Brain Development.pptx
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The document discusses brain development from conception through adulthood. It notes that the brain begins developing shortly after conception and continues throughout life. During early childhood, the brain undergoes rapid changes in size and myelination as plasticity allows it to learn and adapt. Neglect or abuse can impair proper frontal lobe development. During adolescence, pruning and myelination increase efficiency as the brain matures into adulthood. Both genetics and the environment influence how genes express themselves in the developing brain.
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Education 1 : Brain development
The document summarizes brain development from conception through adulthood. It notes that brain development begins at conception and continues throughout life, and may be affected by sensory experiences. Early childhood sees rapid changes in brain size and structure as the brain prepares to learn. Neglect and abuse can impact the development of areas like the frontal lobe. During adolescence, the brain undergoes pruning and continued myelination, while the amygdala develops emotional processing before the frontal lobe. Both genetics and the environment influence how genes express themselves in the developing brain.
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This document provides an overview of human development across the lifespan, including both normal and abnormal development. It covers prenatal development, changes through infancy and childhood according to sensorimotor and cognitive stages. It also discusses attachment theory, emotional development, and approaches to studying development. Regarding abnormal development, it addresses teratogens, childhood psychological disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, pervasive developmental disorders, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with mental retardation.
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Newborns have reflexes that help them interact with the world. Their health is assessed using the Apgar score and Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. They experience states of alertness, waking activity, crying and sleeping. Crying communicates needs. Temperament reflects consistent patterns of behavior and has hereditary and environmental influences. Rapid physical growth in infancy requires good nutrition, ideally from breastfeeding. The brain develops dramatically in early life, with neurons forming connections influenced by experience and environment.
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Children's bodies and minds develop rapidly in early childhood. Their bodies grow taller and gain weight each year from ages 2 to 6. Their brains reach 90% of adult weight by age 6 due to extensive myelination which speeds neural signaling. Children develop motor skills through play and practice. Piaget's theory of preoperational thought describes young children's egocentric, animistic thinking. Vygotsky emphasized social learning and scaffolding within the zone of proximal development. Language skills like vocabulary and grammar expand greatly. Early education programs vary in their emphasis on child-centered learning through play versus teacher-directed academic instruction.
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This document summarizes physical, motor, and sensory development in infancy. It discusses patterns of physical growth from head to toe. Motor skills progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking. Visual acuity increases while peripheral vision expands. Infants develop depth perception and constancy. Hearing matures to adult levels by 18 months. Coordination of senses allows recognition of objects across modalities. Both nature and nurture influence development as the brain and nervous system myelinate and the environment provides stimulation.
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The document discusses brain development in infants and young children. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first few years of life, with neurons forming connections and synapses proliferating. Early experiences play a crucial role in shaping brain development as connections are reinforced or pruned. The environment influences how the brain forms, with chronic stress or extreme deprivation potentially harming development. Proper stimulation and nurturing experiences are important for healthy brain growth.
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The document describes physical and motor development from infancy through early childhood. Key points include:
- The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life, reaching 70% of adult size by age 2 and 90% by age 5. Important developments include growth of neurons and myelination of the cerebral cortex.
- Fine and gross motor skills develop sequentially from head to toe. Important milestones include sitting, crawling, walking, and grasping objects. Most children achieve these milestones between specific age ranges.
- Motor development is influenced by both biological maturation and environmental stimulation. Lack of opportunities can delay development.
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The document summarizes brain development from conception through adulthood. It notes that brain development begins at conception and continues throughout life, and may be affected by sensory experiences. Early childhood sees rapid changes in brain size and structure as the brain prepares to learn. Neglect and abuse can impact the development of areas like the frontal lobe. During adolescence, the brain undergoes pruning and continued myelination, while the amygdala develops emotional processing before the frontal lobe. Both genetics and the environment influence how genes express themselves in the developing brain.
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This document provides an overview of human development across the lifespan, including both normal and abnormal development. It covers prenatal development, changes through infancy and childhood according to sensorimotor and cognitive stages. It also discusses attachment theory, emotional development, and approaches to studying development. Regarding abnormal development, it addresses teratogens, childhood psychological disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, pervasive developmental disorders, mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders, and genetic syndromes associated with mental retardation.
