Attachment theory proposes that infants form an emotional bond to their primary caregiver(s) that provides security, comfort and has evolutionary benefits. Early research identified stages of attachment from birth through toddlerhood, finding that most infants develop a single, strong attachment to one caregiver between 7-12 months. Subsequent studies observed behaviors like crying, following and stranger anxiety to classify attachment styles and determine the role of early relationships for children's development.
Learn the history of attachment theory (known today as attachment parenting), and the benefits of creating a secure attachment with your infant and/or child.
Learn the history of attachment theory (known today as attachment parenting), and the benefits of creating a secure attachment with your infant and/or child.
http://studiousguy.com/john-bowlby-achment-theory/
This website aims to provide study material for the students preparing for their exams, the articles are written by experts in respective subjects and are in a very understandable manner.
Lifespan Development 3PS506 Lifesp.docxSHIVA101531
Lifespan Development 3
PS506 Lifespan Development
Name
Class
Date
Professor
PS506 Lifespan Development
In this review of the article “Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation” the author Mary Ainsworth discusses an experiment she conducted known as the Strange Situation. This paper will review this experiment and the findings and provide an opinion on the credibility of the experiment. Two possible interventions for parent/child attachment will be offered.
Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation is an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in order to determine how attachment differs in toddlers. Attachment theory looks at the interpersonal relationship between people and how bonds are formed. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory finding people form emotional bonds with other people overtime. This attachment does not have to be shared with one person forming an attachment but the other not forming the same attachment. The Strange Situation experiment resulted in the development of three types of attachment between the mother and child. Each of these attachment styles developed by Ainsworth is beneficial to understanding the types of attachments children form.
Attachment is characterized by specific behaviors in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory is designed to explain the parent-child relationship and how attachments form. The attachment theory was established by Bowlby but the discovery of different types of attachments by children was a discovery made by Schaffer and Emerson in 1964. The research conducted by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered some children require more attachment from their caregivers while other infants required less time and cuddling. This discovery eventually led to the research conducted by Ainsworth.
Ainsworth was interested in discovering how attachment forms in infant and young children. The goal of the experiment was to see how children respond when they are placed in strange or uncomfortable positions. The Strange Situation procedure applied eight different episodes that lasted three minutes each.
1. Mother, child, researcher are in the room for around one minute
2. Next Mother and baby are left in room alone
3. Stranger joins Mother and child
4. Next Mother leaves the room leaving the baby and stranger alone
5. Next mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves
6. Next the mother leaves the room leaving the infant all alone
7. Stranger returns alone
8. Next Mother returns and stranger leaves
During the research Ainsworth would note the changes in the child’s behavior during every episode. During the research Ainsworth recorded behaviors, such as separation anxiety. Separation anxiety refers to the feelings of unease the infant child experienced when mother left room. The child’s willingn ...
http://studiousguy.com/john-bowlby-achment-theory/
This website aims to provide study material for the students preparing for their exams, the articles are written by experts in respective subjects and are in a very understandable manner.
Lifespan Development 3PS506 Lifesp.docxSHIVA101531
Lifespan Development 3
PS506 Lifespan Development
Name
Class
Date
Professor
PS506 Lifespan Development
In this review of the article “Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation” the author Mary Ainsworth discusses an experiment she conducted known as the Strange Situation. This paper will review this experiment and the findings and provide an opinion on the credibility of the experiment. Two possible interventions for parent/child attachment will be offered.
Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation is an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in order to determine how attachment differs in toddlers. Attachment theory looks at the interpersonal relationship between people and how bonds are formed. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory finding people form emotional bonds with other people overtime. This attachment does not have to be shared with one person forming an attachment but the other not forming the same attachment. The Strange Situation experiment resulted in the development of three types of attachment between the mother and child. Each of these attachment styles developed by Ainsworth is beneficial to understanding the types of attachments children form.
Attachment is characterized by specific behaviors in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory is designed to explain the parent-child relationship and how attachments form. The attachment theory was established by Bowlby but the discovery of different types of attachments by children was a discovery made by Schaffer and Emerson in 1964. The research conducted by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered some children require more attachment from their caregivers while other infants required less time and cuddling. This discovery eventually led to the research conducted by Ainsworth.
Ainsworth was interested in discovering how attachment forms in infant and young children. The goal of the experiment was to see how children respond when they are placed in strange or uncomfortable positions. The Strange Situation procedure applied eight different episodes that lasted three minutes each.
1. Mother, child, researcher are in the room for around one minute
2. Next Mother and baby are left in room alone
3. Stranger joins Mother and child
4. Next Mother leaves the room leaving the baby and stranger alone
5. Next mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves
6. Next the mother leaves the room leaving the infant all alone
7. Stranger returns alone
8. Next Mother returns and stranger leaves
During the research Ainsworth would note the changes in the child’s behavior during every episode. During the research Ainsworth recorded behaviors, such as separation anxiety. Separation anxiety refers to the feelings of unease the infant child experienced when mother left room. The child’s willingn ...
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. EARLY RELATIONSHIPS SCHAFFER
(1996)
• ‘Defined attachment as a long enduring emotional meaningful tie to
a particular individual’ The bond is characterized by a desire for
closeness to individuals such as the primary caregiver. This
attachment source will often offer comfort, security and other
primary needs.
3. ATTACHMENT: A DEFINITION
•
“A close and consistent emotional bond with
mother”(Bowlby 1940s)“An affectional tie that
one person or animal forms between himself
and another specific one – a tie that binds
them together in space and endures over
time”(Ainsworth & Bell, 1970)
4. SCHAFFER & EMERSON
(1964) 60 GLASGOW
INFANTS
•
Carried out observations and interviews with
parents at regular intervals during the first 18
months after birth
• They found that a particular pattern of
attachment occurred in a significant amount
of participants.
5. STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
(SCHAFFER & EMERSON
1964)
• Stage/ Age Type of Attachment
• Asocial(0-6 weeks)
• Babies respond in a similar way to people and
objects, although they prefer to look at human-like
stimuli.
• Diffuse(6 weeks to 6 months)
• Babies show no particular preference for a
specific individual and will be comforted by
anyone.
6. • Single strong attachment(7 to 12 months)
• Babies show a strong preference for a single
individual and will show fear of strangers.
• Multiple attachments(12 months onwards)
• Babies will show attachment towards several
figures. By 18 months some infants have as
many as five attachment figures.
7. THE FUNCTIONS OF
ATTACHMENT
•
Initially it was thought infants attach to the
person who provide food. However babies
do not always attach to the person who feeds
them but to those who comfort (Harlow 1959)
8. • Evolutionary psychologists have suggests that
attachment is crucial for survival.
• Bowlby (1969) proposed attachment provides and
internal working model of relationships.
Attachment therefore provides a mental view of
what relationships are and gives expectations in
later life.
10. AINSWORTH (1978) THE
STRANGE SITUATION
• This study has been replicated many times and is now a standard
measure for measuring type and quality of attachment. The Aim was
to study the reactions of children to Brief separations from the
mother.
• A controlled observation infants were exposed to a sequence of 3
minute episodes starting the with mother and child and then
strangers were introduced.
• The behaviours were recorded.
11. • Ainsworth classified infants as:
• Securely attached
• Anxious avoidant
• Anxious resistant
• 65% fell into the secure category
• 15-20% were in the other 2 catagories
• What conclusions can be made?
• What ethical issues are there?
