentes tipos de empresas mercantiles en Guatemala.
Тема 2.1. Этапы проведения исследования. Этап первый : 1. Вхождение в проблем...Ирина Галкина
Лекция в виде презентации.Дается структура и этапы проведения исследования. Рассматривается первый этап проведения исследования. Разбираются вопросы постановки цели, отбора и анализа маркетинговой информации.
Pull Requests are a core part of the GitHub site and many modern Git version control workflows. This free class given by Matthew McCullough of GitHub provides a demo-centric review of Pull Request use and positive co-behavioral impacts.
Harshit discovered several educational social networking sites that provided innovative ways of learning. He found LEARNOUT, which had over 80,00,000 registered students using the site daily. It offered user-generated content in 7 languages. Harshit also used TWOWAY, which allowed interactive studying through student-created flashcards and quizzes. He used TROUBLE BUBBLE to get answers to math questions from experts. TROUBLE BUBBLE saw the most questions asked between 4-6pm. Harshit benefited from these sites becoming empowered as a global learner through international teachers' content.
The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Based Tourism Building Ontology Conc...YogeshIJTSRD
Tourism is a strategy for country to increase its income. Digital technologies are currently used to help improve tourism, for example with information about tourist areas through the website or Mobile Apps. Database is required as the basic infrastructure for implementing system when to support tourism In this research, we discussed about the database model that can stored tourism data. Tourism databases such as warehouses are rich in information about tourism. Tourism information can be in the structured or unstructured form. Database development is an important part of enhancing development supported by digital technology. In this research, ontology is applied for database development and it produce the ontologies that could be utilized for tourism. In this research, ontology is applied for database development and it produces the ontologies that could be utilized for gastronomic tourism. Khamida Tulaeva | Detty Purnamasari "The Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Based Tourism: Building Ontology Concept by XML Schema Definition and Extensible Markup Language" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44944.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/44944/the-digital-infrastructure-for-knowledge-based-tourism-building-ontology-concept-by-xml-schema-definition-and-extensible-markup-language/khamida-tulaeva
The slide was prepared in collaboration with Praneet Sharma at IIIT-Delhi.
This presentation shows the various factors that is holding India back from becoming a super power.
What do you think??
This document summarizes a debate on bikini waxing among successful Indian women. Some physicians argue that bikini waxing increases health risks by irritating hair follicles and leaving micro-wounds that can harbor infections. However, others believe women should have the choice regarding their own bodies. The debate touches on issues of women's empowerment, health risks, and social/cultural norms.
- India has economic relationships with other countries through trade, exports, imports and the movement of people. This involves the exchange of goods, services, money and ideas.
- International trade is important as it allows for specialization and more efficient production. Countries can focus on goods they have a comparative advantage in, increasing variety and lowering costs for consumers.
- India exports engineering goods, handicrafts and chemicals while importing petroleum, capital goods and fertilizers. Major trading partners include the US, UAE, and China.
- Globalization has increased economic integration between countries through advances in transportation, communication and policy coordination that facilitate the flow of goods, services and ideas.
- A brief comparison notes that while
This keynote address discusses who decides what giftedness is, as definitions are influenced by various social and political factors beyond just academic research. The speaker aims to provide context on giftedness by addressing three issues: 1) the driving forces behind our interest in the gifted, such as economic and political ambitions, 2) how dogma and human nature influence research and definitions, and 3) the impact of culture on what giftedness means. In conclusion, recognizing social influences beyond just research is important for developing a sustainable understanding of giftedness.
India has the potential to become a superpower due to several factors:
1) It has a large and growing population, with investments in education helping to build a skilled workforce.
2) Infrastructure development and economic reforms have supported strong economic growth rates over 8% annually in recent years.
3) The rising Indian middle class, growth of the IT industry, and increasing domestic consumption are expected to continue driving the economy.
4) Significant investments in modernizing its military, which already has the second largest standing army in the world, demonstrate India's growing international influence.