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Newborns have reflexes that help them interact with the world. Their health is assessed using the Apgar score and Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. They experience states of alertness, waking activity, crying and sleeping. Crying communicates needs. Temperament reflects consistent patterns of behavior and has hereditary and environmental influences. Rapid physical growth in infancy requires good nutrition, ideally from breastfeeding. The brain develops dramatically in early life, with neurons forming connections influenced by experience and environment.
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Children's bodies and minds develop rapidly in early childhood. Their bodies grow taller and gain weight each year from ages 2 to 6. Their brains reach 90% of adult weight by age 6 due to extensive myelination which speeds neural signaling. Children develop motor skills through play and practice. Piaget's theory of preoperational thought describes young children's egocentric, animistic thinking. Vygotsky emphasized social learning and scaffolding within the zone of proximal development. Language skills like vocabulary and grammar expand greatly. Early education programs vary in their emphasis on child-centered learning through play versus teacher-directed academic instruction.
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This document summarizes physical, motor, and sensory development in infancy. It discusses patterns of physical growth from head to toe. Motor skills progress from reflexes to rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking. Visual acuity increases while peripheral vision expands. Infants develop depth perception and constancy. Hearing matures to adult levels by 18 months. Coordination of senses allows recognition of objects across modalities. Both nature and nurture influence development as the brain and nervous system myelinate and the environment provides stimulation.
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The document discusses brain development in infants and young children. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first few years of life, with neurons forming connections and synapses proliferating. Early experiences play a crucial role in shaping brain development as connections are reinforced or pruned. The environment influences how the brain forms, with chronic stress or extreme deprivation potentially harming development. Proper stimulation and nurturing experiences are important for healthy brain growth.
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The document describes physical and motor development from infancy through early childhood. Key points include:
- The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life, reaching 70% of adult size by age 2 and 90% by age 5. Important developments include growth of neurons and myelination of the cerebral cortex.
- Fine and gross motor skills develop sequentially from head to toe. Important milestones include sitting, crawling, walking, and grasping objects. Most children achieve these milestones between specific age ranges.
- Motor development is influenced by both biological maturation and environmental stimulation. Lack of opportunities can delay development.
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The document discusses various physical and cognitive changes that occur during the play years from ages 1-6. Key developments include body changes like growth patterns and eating habits, rapid brain growth and development of motor skills. The prefrontal cortex matures, improving impulse control and attention. Children also face risks from injuries, abuse, and nutritional deficiencies during this period. Avoiding harm requires primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies.
Infancy Physical Development Chapter 4 and 5Infan.docx
Infancy: Physical Development
Chapter 4 and 5
Infant development progresses rapidly. Infants usually come into this world equipped to begin the journey of life!
1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
2
Skeletal Growth
Skeletal Age
Epiphyses
Fontanels
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
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Brain Development
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheres
Lateralization
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At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
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Physical Cognitive Development Early Childood.pptx
Physical development in early childhood involves steady growth in height and weight, with body fat declining. Children's brains grow rapidly during this period, reaching 90% of adult size by age 5. This growth is facilitated by myelination and increased neural connections. Motor skills also develop significantly between ages 3-5, with improvements in gross motor abilities like jumping, running, and stair climbing as well as in fine motor coordination.
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This document discusses brain development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that connections in the brain are strengthened through use and pruned away if not used. The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life as connections are formed and then pruned away. Environmental influences shape brain development, with the earliest years seeing the most change as experiences bombard the developing brain. Brain growth continues through childhood and adolescence as different areas mature at different rates.
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Here are some ways this knowledge could be applied:
- Design physical education programs that challenge motor skills and allow for individual differences in physical maturity. Include team sports to foster social skills.
- Create interactive lessons and hands-on projects for classrooms to engage different learning styles as brain development progresses.
- Offer counseling or mentorship programs to help adolescents cope with physical and emotional changes, especially those maturing earlier or later than peers. Address self-esteem issues.
