This document provides guidelines for bonding Fiberbond fiberglass piping systems in the field. It lists and describes the various materials used, including glass reinforcements, resins and additives, tools, and personal protective equipment. Glass reinforcements include chopped strand mat, woven roving, and various fabrics. Resins, promoters, catalysts, topcoats, fire retardants and other additives are also outlined. Required tools include brushes, rollers, buckets, mixing sticks and grinders. The document also provides shelf life information and contact details.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
(www.indiamart.com/vishwanathfibre) We “Vishwanath Fibre - Glass Reinforced Plastics Private Limited” founded in the year 2017 are a renowned firm that is engaged in manufacturing, trading, wholesaling and retailing a wide assortment of FRP Grating, Storage Tanks, etc.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are triple distilled to give highest industrial strength. PARSON provides high quality cyanoacrylate adhesives with steady performance for every assembly applications. http://www.parsonadhesives.com/parfix/cyanoacrylate-adhesives.htm
With over 35 years of experience in the adhesives industry, Alansons is known as a solutions provider rather than just a supplier. They have been working with customers for 25 years to provide bonding solutions that meet industry standards. Alansons offers a wide range of urea, melamine, phenol and resorcinol based adhesives that provide cost-effective and flexible solutions for both hot and cold bonding in applications like furniture, joinery, and structural uses. They provide extensive technical support and product knowledge to customers.
Everything you needed to know about CERFLON®:
A reinforced PTFE occurs when a ceramic compound,
Boron Nitride, which is stronger and tougher, is
introduced into the matrix of this fluoropolymer,
thereby “reinforcing” the polymer.
- Para-aramid fibers like Kevlar belong to the family of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) which can achieve very high tensile strengths and moduli.
- LCPs form liquid crystalline phases where the polymer chains are partially aligned in solution above a critical concentration. These phases can align further during fiber spinning.
- Kevlar fibers are produced via dry-jet wet spinning where the spinning solution is stretched in an air gap before entering the coagulation bath, resulting in high molecular orientation and mechanical properties.
Reinste Nano Ventures produces industrial-grade nanosilver and nanomaterial products for antibacterial and antimicrobial applications. Their product range includes liquid nanosilver, nanosilver masterbatches for polymers, fibers and yarns, and various protective and heat-resistant coatings made with nanomaterials. Some of their coating products provide fire protection, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, self-healing properties, and UV protection. They also offer heat transfer fluids and engine oil additives containing nanodiamonds or nanoparticles to improve performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
(www.indiamart.com/vishwanathfibre) We “Vishwanath Fibre - Glass Reinforced Plastics Private Limited” founded in the year 2017 are a renowned firm that is engaged in manufacturing, trading, wholesaling and retailing a wide assortment of FRP Grating, Storage Tanks, etc.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are triple distilled to give highest industrial strength. PARSON provides high quality cyanoacrylate adhesives with steady performance for every assembly applications. http://www.parsonadhesives.com/parfix/cyanoacrylate-adhesives.htm
With over 35 years of experience in the adhesives industry, Alansons is known as a solutions provider rather than just a supplier. They have been working with customers for 25 years to provide bonding solutions that meet industry standards. Alansons offers a wide range of urea, melamine, phenol and resorcinol based adhesives that provide cost-effective and flexible solutions for both hot and cold bonding in applications like furniture, joinery, and structural uses. They provide extensive technical support and product knowledge to customers.
Everything you needed to know about CERFLON®:
A reinforced PTFE occurs when a ceramic compound,
Boron Nitride, which is stronger and tougher, is
introduced into the matrix of this fluoropolymer,
thereby “reinforcing” the polymer.
- Para-aramid fibers like Kevlar belong to the family of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) which can achieve very high tensile strengths and moduli.
- LCPs form liquid crystalline phases where the polymer chains are partially aligned in solution above a critical concentration. These phases can align further during fiber spinning.
- Kevlar fibers are produced via dry-jet wet spinning where the spinning solution is stretched in an air gap before entering the coagulation bath, resulting in high molecular orientation and mechanical properties.
Reinste Nano Ventures produces industrial-grade nanosilver and nanomaterial products for antibacterial and antimicrobial applications. Their product range includes liquid nanosilver, nanosilver masterbatches for polymers, fibers and yarns, and various protective and heat-resistant coatings made with nanomaterials. Some of their coating products provide fire protection, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, self-healing properties, and UV protection. They also offer heat transfer fluids and engine oil additives containing nanodiamonds or nanoparticles to improve performance.