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007 merupakan program presentasi yang digunakan untuk membuat presentasi elektronik. Dokumen ini membahas pengertian PowerPoint 2007, manfaatnya, cara mengaktifkan dan menutup program, bagian-bagian lembar kerja seperti Office Button dan Ribbon Tab, serta cara menyimpan dokumen PowerPoint 2007.
The document provides a name - Freidson Leandro. No other information is given about this person in the single line document. In just one line, the document only states a name without any other context or supporting details about the individual named.
This recipe makes potato balls from mashed potatoes mixed with egg, cheese, green onions, and bacon bits. The mixture is shaped into balls, rolled in bread crumbs, and fried in oil until golden brown. In total, preparation and cooking of the potato balls takes around 30 minutes to prepare and 10 minutes per batch to cook, yielding around 5 servings of fried potato balls.
Cultural learnings of testing for make benefit glorious nation of startupGil Tayar
The document discusses the importance and benefits of software testing. It notes that adding features, fixing bugs, and refactoring code requires testing the entire application due to the risk of introducing new bugs. Two types of testing are discussed: QA testing, where code is passed to QA after development, and developer testing, where testing is integrated into the development process through techniques like test-driven development. Developer testing provides benefits like confidence in changes, agility through faster release cycles, and ability to evolve requirements through collaboration. The document urges both managers and developers to prioritize testing.
Ayres Landscape will provide all their customers with eco-friendly, water conserving, and cost-effective landscape solutions at the best of quality and by a professionally, certified, and expertly trained personnel. It is also our goal here to let each customer know that they are like family to us and that means that anytime they have a problem occur or need support regarding any landscaping needs we will be available day or night, seven days a week. Family is first and that is how we here at Ayres Landscape expect our customers to feel, that they always come first.
The document discusses the simple present tense in English grammar. It defines the simple present tense as expressing facts, habits, or events that occur in the present. The basic formula for simple present tense verbs is subject + verb-1. For nominal sentences, the formula is subject + to be. It also notes that for third person singular subjects like she/he/it, the verb must take -s or -es. Examples of positive, negative, and interrogative sentences are provided to illustrate the tense.
Grupo de 5 diapositivas, elija a la derecah el temaAlquileres Nahemi
Este documento describe la sociedad en comandita por acciones, una forma de sociedad mixta en la que algunos socios (los comanditarios) tienen responsabilidad limitada mientras que otros (los comanditados) tienen responsabilidad ilimitada. Se requiere un capital fundacional y la emisión de acciones, y la administración está reservada para los socios comanditados. También explica los requisitos para constituir y registrar diferentes tipos de empresas mercantiles en Guatemala.
Тема 2.1. Этапы проведения исследования. Этап первый : 1. Вхождение в проблем...Ирина Галкина
Лекция в виде презентации.Дается структура и этапы проведения исследования. Рассматривается первый этап проведения исследования. Разбираются вопросы постановки цели, отбора и анализа маркетинговой информации.
Pull Requests are a core part of the GitHub site and many modern Git version control workflows. This free class given by Matthew McCullough of GitHub provides a demo-centric review of Pull Request use and positive co-behavioral impacts.
Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled professionals and highly educated individuals from their home country to opportunities abroad. It can occur when students educated abroad do not return home or when educated locals emigrate for better pay or opportunities. While it poses problems for developing countries that invest in education, it can also represent a brain gain for destination countries. Globalization has increased mobility such that skills are transferable worldwide, influencing more individuals' decisions to emigrate long-term. Some argue brain drain can be addressed by improving research support and independence in home countries to attract expatriates to return.
The document discusses brain drain, which is the emigration of skilled individuals from developing countries to developed countries. It provides historical context and discusses push factors like lack of opportunities in home countries and pull factors like better pay and facilities abroad. While brain drain has negatively impacted developing nations, some argue it can become "brain gain" if skilled emigrants return with new knowledge or if their success inspires others to remain. Larger countries experience less severe brain drain relative to their populations. Addressing factors that drive emigration like improving education and opportunities could help stem continuous losses of human capital.