- Educate parents, teachers, and coaches about typical developmental stages so they can better understand behavioral changes and support adolescents' needs.
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This document summarizes a presentation on child development and the impact of retained primitive reflexes on learning. It discusses the progression of typical reflex development and integration from birth through age 3. Challenges can arise when reflexes are not properly integrated, including problems with motor skills, sensory processing, and academic tasks. The presentation aims to help practitioners identify children with retained reflexes and provide activities to support integration.
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Key points include: 1) Children's bodies change significantly as they grow taller, thinner, and more coordinated. Their brains also develop rapidly through pruning and myelination. 2) Important cognitive milestones include improved attention, planning, motor skills and emotional regulation as brain regions like the prefrontal cortex mature. 3) Injuries pose risks to young children who are still learning impulse control, so injury prevention strategies are important to implement. Child abuse and neglect can seriously harm development if not addressed.
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The document summarizes various topics related to child development between the ages of 1-6 years old, including body changes, brain development, injuries, abuse, and maltreatment. During this period, children experience significant growth and skill development. Their bodies become leaner and more proportional. Their brains continue developing structures that allow for improved thinking and coordination. Young children remain vulnerable to injuries, abuse, and maltreatment, which can negatively impact their health and development. Prevention efforts aim to protect children's well-being and healthy development during these critical early years.
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The document discusses the biological basis of behavior and the human brain. It covers several key points:
1. Heredity and evolution influence human physical and mental characteristics. The brain is programmed for language and social skills at birth.
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The document discusses adolescent brain development and its implications. It notes that the prefrontal cortex, responsible for reasoning and problem solving, develops last. During adolescence, the brain undergoes synaptic pruning and myelination in the frontal lobes. This results in improved abstract thinking abilities but also impaired emotional control and judgment. Teens may engage in risky behavior due to a less developed prefrontal cortex. The document emphasizes the importance of supporting adolescent well-being, competence, confidence, connections, character and sleep for healthy development.
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This document provides an outline for performing a neurological assessment of a child. It discusses obtaining a thorough history, performing a general physical exam including anthropometry, and examining the child's higher mental functions, cranial nerves, motor system, and sensory system. The neurological exam involves developmentally appropriate assessment of reflexes, signs of meningeal irritation, and tests of specific regions like the head, eyes, and muscles. Close attention is paid to examining infants and assessing normal neurologic growth.
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2. Brain development is also covered, including myelination, synaptogenesis, and pruning that occurs in the first years of life and during adolescence. Different areas of the brain mature at varying rates.
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1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
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The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
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Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
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Prefrontal cortex
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At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
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Physical development in early childhood involves steady growth in height and weight, with body fat declining. Children's brains grow rapidly during this period, reaching 90% of adult size by age 5. This growth is facilitated by myelination and increased neural connections. Motor skills also develop significantly between ages 3-5, with improvements in gross motor abilities like jumping, running, and stair climbing as well as in fine motor coordination.
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This document discusses brain development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that connections in the brain are strengthened through use and pruned away if not used. The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life as connections are formed and then pruned away. Environmental influences shape brain development, with the earliest years seeing the most change as experiences bombard the developing brain. Brain growth continues through childhood and adolescence as different areas mature at different rates.
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Here are some ways this knowledge could be applied:
- Design physical education programs that challenge motor skills and allow for individual differences in physical maturity. Include team sports to foster social skills.
- Create interactive lessons and hands-on projects for classrooms to engage different learning styles as brain development progresses.
- Offer counseling or mentorship programs to help adolescents cope with physical and emotional changes, especially those maturing earlier or later than peers. Address self-esteem issues.
- Educate parents, teachers, and coaches about typical developmental stages so they can better understand behavioral changes and support adolescents' needs.
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This document summarizes a presentation on child development and the impact of retained primitive reflexes on learning. It discusses the progression of typical reflex development and integration from birth through age 3. Challenges can arise when reflexes are not properly integrated, including problems with motor skills, sensory processing, and academic tasks. The presentation aims to help practitioners identify children with retained reflexes and provide activities to support integration.