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize the FRP moulding process by varying catalysts and accelerators. The experiment uses polyester resin with two catalysts (dimethyl terephthalate and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) and four accelerators (potassium, sodium, copper, vanadium). This creates two sets of specimens (A and B) that are observed and measured for curing time, gel time, and peak exothermic temperature. The goal is to find combinations of catalysts and accelerators that improve resin bonding and reduce defects in the FRP moulding process.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy and Fly Ash Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of E-glass fiber, epoxy, and fly ash composites for use in automobile applications such as helical coil springs. Three helical coil springs were fabricated with different compositions of E-glass fiber, epoxy, and fly ash. The spring made with 70% E-glass fiber, 20% epoxy, and 10% fly ash (Composition C1) showed the highest compressive strength and stiffness. The composites were produced using a filament winding technique and were found to have higher stiffness than conventional steel coil springs, while reducing weight. The document reviews composite materials and their properties, and selects E-glass fiber, epoxy resin, and fly ash
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
The document discusses a study that compares the effects of adding two different phenolic resins - cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP) - to carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The addition of both resins increases hardness and modulus but decreases some mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break. CN-m-PF provides better processability and mechanical properties than BMP at the same content. However, BMP can also enhance stiffness without processing issues and may be preferred due to its lower cost. The document reports results of various tests measuring properties like curing characteristics, hardness, tensile strength,
The document discusses future trends in automotive coatings. It describes the evolution of coating systems from the 1970s to present day and projections to 2020. Compact coating processes are highlighted as market drivers to reduce cost and improve durability, environment, and sustainability. Examples of waterborne compact processes using B1/B2 layering or 3C1B configurations are presented. The premium compact process is identified as a best practice approach, providing appearance of full systems while improving economy and ecology. The future of coatings is said to involve fusion layer substrates, alternative pretreatment technologies, and multi-substrate capabilities.
Sirris materials day 2011 biofoam - peter de loose - synbra technologiesSirris
This document summarizes information about BioFoam, a biodegradable foam made from polylactic acid (PLA). It was produced through a multi-step process involving PLA polymerization, prefoaming with carbon dioxide, coating, and molding. BioFoam has similar mechanical and thermal properties to expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam but lower density. Life cycle assessment shows BioFoam has lower carbon dioxide emissions than most oil-based polymers. It can also fully compost in an industrial setting within 4 weeks.
Treadwell is a leading FRP products manufacturer and supplier in Australasia. Their wide range of products includes FRP handrails, FRP grating, FRP ladders, access systems, instrumentation stands, support systems, rung covers, deck plating etc.
- The document discusses various gasketing compounds, jointing compounds, sealants, and related products for sealing applications at high temperatures and pressures.
- It provides information on specific products from companies like Arexons, Dow Corning, Marston, Birkosit, and others that are suitable for applications requiring resistance to high temperatures, pressures, oils, and other conditions.
- Contact and ordering information is provided for several distributors that can provide these sealing and gasketing products.
The document discusses various gasketing compounds, jointing compounds, sealants, and RTV silicones for high temperature sealing applications. It provides information on several product options from companies like Dow Corning, Arexons, Marston, Birkosit, and Laco for sealing flanges, threads, and other pipe and turbine components. The products listed can withstand temperatures ranging from 177 to 900 degrees Celsius and pressures from 10,000 PSI to 250 bars, making them suitable for applications in turbines, compressors, generators, and other industrial machinery.
The document examines preservative treatment methods for improving the durability of poplar plywood. Plywood samples were treated with boric acid, silicic acid, and combinations of the two at different concentrations, using either veneer treatment or glue line treatment. Testing showed that boric acid was only compatible with phenol formaldehyde adhesive at 2% concentration for glue line treatment. Silicic acid and combinations of boric and silicic acid increased shear strength over untreated samples and were compatible with the adhesive for both treatment methods. Veneer treatment was more effective than glue line treatment. The best results were from a 3:1 ratio of boric to silicic acid.
This document provides information on various gasket materials produced by Donit Tesnit including Grafilit, Doniflon, Micalit, and Doniflex. Grafilit is an expanded natural graphite material with excellent chemical and thermal resistance. It is available in different compositions for varying operating pressures and temperatures. Doniflon is an expanded PTFE material suitable for most media across a wide pH range. Micalit contains mica flakes and resin for high thermal and chemical resistance. Doniflex materials have aramid fibers, graphite, and binders for good chemical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Each material is designed for specific industries and has distinct properties, composition, and technical data.
Comparative Study on Compressive Strength of Self Cured Concrete and Normally...IRJET Journal
This study compared the compressive strength of self-cured concrete to normally cured concrete. Paraffin wax was used as a self-curing agent at dosages ranging from 0.2% to 1% by weight of cement. Concrete mixes of M20, M25, M30 and M40 grade were tested. Results found that concrete cured with paraffin wax achieved similar compressive strengths as concrete cured through immersion, with strengths reaching up to 99% of normally cured concrete. Using paraffin wax as a self-curing agent can help reduce water evaporation and provide adequate curing without needing extensive water sources, especially in construction sites with limited water access.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of additives on the electrical resistivity of pulp black liquor-sawdust blends. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques demonstrated that adding natural binders like wax and starch increases the electrical resistivity of the blends by filling pores in the black liquor and retarding the movement of electric charges. The addition of wax or starch decreases the conductivity of black liquor composite samples and makes them more insulating.