Scientific diaspora from an emerging economy inclination to return and connec...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the determinants of return migration among Brazilian researchers and post-graduate students in Britain, as well as their personal and professional ties to Brazil. The study found that most participants were inclined to return to Brazil (67%). Career values and job market perceptions, such as receiving job advertisements from EU institutions and identifying high income as professional success, were associated with willingness to return. Personal ties to Brazil, such as family connections, were more influential on return plans than professional ties. Only 19% of participants were actively involved in research partnerships between Britain and Brazil. The study discusses policy implications to engage the scientific diaspora and foster international research partnerships.
Running head: Research Proposal 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7
My research proposal is about immigrants. Immigrants are people who leave their native country in order to seek a better future for them in a foreign country. In most cases, immigrants move from impoverished to developed countries. There are many reasons why immigrants decide to leave their home for a new one; these reasons include unemployment, civil war, political persecution, famine, among others. Some immigrants seek new countries on a temporary basis until they can build up finances and move back home while others move with an aim of setting up a permanent residence in their new country. Immigrants face many challenges in the course of their migration, if they cannot afford an air ticket they have to brave perilous traveling by vehicle or by ocean and once at their destination they have to contend with hostility from the citizens. We have to be sensitive to the plight of the immigrants, in order to make the world a better place.
Immigration is a force that has defined the United States of America and is continuing to mold our nation until now. In the seventeenth century, America experienced a wave of immigration from the European nations of Ireland, Italy, and Germany. These immigrants provided a boost to the economy of America, they provided cheap labor for the industries and established many enterprises some of which are present up to today. The nation of America, Canada and other European nations still experience heavy immigration into their borders (Hogarth, 2015).
In America’s election year, immigration is one of the hot topics debated by the presidential candidates. Politicians are prone to sugarcoating, and stating falsehoods in order to satisfy their agenda, it is important to research on immigrants in order to have a strong foothold of the facts of the matter (Shapiro & Vellucci, 2010). Furthermore, being more knowledgeable about immigrants will enable us to construct better policy that adequately addresses the issue of immigration rather than just deporting them, when they have sacrificed so much to make it to their new home.
I am interested in immigrants and immigration because it is one of the forces continuously shaping the world. It is the nature of man to seek always a better future. In the past, the forces that pushed immigration were famine and war, during famine people moved to productive areas, during war people moved to peaceful lands (Grikorenko, 2007). The main cause of immigration now is unemployment and better wages. It pays to understand the impact that immigrants have on their home countries and the nations where they set up new homes, knowing this will help to stem the tide of anti-immigrant sentiments .
- Major push factors for intellectual brain drain from Pakistan included lack of job opportunities, low salaries, poor working conditions, lack of research facilities, and political instability. Many highly educated Pakistanis moved abroad for better professional and economic prospects.
- Between 1995-2004, the number of highly-qualified migrants from Pakistan increased from 1,292 to 3,291 according to Pakistani government data. Skilled migration to OECD countries was also significant, with over 85,000 skilled Pakistani workers migrating during this period.
- While brain drain has costs for Pakistan, some research also points to potential benefits through remittances sent home and through circulation of skilled workers returning with new expertise. However, brain drain continues to be a
Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled workers from developing countries to developed countries. By 2000, there were 180 million migrants worldwide, with skilled migrants coming primarily from Asia, Africa, and Latin America to OECD countries. Causes of brain drain include increased educational attainment creating more opportunities abroad, selective immigration policies in developed countries, and lack of opportunities in source countries. While brain drain provides some benefits like remittances, it also results in negative impacts such as reduced growth and human capital in source countries. Policies aimed at balancing flows include increasing retention through education and economic development investments in source countries.
Global Research Forum on Diaspora and Transnationalism (GRFDT) is a consortium of researchers and policy makers drawn from national and international universities, institutes and organizations. GRFDT is presently based in India and is shaping as the largest such group focusing specifically on the issues related to diaspora and transnationalism.