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The document summarizes research on child development during the play years (ages 1-6). It covers body changes as children grow taller and stronger. It also discusses rapid brain development, including growth of connections between hemispheres. Motor skills and artistic expression improve with practice. The document notes risks of injury and abuse to young children and outlines warning signs of maltreatment.
Biological Basis of Behavior
The document discusses the biological basis of behavior and the human brain. It covers several key points:
1. Heredity and evolution influence human physical and mental characteristics. The brain is programmed for language and social skills at birth.
2. The brain consists of three main layers - the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain includes the medulla, cerebellum, and pons and controls vital functions like breathing.
3. The limbic system, which includes the amygdala and hippocampus, is responsible for emotions and forming memories. The amygdala handles emotional responses while the hippocampus aids memory formation.
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This document summarizes physical development and aging across the human lifespan. It discusses patterns of growth from infancy to puberty and changes that occur in early, middle, and late adulthood. Key topics covered include changes in height, weight, body proportions, hormones, sexuality, brain development, sleep patterns and longevity.
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The document discusses adolescent brain development and its implications. It notes that the prefrontal cortex, responsible for reasoning and problem solving, develops last. During adolescence, the brain undergoes synaptic pruning and myelination in the frontal lobes. This results in improved abstract thinking abilities but also impaired emotional control and judgment. Teens may engage in risky behavior due to a less developed prefrontal cortex. The document emphasizes the importance of supporting adolescent well-being, competence, confidence, connections, character and sleep for healthy development.
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The document discusses physical, cognitive, and motor development in infants and toddlers over the first two years of life. It covers rapid growth and changes in body size, brain development including neuron and synapse formation, sleep patterns, sensory and motor development including reflexes and motor skills, and the role of nutrition and public health measures in child development.
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This unit introduces reflection and its significance for teachers. Reflection is defined as systematically reviewing experiences to improve teaching and maximize student learning. It involves analyzing lessons to consider new approaches and tailoring instruction to individual students. The key aspects of reflection are experience, critical analysis of that experience, learning from it, and applying that learning to improve future experiences. Reflection benefits teachers by helping them justify their practices, adapt their instruction, examine their beliefs, promote a positive classroom, and develop effective teaching strategies informed by the broader context.
emotional development.pptx
This document discusses emotional development from infancy through childhood. It defines emotions and describes their characteristics. Common emotional patterns in childhood like fear, anger, and joy are explored. The document also outlines Bridge's chart, which shows the typical ages at which different emotions first appear in children from distress and delight as infants to more complex emotions like shame, anxiety, and envy as they grow into early childhood. Factors like health, intelligence, family environment, and school atmosphere are noted as influencing a child's emotional development.
Attachment.pptx
Attachment theory proposes that infants form an emotional bond to their primary caregiver(s) that provides security, comfort and has evolutionary benefits. Early research identified stages of attachment from birth through toddlerhood, finding that most infants develop a single, strong attachment to one caregiver between 7-12 months. Subsequent studies observed behaviors like crying, following and stranger anxiety to classify attachment styles and determine the role of early relationships for children's development.
functional and dysfunctional conflicts.pptx
The document discusses types of conflicts, including functional and dysfunctional conflicts. Functional conflicts serve organizational goals, while dysfunctional conflicts hinder performance. It also describes conflict processes, including potential causes of conflicts, how conflicts are cognized and personalize, intentions in conflicts, behaviors in conflicts, and outcomes of conflicts. Common conflict management techniques like stimulating functional conflicts, different styles for handling conflicts, and third party interventions are outlined.
Gestalt psychology.pptx
Gestalt psychology focuses on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It was developed in 1910 by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka. Some key principles of Gestalt psychology include the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, pragnanz (good form), and figure/ground. These laws describe how humans naturally perceive and group visual elements as a whole. Gestalt psychologists also studied insight learning through Wolfgang Kohler's experiments with apes solving problems using tools.
conflict management(Organizational) (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of conflict management in organizations. It discusses the causes, types, levels, and process of conflict as well as steps for managing conflicts. Some key points include:
- Conflicts can be constructive or destructive depending on how they are handled. They can stimulate change but also reduce cooperation if escalated.