Gel spun high-performance polyethylene fibresFarshid Sh
Gel-spun polyethylene fibers, also called high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fibers, are produced from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using a gel-spinning process. This process turns the viscous UHMWPE solution into a gel fiber that is then stretched into a highly oriented fiber with exceptional strength and stiffness properties. Common commercial examples of these fibers are Dyneema and Spectra. Their chemical resistance, strength, and flexibility make them suitable for demanding applications like ropes, protective fabrics, and medical implants.
This interim report summarizes the development of two modified PET resins, ESPET E-02 and ESPET E-03, for use in toothbrush bristle monofilaments. The resins were designed to have properties closer to PBT, including intrinsic viscosity, melting point, and glass transition temperature. Pilot batches of 10kg and 80kg were produced. Preliminary testing shows the resins have properties within targets. Samples have been sent for outside testing of monofilament production, process feasibility, and bristle-specific tests. A future report will provide a comparative study of the modified PET resins versus PBT.
Ant-tracking Silicone Compound from Project Sales Corp, IndiaProject Sales Corp
Dow Corning 5 Compound is a silicone grease used for its metal-to-metal lubrication and insulation properties. It contains inert silica filler and phenylmethyl silicone fluids. It is nonconductive, water repellent, and maintains flexibility from -65 to 450°F. It can be used as a lubricant for high-voltage switches and seals or to prevent corrosion. It has excellent dielectric and barrier properties and can be applied by hand or equipment to cables and connectors.
This document provides an overview and processing guide for injection molding with INFUSE Olefin Block Copolymers (OBCs). OBCs offer improved flexibility, heat resistance, and other advantages over traditional polymers. The guide discusses OBC product types, structure and properties, recommended processing parameters like barrel temperatures of 370-390°F and mold temperatures of 45-60°F, and general injection molding equipment considerations. Blending OBCs with materials like HDPE and PP can specifically target physical properties. Proper screw, shot size, and processing speeds are suggested to optimize part quality and performance.
FluoroFlask® technology provides a high-purity, robust fluid packaging solution using an economic, high-performance fluoropolymer material as an alternative to conventional multilayer bladder products. FluoroFlask® products are produced through a proprietary process that manipulates fluoropolymers into thin-walled containers with various shapes and sizes. This allows elimination of post-mold welding and improves efficiency over conventional multilayer products. FluoroFlask® products offer advantages for applications in semiconductors, chemicals, biopharmaceuticals, and drugs due to their chemical inertness, low permeability, high purity, and ability to withstand temperature cycling.
The document provides brief summaries of various construction and infrastructure projects around the world, including:
- Shurooq receiving bids for a $95 million resort development project in Bahrain.
- Bahrain Airport Company signing an MOU for a new fuel farm and Aksal Group inking a deal for a new mall in Morocco.
- Plans to link the cities of Luanda and Lobito in Angola with a new motorway and Saudi Arabia awarding a contract for the Butterfly Dome.
- The EIB lending €3.5 billion for various construction projects in Europe and Skanska winning a contract to construct a new £165 million Papworth Hospital in Cambridge.
El documento trata sobre la caída libre y resume las teorías de Aristóteles y Galileo sobre este fenómeno. Aristóteles fue el primero en proponer una teoría sobre la caída de los cuerpos, mientras que Galileo propuso después una teoría más acertada basada en la gravedad. La nueva forma de hacer ciencia propuesta por Galileo fue revolucionaria. El documento también menciona que los objetos caerían más alto en la Luna y por qué los satélites orbitan la Tierra.