The GRFDT works as an academic and policy think tank by engaging national and international experts from academics, practitioners and policy makers in a broad range of areas such as migration policies, transnational linkages of development, human rights, culture, gender to mention a few. In the changing global environment of academic research and policy making, the role of GRFDT will be of immense help to the various stakeholders. Many developing countries cannot afford to miss the opportunity to harness the knowledge revolution of the present era. The engagement of diaspora with various platform need to be reassessed in the present context to engage them in the best possible manner for the development human societies by providing policy input at the national and global context.
www.grfdt.com
Assessment Of Brain Drain And Its Impact On The Sending Economy A Case Study...Aaron Anyaakuu
The document summarizes a study on brain drain from Nepal. It finds that the main reasons people leave Nepal are for education, employment, and skills development, and the main factors that cause them to settle abroad are better employment opportunities and further improvements to their skills. As people find better jobs and continue developing their skills abroad, they are less likely to return to Nepal. The study uses surveys of 160 Nepalis living abroad and statistical analysis to examine the relationship between various push factors for migration from Nepal and rates of brain drain. It finds significant relationships between brain drain and opportunities for employment, skills growth, and earnings.
Indian “Brain Drain” Trends in STEM Fields and Influence on American Immigrat...Sean Porter
This document discusses the trends in Indian students and professionals pursuing STEM fields in the United States, and the influence of this "brain drain" on American immigration policy. It notes that while some view "brain drain" negatively, arguing that these foreign nationals take jobs and resources from Americans, others see potential benefits. Countries sending students abroad can benefit from their citizens' success and increased investment in education. The U.S. has also benefited from attracting talented foreign STEM professionals. However, as India's education system has improved, fewer Indian students now choose to study in the U.S. This has led America to make its immigration policies more accommodating to attract more foreign STEM talent.
This document discusses future trends in human capital development within international contexts. It outlines how nations can develop competitive knowledge and innovation workers through supportive organizations like schools and universities. The authors predict that by 2025, over 80% of the workforce will be knowledge workers. As artificial intelligence capabilities grow, information worker roles will be increasingly automated. Nations that adapt their education systems and organizations to foster creativity, imagination, and innovation will lead in human capital development and economic competitiveness over the coming decades. Context design to create innovative cultures will become essential for knowledge and innovation workers.
This document discusses future trends in human capital development within international contexts. It outlines how nations can develop competitive knowledge and innovation workers through supportive organizations like schools and universities. The authors predict that by 2025, over 80% of the workforce will be knowledge workers. As artificial intelligence capabilities grow, information worker roles will be increasingly automated. Nations that adapt their education systems and organizations to foster creativity, imagination, and innovation will lead in human capital development and economic competitiveness over the coming decades. Context design to create innovative cultures will become essential for knowledge and innovation workers. The leaders in human capital development are projected to shift over time, with smaller nations potentially "leapfrogging" larger ones through strategic investments in these areas.
This document discusses brain drain, which refers to the emigration of trained professionals and skilled individuals from their home country to other nations. It provides background on the history and characteristics of brain drain, as well as the push and pull factors that contribute to it. Specific examples of brain drain are examined, such as the emigration of skilled workers and students from India. The concepts of brain gain and reverse brain drain, where skilled individuals return to their home country, are also introduced. Overall causes and impacts of brain drain are assessed.
This document discusses future human capital development within national contexts. It outlines the transition from pre-agricultural to knowledge-based economies and different types of workers, such as "plaid collar" knowledge and innovation workers. The document predicts that by 2025, over 80% of workers will be knowledge workers. It argues that universities need to produce graduates with knowledge creation and innovation skills to support this transition. Finally, it considers different projections for which countries may lead in human capital development in the coming decades and stresses the important role of educators in ensuring countries can develop exceptional human capital.
Easy Essay Structure. How To Create A Powerful ArguSherri Cost
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Easy Essay Structure. How To Create A Powerful ArguLisa Riley
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Terrorism Essay In English 200 Words. Write An Article In About 200 ...Carrie Romero
The document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through this process.
The document discusses various aspects of Inuit culture, including how intimacy with the environment shapes every aspect of Inuit cultures. It notes how the Inuktitut language finely distinguishes types of weather. It provides definitions of culture from anthropological perspectives. It examines how abrupt changes to culture, like those from residential schools, may contribute to health issues. It looks at how individual and collective experiences are interpreted through shared historical oppressions for Inuit peoples.