- There are various types and levels of conflict including interpersonal, intragroup, and interorganizational. Conflicts also have functional and dysfunctional impacts.
- The conflict process involves 5 stages: potential opposition, cognition/personalization, intentions, behaviors, and outcomes.
- Steps to manage conflicts positively include anticipating issues, preventing conflicts, identifying the type, managing emotions
Unit 10.pptx
This document outlines the content and learning outcomes of a unit on applying reflective skills. The unit will help students systematically reflect throughout their coursework, identify key questions for their role as novice teachers, and understand the issues involved in becoming a reflective practitioner. It provides guidance on modeling reflection, considering classroom context, encouraging multiple perspectives, and other tips to support students' development as reflective practitioners.
Unit 08.pptx
The document discusses three major proponents of reflective practice: John Dewey, L. Stanhouse, and D. Schon. It provides details on each thinker's views:
- John Dewey believed that education should engage with experience and enlarge it through reflection. He saw the school as a community for learning and argued it should bridge the gap between school and life.
- L. Stanhouse defined curriculum as an experiment subject to scrutiny and translation to practice. He promoted student choice and saw curriculum as a process of interaction rather than physical documents.
- D. Schon defined reflective practice as professionals learning from experience. He discussed reflection in and on action and knowing in action.
The document provides
Unit 07.pptx
This unit introduces reflection and its significance for teachers. Reflection is defined as systematically reviewing experiences to improve teaching and maximize student learning. It involves analyzing lessons to consider new approaches and tailor instruction to students. The benefits of reflection include improving practice, responding to issues, developing strategies, and understanding the broader context of teaching. Reflection is a cycle of teaching, self-assessing the impact on learning, considering improvements, implementing changes, and repeating the process. It allows teachers to consciously learn from experiences.
Conflict Handling modes.pptx
The document discusses the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) which assesses an individual's behavior in conflict situations along the dimensions of assertiveness and cooperativeness. It identifies five conflict handling modes: competing, avoiding, compromising, accommodating, and collaborating. Each mode has different characteristics in terms of assertiveness, cooperativeness, benefits and costs. The TKI aims to increase self-awareness, improve communication and decision making, and enhance negotiation skills.
Leadership.pptx
This document provides an overview of leadership by discussing its definition, characteristics, styles, theories, and conclusion. It defines leadership as influencing others toward common goals and outlines traits like vision, influence, and direction. Theories discussed include trait, behavioral, contingency, and situational. It also covers leadership styles such as authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of aligning people, systems, and roles with organizational strategy while engaging employees.
Managing Workplace Diversity.pptx
This document discusses managing diversity in the workplace. It defines diversity and identifies primary, secondary, and tertiary dimensions of diversity including factors like gender, age, culture, religion, and more. It discusses the importance of managing diversity for business benefits and the challenges of doing so. It provides strategies for management commitment, reinforcing employee competencies, actively facilitating inclusiveness, effective communication, and evaluating effectiveness. Finally, it discusses considerations for both managers and team members in dealing with diversity at work.
functional and dysfunctional conflicts.pptx
This document discusses conflict and its management in organizations. It begins by defining conflict and outlining traditional, human relations, and interactionist views of conflict. It then contrasts functional and dysfunctional conflict, and discusses the conflict iceberg model. The document outlines the 5 stages of conflict (potential opposition, cognition/personalization, intentions, behavior, outcomes) and 5 styles for handling conflict (integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, compromising). It also discusses stimulating functional conflict, managing intergroup conflict, and alternative dispute resolutions including mediation and arbitration.
Growth VS Development.pptx
The document defines growth and development, outlines key differences between the two, and discusses factors that influence them. Growth refers to an increase in size due to cell multiplication, while development involves qualitative changes and maturation of functions. Development is influenced by both maturation and experience/environment and continues throughout life, whereas growth stops at maturity. Factors like genetics, nutrition, hormones, and environment affect both growth and development from the prenatal period through childhood and adolescence.
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