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize the FRP moulding process by varying catalysts and accelerators. The experiment uses polyester resin with two catalysts (dimethyl terephthalate and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) and four accelerators (potassium, sodium, copper, vanadium). This creates two sets of specimens (A and B) that are observed and measured for curing time, gel time, and peak exothermic temperature. The goal is to find combinations of catalysts and accelerators that improve resin bonding and reduce defects in the FRP moulding process.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy and Fly Ash Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of E-glass fiber, epoxy, and fly ash composites for use in automobile applications such as helical coil springs. Three helical coil springs were fabricated with different compositions of E-glass fiber, epoxy, and fly ash. The spring made with 70% E-glass fiber, 20% epoxy, and 10% fly ash (Composition C1) showed the highest compressive strength and stiffness. The composites were produced using a filament winding technique and were found to have higher stiffness than conventional steel coil springs, while reducing weight. The document reviews composite materials and their properties, and selects E-glass fiber, epoxy resin, and fly ash
Reinforcement of Bakelite Moulding Powder in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (...Scientific Review SR
The document discusses a study that compares the effects of adding two different phenolic resins - cashew nut oil modified phenol-formaldehyde resin (CN-m-PF) and Bakelite moulding powder (BMP) - to carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The addition of both resins increases hardness and modulus but decreases some mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break. CN-m-PF provides better processability and mechanical properties than BMP at the same content. However, BMP can also enhance stiffness without processing issues and may be preferred due to its lower cost. The document reports results of various tests measuring properties like curing characteristics, hardness, tensile strength,
The document discusses future trends in automotive coatings. It describes the evolution of coating systems from the 1970s to present day and projections to 2020. Compact coating processes are highlighted as market drivers to reduce cost and improve durability, environment, and sustainability. Examples of waterborne compact processes using B1/B2 layering or 3C1B configurations are presented. The premium compact process is identified as a best practice approach, providing appearance of full systems while improving economy and ecology. The future of coatings is said to involve fusion layer substrates, alternative pretreatment technologies, and multi-substrate capabilities.
Sirris materials day 2011 biofoam - peter de loose - synbra technologiesSirris
This document summarizes information about BioFoam, a biodegradable foam made from polylactic acid (PLA). It was produced through a multi-step process involving PLA polymerization, prefoaming with carbon dioxide, coating, and molding. BioFoam has similar mechanical and thermal properties to expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam but lower density. Life cycle assessment shows BioFoam has lower carbon dioxide emissions than most oil-based polymers. It can also fully compost in an industrial setting within 4 weeks.
Treadwell is a leading FRP products manufacturer and supplier in Australasia. Their wide range of products includes FRP handrails, FRP grating, FRP ladders, access systems, instrumentation stands, support systems, rung covers, deck plating etc.
- The document discusses various gasketing compounds, jointing compounds, sealants, and related products for sealing applications at high temperatures and pressures.
- It provides information on specific products from companies like Arexons, Dow Corning, Marston, Birkosit, and others that are suitable for applications requiring resistance to high temperatures, pressures, oils, and other conditions.
- Contact and ordering information is provided for several distributors that can provide these sealing and gasketing products.
The document discusses various gasketing compounds, jointing compounds, sealants, and RTV silicones for high temperature sealing applications. It provides information on several product options from companies like Dow Corning, Arexons, Marston, Birkosit, and Laco for sealing flanges, threads, and other pipe and turbine components. The products listed can withstand temperatures ranging from 177 to 900 degrees Celsius and pressures from 10,000 PSI to 250 bars, making them suitable for applications in turbines, compressors, generators, and other industrial machinery.
The document examines preservative treatment methods for improving the durability of poplar plywood. Plywood samples were treated with boric acid, silicic acid, and combinations of the two at different concentrations, using either veneer treatment or glue line treatment. Testing showed that boric acid was only compatible with phenol formaldehyde adhesive at 2% concentration for glue line treatment. Silicic acid and combinations of boric and silicic acid increased shear strength over untreated samples and were compatible with the adhesive for both treatment methods. Veneer treatment was more effective than glue line treatment. The best results were from a 3:1 ratio of boric to silicic acid.
This document provides information on various gasket materials produced by Donit Tesnit including Grafilit, Doniflon, Micalit, and Doniflex. Grafilit is an expanded natural graphite material with excellent chemical and thermal resistance. It is available in different compositions for varying operating pressures and temperatures. Doniflon is an expanded PTFE material suitable for most media across a wide pH range. Micalit contains mica flakes and resin for high thermal and chemical resistance. Doniflex materials have aramid fibers, graphite, and binders for good chemical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Each material is designed for specific industries and has distinct properties, composition, and technical data.
Comparative Study on Compressive Strength of Self Cured Concrete and Normally...IRJET Journal
This study compared the compressive strength of self-cured concrete to normally cured concrete. Paraffin wax was used as a self-curing agent at dosages ranging from 0.2% to 1% by weight of cement. Concrete mixes of M20, M25, M30 and M40 grade were tested. Results found that concrete cured with paraffin wax achieved similar compressive strengths as concrete cured through immersion, with strengths reaching up to 99% of normally cured concrete. Using paraffin wax as a self-curing agent can help reduce water evaporation and provide adequate curing without needing extensive water sources, especially in construction sites with limited water access.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of additives on the electrical resistivity of pulp black liquor-sawdust blends. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques demonstrated that adding natural binders like wax and starch increases the electrical resistivity of the blends by filling pores in the black liquor and retarding the movement of electric charges. The addition of wax or starch decreases the conductivity of black liquor composite samples and makes them more insulating.