The document discusses how immigrants have influenced the US economy, jobs, and demography. It notes that over 40% of US companies founded in 2010 were started by immigrants or their children, contributing an estimated $63 billion in sales from 2006 to 2012. Immigrants also influence the labor market by working in jobs that some native-born Americans are unwilling to, such as agriculture, domestic work, and construction. Additionally, immigrants have helped revitalize declining city populations and contributed to overall population growth. In summary, the document argues that immigration has positively impacted the US economy through entrepreneurship and the labor market, as well as demographic trends.
Indonesia has always been on the map: but helped now by their fervour for Social Media, Indonesia’s youth appear to be picking up more headlines globally - as a cultural phenomenon. Here is the birth of a New-School Dual Cool – an Eastern more feminine Western syncretism; and individualism attained through collectives. Beyond this, the key question is whether this tribe of ‘emos’ can take a lead in crossing-over transnationally?
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Aoinla Pongen, Science and Technology, Term Paper
1.
2. HOME AGAIN OR DEVELOPMENT?
Abstract
“Brain drain”, the movement of Indians towards developed
countries for better education and employment opportunities is
a much talked phenomena since 1960s. However, the trend is
reversing today. The developed countries in the west witnessed
the global economic crisis during 2007-08 which paved the way
for India in accelerating the pace of economic development.
Therefore, the economy opened up which further led to the
phenomena of “brain gain”. The paper discusses the reasons,
why immigrants leave their adopted countries for returning to
India and its impact on the economy.
RATIONALE
The paper is the continuation of the first submitted assignment on ““brain drain””, which allowed me to
read further on the same. The concept I am dealing with is, ““brain gain””. Further, I have attempted to
examine different dimensions of the concept, its liabilities and efficiencies. The title of the paper, “Home
Again or Development?” is the discussion between migrants’ idea of “home” and the state’s idea of
development.
3. FROM MIGRATION TO “BRAIN GAIN”
Migration started in India with a huge number of information technology
students departing for America for better (.....) The turning point was during
the dot-com bubble (.....) experts were forced to return to India due to the
slump and the loss of jobs in the United States (Chacko, 2007)
Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) made clear distinction between different types of
knowledge such as, explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge are external
knowledge (for instance mathematical formulae) accessible through designed classes
however, tacit knowledge are internal which develops through experiences and
socialisation. This paper mostly concentrates on the explicit knowledge. Tung (2006)
discusses five factors such as globalisation, reduction in immigration and emigration
policy, the dual citizenship policy, universal education and the idea of home, which
contribute to brain circulation. Interestingly, I associate all these above stated factors
with “brain gain”. In further sections, I would be dealing with factors relating to “brain
gain” in details.
India saw intense globalization during mid-nineties which witnessed an immense
increased drive for technological developments and services. The particular emphasis
probably demanded skilled labour from the developing countries like India wherein the
problem of skilled emigration was brought to political front (Gupte, M., & Jadhav, K.,
2014). Over the years, it has drawn the attention of scholars to conduct researches and
have popularized the concept of “Reverse “brain drain”” particularly in China and
India. Learning about the new growth and employment opportunities in India, trained
Indians from abroad started returning to their home country and settling down in the
metropolitan cities.
4. REVERSE “BRAIN DRAIN”
Reverse “brain drain”, where the human capital returns from developed countries to
developing countries which are growing rapidly. It occurs when scientists and
engineers move to developed countries for their higher education and employment and
reverse back to their home country after years of experience. We may need to
distinguish between ““brain gain”” and “brain circulation” in this context; brain
circulation would mean migrants coming to their home country occasionally to share
their skills while living abroad which means there is a circulation of human capital in
the global market. Whereas, “brain gain” occurs when highly skilled immigrants return
to their home country to take the good opportunity wherein the country is expected to
gain from these immigrants who are technically qualified.