Gel spun high-performance polyethylene fibresFarshid Sh
Gel-spun polyethylene fibers, also called high-performance polyethylene (HPPE) fibers, are produced from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using a gel-spinning process. This process turns the viscous UHMWPE solution into a gel fiber that is then stretched into a highly oriented fiber with exceptional strength and stiffness properties. Common commercial examples of these fibers are Dyneema and Spectra. Their chemical resistance, strength, and flexibility make them suitable for demanding applications like ropes, protective fabrics, and medical implants.
This interim report summarizes the development of two modified PET resins, ESPET E-02 and ESPET E-03, for use in toothbrush bristle monofilaments. The resins were designed to have properties closer to PBT, including intrinsic viscosity, melting point, and glass transition temperature. Pilot batches of 10kg and 80kg were produced. Preliminary testing shows the resins have properties within targets. Samples have been sent for outside testing of monofilament production, process feasibility, and bristle-specific tests. A future report will provide a comparative study of the modified PET resins versus PBT.
Ant-tracking Silicone Compound from Project Sales Corp, IndiaProject Sales Corp
Dow Corning 5 Compound is a silicone grease used for its metal-to-metal lubrication and insulation properties. It contains inert silica filler and phenylmethyl silicone fluids. It is nonconductive, water repellent, and maintains flexibility from -65 to 450°F. It can be used as a lubricant for high-voltage switches and seals or to prevent corrosion. It has excellent dielectric and barrier properties and can be applied by hand or equipment to cables and connectors.
This document provides an overview and processing guide for injection molding with INFUSE Olefin Block Copolymers (OBCs). OBCs offer improved flexibility, heat resistance, and other advantages over traditional polymers. The guide discusses OBC product types, structure and properties, recommended processing parameters like barrel temperatures of 370-390°F and mold temperatures of 45-60°F, and general injection molding equipment considerations. Blending OBCs with materials like HDPE and PP can specifically target physical properties. Proper screw, shot size, and processing speeds are suggested to optimize part quality and performance.
FluoroFlask® technology provides a high-purity, robust fluid packaging solution using an economic, high-performance fluoropolymer material as an alternative to conventional multilayer bladder products. FluoroFlask® products are produced through a proprietary process that manipulates fluoropolymers into thin-walled containers with various shapes and sizes. This allows elimination of post-mold welding and improves efficiency over conventional multilayer products. FluoroFlask® products offer advantages for applications in semiconductors, chemicals, biopharmaceuticals, and drugs due to their chemical inertness, low permeability, high purity, and ability to withstand temperature cycling.
The document provides brief summaries of various construction and infrastructure projects around the world, including:
- Shurooq receiving bids for a $95 million resort development project in Bahrain.
- Bahrain Airport Company signing an MOU for a new fuel farm and Aksal Group inking a deal for a new mall in Morocco.
- Plans to link the cities of Luanda and Lobito in Angola with a new motorway and Saudi Arabia awarding a contract for the Butterfly Dome.
- The EIB lending €3.5 billion for various construction projects in Europe and Skanska winning a contract to construct a new £165 million Papworth Hospital in Cambridge.
El documento trata sobre la caída libre y resume las teorías de Aristóteles y Galileo sobre este fenómeno. Aristóteles fue el primero en proponer una teoría sobre la caída de los cuerpos, mientras que Galileo propuso después una teoría más acertada basada en la gravedad. La nueva forma de hacer ciencia propuesta por Galileo fue revolucionaria. El documento también menciona que los objetos caerían más alto en la Luna y por qué los satélites orbitan la Tierra.
The document discusses the BBC's guidelines for using social media in journalism. It addresses how journalists and BBC staff can use social networking sites while maintaining editorial standards of impartiality. The guidelines cover moderating user-generated content, the institutional presence of the BBC on social networks, and staff use of social media. The BBC aims to engage with users online but not "broadcast" or undermine its core principles. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses the history and influences of hard rock and heavy metal music. It covers early influences like Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, and Metallica. The style of heavy metal is described as using fuzz-tone and wah-wah effects. Various genres like thrash, power metal, and metalcore are also mentioned. The popularity of bands like Led Zeppelin at festivals in the 1960s-70s helped spread metal worldwide. The future of metal is described as remaining underground but with many popular foreign bands and the rise of the "New Wave of American Heavy Metal".
The document is a report from the World Commission on Environment and Development that outlines their findings and recommendations. It begins with an introduction from the Chairman discussing the urgent need for coordinated global action on environmental issues. It then provides a table of contents that outlines the various sections of the report, which cover topics like population, food security, energy, urban development, and proposals for institutional and legal reforms to promote sustainable development. The overall report calls for higher global cooperation and ambitious political action to address common environmental challenges and work towards a sustainable future.
This document provides a plan-at-a-glance for a LifeSecure long term care insurance plan offered in California. It outlines standard benefits including a lifetime benefit amount between $75,000-$1,000,000 that the policyholder can choose, as well as a maximum monthly benefit of 1-3% of the lifetime amount. It also covers supplemental expenses like caregiver training and home modifications. The plan includes a waiver of premiums if benefits are received, and has an elimination period of 90 days. Optional riders allow for inflation protection and a shared care benefit between spouses.
FPR van Wyk (Pty) Ltd is a South African advisory company founded in 2013 by Frans van Wyk to provide strategic planning, organizational development, transaction support, and other consulting services to non-listed family businesses, public entities, and agribusinesses. The company aims to become a sustainable advisory practice in Southern Africa through a focus on client needs, innovative solutions, and agility. FPR van Wyk has a flat management structure and is 100% owned by Frans van Wyk, with Esti Kruger serving as the office and administrative personnel. Current clients include several vineyards and farming businesses.
The document discusses St. James's Way (El Camino de Santiago), a pilgrimage route followed by about 200,000 pilgrims each year to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. It begins around 1000 AD and there are multiple routes from places like France, England, and Portugal. Pilgrims, or people, walk the routes in April through June or September through October to avoid cold or hot weather. They carry light bags and sleep in hostels along the way for spiritual, social, or personal reasons.
Presentation in Canberra: Preparing for your data future seminar
Fri 22 July 2016
Panel session: Charting the Future
Ms Heather Jenks, Associate Director, Library Services, ANU
The document discusses the history and influences of hard rock and heavy metal music. It covers early influences like Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, and Metallica. It then discusses the style of heavy metal music including use of effects like fuzz-tone and wah-wah pedals. The document also outlines various genres of metal that developed like thrash, death, doom, and nu-metal. It discusses controversies with themes of sex, drugs and violence. Statistics are presented on metal fans and crimes. The popularity growth of metal in the late 1960s and 1970s is covered. The future of metal remaining underground but with popular foreign bands is outlined.
This document provides a summary of the general standard disclosures for the City of Beaverton's first sustainability report. It includes information on the organization's profile such as total employees, revenue, operations, and services provided. It also describes the process for identifying material aspects and boundaries. The report covers aspects related to the city's indirect economic impacts, materials, energy, water, biodiversity, emissions, and local communities. Boundaries for material aspects include those within city limits as well as for internal city operations. Stakeholder engagement efforts are also summarized.
This document is the June 2016 issue of LogiSYM Magazine, the official journal of The Logistics & Supply Chain Management Society. The main stories include an article on how vision and investments are driving economic growth in the UAE, a countdown to new regulations from SOLAS that will impact the US, and a discussion of the relationship between business and health and safety. Other sections include industry news in air, maritime, logistics, and supply chain, as well as upcoming events. The editor's letter discusses the importance of supply chain resiliency.
The document discusses forward volatility agreements (FVAs). It defines an FVA as a volatility swap contract where the buyer and seller agree to exchange a straddle option at a future date based on a specified volatility level. The key motivation for trading FVAs is that it allows investors to speculate on future volatility levels. The document provides details on pricing and hedging FVAs, including using volatility gadgets and forward start straddle options to isolate exposure to future local volatility.
INFUZZY - FERRAMENTA PARA DESENVOLVIMENTO DE APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS DIFUSOSEderson Posselt
Obrigado por testar o protocolo UDP da ferramenta InFuzzy. O comando $TEST permite verificar se a comunicação está funcionando corretamente. A resposta do servidor confirma que a mensagem foi recebida.
This document is the official notice of publication from the Municipal Secretary of Labor Guarantees for the selection process of Temporary Public Servant No. 257 to fill the position of Executive Secretary of Formação and Management of Personnel in the Municipal Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare of Guarapuava for a period of 10 (ten) months, which can be renewed for an equal period at the discretion of the Public Administration.
It announces the opening of registrations from August 13th to August 23rd 2019 through the website www.admtec.org.br, under the coordination of the ADMTEC Institute. It describes the selection process that will have 3 stages: objective tests, qualification analysis and an interview.
Meeting with a Social Entrepreneur: How to address the needs of poor communit...Cap40
A social entrepreneur is a person who establishes an enterprise with the aim of solving social problems or effecting social change while being financially sustainable. This new vision of the role of a company appeared in the 60s and is now booming in Cape Town today.
This Thursday 22nd of August 2013, the Cap40 met with a French social entrepreneur based in Philippi. Cécile Pompeï is project director of the MicroFranchise Accelerator and recently won the Ashoka Changemakers Power of Small competition. The main focus of this talk is the concept of social entrepreneurship and its most successful applications as well as the main challenges social entrepreneurs can face in a country like South Africa.