Alwyn Didar ex- departmental head, Ministry of Overseas Affairs, states that it is
estimated that over 1, 00,000 Indians have returned by the year 2010. Union Science
and Technology Ministry reports states that the reverse “brain drain” is seen mainly
from United States (hereafter US), Germany and Britain. Scientists, according to T
Ramasami, Secretary Department of Science and Technology, are working in various
institutions and many of the researchers work in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra and West Bengal as these states have good number of research institutes.
The National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM),
McKinsey report of 2005 also showed that 25,000 IT Professionals returned to India
between 2000 and 2004 (Gupte, M., & Jadhav, K. 2014).
Observing the growth of the country and the career opportunities, Indian scientists have
been returning to their home country. Also, India has been experiencing this trend
wherein the government is designing policies to accumulate these immigrants.
WHY RETURN? FOR LOVE OR DEVELOPMENT?
Globalisation has made the world neatly inter-connected. The immigrants may think
that a particular work can be done from the country of origin as most of the multi-
nation companies are established all over the world which will help them to save their
5. position after returning to the country of origin. Sometimes, the idea of job transfer is
also associated with climbing up the ladder of job hierarchy. Also, the idea of saving
taxes in the country of origin (here, India) is the potential reason for “brain grain”.
In the globalised world, various countries have lessened the immigration and
emigration policy obstructions which increase the mobility between the host country
and the country of origin. I am completely aware of the fact that lessening the barriers
in immigration and emigration policy might lead to brain circulation also however; I
would like to argue that these policies first contribute to ““brain gain””. Countries likes
United Kingdom, Canada, United states etc. allow dual citizenship which also caters to
the “brain gain” for the country of origin.
The states’ policy of dual citizenship helps the immigrants to feel safe that they can
always go back to their host countries which pull them to their country of origin. Also,
having been to abroad always create a status symbol and the immigrants expects
difference in his social capital once he moves back to his country of origin.
In the contemporary era, most of the universities in India and abroad focus on
imparting knowledge which is universal in nature. For instance, the course, State and
Development, which is being taught in our college, provides various insights on
different countries of East Asia. I associate the diversity in knowledge with the idea of
globalisation and mobility. One of the objectives of these globalised courses could be,
to impart knowledge in order to make the global mobility smoother for the immigrants.
Also, associating to the same argument, people who choose to study abroad can come
back to their country of origin because of the universalised education pattern and to
gain work opportunity.
Since the boom in the immigration started taking place around 1960s, there are more
numbers of first generation immigrants in the host countries and the idea of home is
very strong between the immigrants and they often want to come back as they are very
attached to the idea of family. The popular idea, that Bollywood is the mirror of the
society, appears to be true in shaping some of the ideas in the society. In my view,
Bollywood creates or strengthen the impression of an individual, community or
country. For instance, we always see terrorists as Muslims in the Indian cinema which
6. contributes to the popular notion that all terrorists are Muslims or Pakistanis. Coming
back to the ‘return migrants’, I personally know an Indian doctor who was practicing in
Detroit and he was thinking of returning to India for various personal reasons. It might
sound comical but, the doctor, with his family really returned to India after watching
the movie, Swades (2004).
Looking at the coherence in the ““brain gain” and “brain circulation”, many scholars
have become skeptical about the concept itself. Leclerc and Meyer (2008) discusses the
consistency, viability and efficiency of the concept, ““brain gain”” as I discussed the
five factors previously, I assume that most of the factor runs in the cycle, For instance,
having dual citizenship might encourage the immigrant to return to the country of
origin however, having dual citizenship can also encourage the return migrant to go
back to the host country. There can be various possible reasons for return to the host
countries such as (here, in case of India), the efficiency of the country, social benefits,
development as whole and different (attractive) cultures (Reyneri, 2009). I would like
to point out that in my view; there is a literature gap in studies regarding tacit
knowledge. Most of the researches have studies explicit knowledge and most explicitly,
the information technology sector except few scholars such as Varshney (2003). It
would be immensely interesting to study the immigrant with tacit knowledge, for
instance, professors.