IRJET- External Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Column with CFRPIRJET Journal
The document discusses strengthening reinforced concrete columns with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). It summarizes previous research that found CFRP wrapping increases the strength and ductility of concrete cylinders. The study investigated the effects of CFRP wrapping on reinforced concrete columns, including parameters like the number of CFRP layers and the compressive strength of unconfined concrete. Specimens were tested with 1-3 CFRP layers and results showed increased strength and ductility with more layers. CFRP wrapping was found to restore the strength of freeze-thawed columns to that of unwrapped columns kept at room temperature.
IRJET- External Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Column with CFRPIRJET Journal
The document discusses strengthening reinforced concrete columns with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). It summarizes previous research that found CFRP wrapping increases the strength and ductility of concrete cylinders. The study investigated the effects of CFRP wrapping on reinforced concrete columns, including parameters like the number of CFRP layers and the compressive strength of unconfined concrete. Specimens were tested with 1-3 CFRP layers and results showed increased strength and ductility with more layers. CFRP wrapping was found to restore the strength of freeze-thawed columns to the level of unwrapped columns kept at room temperature.
This document provides information on ingredients used in rigid PVC compounding, including resin, stabilizers, fillers, and pigments. It discusses the properties and uses of different grades of PVC resin based on inherent viscosity. Common stabilizers like tin mercaptides and their purposes are outlined. Fillers like calcium carbonate are described in terms of their effects on properties and costs. Finally, the roles of pigments like titanium dioxide in achieving opacity, UV protection and color are covered.
Here is a “Polymer Product Technical Datasheet Template“. TDSmaker offer you free Datasheet/ Specsheet/ Techsheet. Visit to ( https://www.tdsmaker.com ) to get start with free template.
Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is a synthetic rubber derived from styrene and butadiene monomers. It can be produced through emulsion polymerization or solution polymerization. SBR has good abrasion resistance and aging stability when protected by additives. Approximately 50% of car tires are made from various types of SBR. It finds applications in tires, shoe soles, gaskets, and chewing gum due to its properties.
2011-2014 pass out batch from CIPET Lucknow . project work on portable pipe system ,which included pipe types , compounding , processing method , trouble shooting , and testing , .Thank you for watching.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a widely used thermoplastic with applications in construction, packaging, wire insulation, and more. It is produced through suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. Key properties include resistance to chemicals and moisture, as well as being lightweight and inexpensive. PVC requires additives like plasticizers and stabilizers to achieve desired material properties for different applications. Common processing methods for PVC include injection molding, extrusion, and calendaring.
Moharamplast S.A.E is an Egyptian company specialized in producing polyethylene and polypropylene compounds, color and filler masterbatches that serve various plastic industries worldwide. The company invests heavily in R&D to stay ahead of clients' needs and has an accredited lab. It produces compounds for applications like rotational molding, pipes, steel pipe coating, fillers, and more. Moharamplast offers quality packaging to ensure proper delivery of its products to clients.
PVC Compounds for wire and Cabels .pptxaastha dutta
The document discusses the formulation and properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds used for electrical wiring and cables. It describes the typical components of a PVC insulation or jacket compound, including PVC resin, plasticizers to increase flexibility, fillers like calcium carbonate, pigments, stabilizers, and additional additives. Common plasticizers used are phthalate esters like DOP, DINP and DIDP. The compounds provide insulation, are resistant to chemicals and weathering, and can be flame retarded. PVC is widely used for its electrical and physical properties in applications like low voltage wire, telecommunication lines, and automotive wiring.
PVC Compounds for wire and Cabels .pptxaastha dutta
The document discusses the formulation and properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds used for electrical wiring and cables. It describes the typical components of a PVC insulation or jacket compound, including PVC resin, plasticizers to increase flexibility, fillers like calcium carbonate, pigments, stabilizers, and additional additives. Common plasticizers used are phthalate esters like DOP, DINP and DIDP. The compounds provide insulation, are resistant to chemicals and weathering, and can be flame retarded. PVC is widely used for its electrical and physical properties in applications like low voltage wire, telecommunication lines, and automotive wiring.
Agricultural barrier films are necessary to reduce emissions of the fumigant methyl bromide into the atmosphere and increase its effectiveness. Barrier materials like EVOH, polyamides, and coatings are used in multi-layer film structures to contain methyl bromide. Polyamide 6 has good barrier properties but a high melting point, making processing difficult. Akulon XP polyamide 6 offers improved rheology over standard polyamide 6, allowing for better bubble stability, larger film outputs, and reduced costs for agricultural barrier films.