Indians looked West to UK and US mainly for studies, while Gulf
was the cash cow providing plenty of oil jobs (...) no wonder then India
is ranked no.1 country in remittances as high as $50 billion in 2010
(Chamikutty, 2011).
I firmly agree to what Reynari and Martin (2009) argues; that highly skilled workers
with limited time contract will be the most mobile. According to the World Bank
(2010), from 36 million migrants, 30 million people migrated from poor countries to
richer countries. As castles (2000) argues that mass migration is always through the
path walked by few individuals over a period of time. Since Castles (2000) argued
much before the mushrooming of the return migration took place hence, it becomes
important to go back to the very argument. In my view, Castles’ argument can also be
7. used for return migrants as there are ample opportunities for them and the state is
adopting different policies to bring back the skilled population in the country. Hence,
one return migrant leading a good life in his/her country of origin can influence various
returns to the country of origin.
STATE “BRAIN GAIN” POLICY: TO LURE INDIANS BACK
The transformation came in India when it opened up its economy in 1991. Since then,
many immigrants have moved back to their home country. In order to entice the return
of the immigrants, the state has been making tremendous efforts to gain from the highly
skilled Indians. Therefore, the state played an important role in finding ways to bring
back the best minds meaning to catalyze “brain drain” to “brain gain” for India. The
Indian government have set up schemes like The Ramanujam Fellowship, Innovation
in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) Programme and the Ralingaswamy
Fellowship to attract the NRIs to return to India. The Human Resource Development
Ministry’s new “brain gain” policy promises massive research funds, freedom and
bureaucratic control, negotiable salaries, academic freedom, and right environment. For
instance, it promised Research Endowment fund of at least Rs. 200 crore per national
university per year as funding is essential to support research environment. Human
Resource Development ministry has also worked on the removal of legal barrier that
does not allow Indian origin of another country to employ in public sector. The aim is
to attract Indian citizens employed in world-class institutions abroad who would back
to India with their highly skilled ability. The higher education has expanded ever since.
India had only 7 IITs, 6 IIMs and 24 central universities until 2007. But today the
number has increased.
The state has also made attempts to reverse the flow of “brain drain” through
scholarships. The government is encouraging Indian students to study abroad and
promoting them to return. One nearest example is the Commonwealth scholarship, the
policy of the scholarship asks students about how they could contribute to the nation
after their study in abroad? This basically is enhancing the reverse “brain drain” by
engaging them with diaspora which would make them to remit savings, bring in
8. acquired skills and act as bridge to connect foreign companies. State also makes sure
that immigrants in India get “wage premium” as a reward which is higher than the
workers who have not worked abroad. It is the reward for the important social capital
which the return migrants have and can be used to bridge the gap between the national
companies with foreign investments. The return migrants can also transfer their skills
and knowledge in their home country. The government has also contributed to
phenomena of brain circulation, the programme called Jawaharlal Nehru Science
Fellowship (JNSF) which brings a change to the traditionally inward looking scientific
culture. This scheme targets globally renowned Indian scientists who will be given an
opportunity work part time in India for a year. The salary is Rs. 55 lakh and attractive
facilities as they will be provided with fully furnished accommodation and research
grant of Rs. 5.5 million. Likewise, much effort has been made by the state over the
years which have contributed to the phenomena of “brain gain”.
BANGALORE AND HYDERABAD CITIES: MAGNETS FOR RETURNING
INDIANS
Cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai emerged as software
development zone during mid-1980s. Therefore, there was creation of employment for
the educated section of people. It includes highly skilled IT professionals working in
high-tech spaces which were rapidly growing. The government restructured the
jurisdictions of the cities and adopted policies from Asian cities like Singapore and
Kuala Lumpur. International organizations such World Bank, International Monetary
Fund and consultancies like McKinsey acted as agents who helped in transferring
practices from one country to the other. Particularly in Hyderabad, the then Chief
Minister Chandrababu Naidu brought changes in urban policies since 1995 to showcase
the city as knowledge-based industries. It became a state of laboratory to test the
growth of the state (Das, 2012).
Bangalore and Hyderabad became the focal point for the immigrants. As developed
countries, there has been an increase in the number of financial, industrial and
commercial linkages between firms and institutions wherein the government played
9. role by offering incentives to business institutions. Many of the Research and
Development (R & D) centers of American technology firms shifted to India and these
two cities were developed as important R & D centers. Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, ISRO Satellite Centre, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and
the Raman research Institute has included Defense Research and development
Organization. While in Hyderabad, International Institute of Information Technology,
The Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular
Biology. Indian School of Business was established in 1999 with the London School of
Business, Wharton Business School and the Kellogg School of Management in
collaboration with Andhra Pradesh government and a group of Fortune 500
entrepreneurs. Setting up institutions thus need returning NRIs to develop scientific and
technical output. The state tries to attract scientists and engineers who are involved in
the field of biotechnology in the US and as such Andhra Pradesh have a large number
of NRIs who have been trained in US. Unlike 1970s and 1980s, presently, in India we
have ample opportunities with good salary; good schools for children whose family
stays close by which is reasonable enough to return back to their home country.
(Chacko, E. (2007).
Global cities attract highly skilled migrants since they have knowledge-based activities.
Such human capital can spur economic growth of the adopted country. Yet immigrants
maintain link with their home country through economic and social remittances, return
visits and communication even when they are incorporated with the host country
(Bodnar 1985; Wyman 1993). The effect of globalization in India which has provided
immense opportunities definitely draws skilled immigrants to home. These immigrants
who were once knowledge diaspora comes back with skills, connections and savings
that helps India’s economic growth.
WHAT IS TO BE DONE?
The awareness that knowledge is the weapon for the world, and is quite portable in
nature, contributes to the “brain gain”. The argument of Tung (2008) is interesting that
the “brain loss” of the host country may not be permanent as the immigrants from any
10. county cherish their passport of visa of the developed nation hence, these return
migrants might return to the host countries. Also Saxenian, in her book, “The New
Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a global economy” (2006), studied Indian and
Chinese immigrants in the Silicon Valley and she found that immigrants who excel in
their IT skills, decides to pursue their career in both United States and the country of
origin, so that they capitalize on their worth in the job market and also build capital on
a large scale. Since, the government have realised that the country is losing on the
‘brain’ and is witnessing “brain drain”, it has started taking different measure to deal
with future migrants. For instance, the Commonwealth Scholarship from The Ministry
of Human Resource Management asks the applicant if there will be any benefit to the
home country after the undertaken study.1
In order to engage with the issue of migrants
and return migrants and to “gain the brain again”, the state needs to sponsor extensive
research in the particular area to study migration and return migrants with their push
and pull factors.
*****
1
Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2015). Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/UK2016.pdf
11. Reference
Chacko, E. (2007). From “brain drain” to “brain gain”: reverse migration to Bangalore
and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high tech cities. GeoJournal,68(2-3), 131-140.
Das, D. (2012). Ordinary lives in extraordinary Cyberabad. The Transforming Asian
City: People’s Practices and Emergent Spaces. London/New York: Routledge,
112-122.
Ebaugh, H. R. (2003). Religion and the new immigrants. Handbook of the Sociology of
Religion, 225-39.
Gupte, M., & Jadhav, K. (2014). The Concept of Reverse “Brain Drain” and Its
Relevance to India. Abhinav-International Monthly Refereed Journal Of
Research In Management & Technology (Online ISSN 2320-0073),3(1), 83-87.
Leclerc, E., & Meyer, J. B. (2007). Knowledge diasporas for development: a
shrinking space for scepticism. Asian Population Studies, 3(2), 153-168.
Tung, R. L. (2008). Brain circulation, diaspora, and international
competitiveness. European Management Journal, 26(5), 298-304.
Varshney, D. (2013). The Return of the Natives: Asian Diaspora Issues and
Dilemmas–The Case of India. African and Asian Studies, 12(3), 290-321.
Varshney, D. (2013). Why India Calls Back: An Empirical Investigation of Reverse
Migrants. Man in India, 93(2-3), 429-445.
WEBSITES CITED
Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2015).
Retrieved October 16, 2015, from
mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/UK2016.pdf