Extraction of Carbon Black from Organic CompoundIRJET Journal
This document discusses carbon black, including its production, properties, and applications. It is produced through the incomplete combustion of organic compounds like petroleum products or coconut shells. There are three main production methods that produce carbon blacks of different sizes and surface properties: channel, furnace, and thermal. Carbon black is used primarily as a reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products, comprising 70% of its usage. It is also used as a pigment in plastics, paints, inks, and other applications due to its ability to absorb UV light and impart color. Some key properties that make it useful include its high surface area to volume ratio and ability to conduct heat and electricity when compounded with other materials.
This document provides an overview of fibreglass (also known as GRP) as a composite material used for surface protection systems. It discusses the applications of fibreglass, the materials used to make it including glass fibres and resins, how fibreglass composites are created, and the benefits they provide as linings and coatings. These include high strength, light weight, resistance to chemicals, UV radiation, abrasion and impacts over long periods of time. Examples of fibreglass applications include storage tanks, water features, roofs and more.
Polyester resin is more commonly referred to as fiberglass or laminating resin. However, we have come across its manufacturing process and learned that fiberglass reaches in numerous shapes and has different types of glasses.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of bio-fibre and glass fibre reinforced polyester composite laminate joints. Specifically, it details the fabrication and testing of composites made from jute fibre, glass fibre, and polyester resin. Various composite samples were made with different fibre weight percentages and tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the fibre weight percentage significantly affected the mechanical properties, with the sample containing 50% glass fibre and 50% jute fibre exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strengths.
BIO-BASED ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE & PROCESSING OF BIOPOLYMERSiQHub
This document summarizes Cargill's bio-based additives for improving the performance and processing of biopolymers. It introduces various additive types including slip, anti-block, anti-scratch, and anti-static additives. Specific additive product examples are provided along with data on their effects. Test results show additives can improve properties like coefficient of friction, scratch resistance, and charge decay rate while maintaining clarity and mechanical properties of polymers. Food-contact approvals and renewable content information is also presented.
PVC Compounding1-NSA WITH DIAGRAMS & FORMULATIONS-1.pdfKoolLeisure
This document discusses PVC compounding and provides details on the various ingredients that can be added to PVC to modify its properties. It describes the key ingredients used which include stabilizers to prevent degradation, lubricants to reduce friction during processing, plasticizers to make PVC flexible, fillers to reduce costs and modify properties, pigments to add color, flame retardants for fire resistance, and blowing agents for foaming. The document provides examples of specific materials used for each ingredient type and discusses their effects and applications in PVC products.
PVC Compounding1-NSA WITH DIAGRAMS & FORMULATIONS-1.pdfKoolLeisure
This document discusses PVC compounding and provides details on the various ingredients that can be added to PVC to modify its properties. It describes the key ingredients used which include stabilizers to prevent degradation, lubricants to reduce friction during processing, plasticizers to make PVC flexible, fillers to reduce costs and modify properties, pigments to add color, flame retardants for fire resistance, and blowing agents for foaming. The document provides examples of specific materials used for each ingredient type and discusses their effects and applications in PVC products.
Reinste Nano Ventures produces industrial-grade nanosilver and nanomaterial products for antibacterial and antimicrobial applications. Their product range includes liquid nanosilver, nanosilver masterbatches for polymers, fibers and yarns, fire protective and heat insulating coatings, self-healing coatings, abrasion resistant coatings, anticorrosion coatings, coating additives, thermal spray coatings, heat transfer fluids, engine oil additives containing nanodiamonds, and nano precipitated calcium carbonate for use as a filler in plastics, rubbers, sealants and other materials. Their products are designed to provide properties like increased durability, heat resistance, corrosion protection and
Maharashtra upcoming treks 4th to 7th november 2021Mumbaikar Le
The document lists various trekking, camping, and wildlife viewing tours taking place between November 4th and November 21st in locations such as Gokarna, Tadoba National Park, Hampi, Ajantha, Ellora, Aurangabad, and Meghalaya. The tours vary in difficulty from easy to hard and cost between Rs. 7499 to Rs. 49500. Contact information is provided for each tour including the name of the contact person, their phone number, and the tour group organizing it.
Pune upcoming treks 1st to 3rd october 2021Mumbaikar Le
The document contains a list of trekking trips scheduled from October 1st to October 4th in various locations in Maharashtra like Ratangad, Kaas Plateau, Dudhsagar Waterfall, Kalsubai, Devkund, Hampi, and forts like Rajgad, Jivdhan, Bhairavgad, Bhaskargad, and Visapur. The trips vary from easy to medium difficulty and cost between Rs. 799 to Rs. 2499. The trips are organized by different trekking groups and organizers who are listed along with their contact details.
The document contains details of various trekking trips scheduled between September 17th to 20th, 2021 in and around Pune. It lists the date, location, difficulty level, cost and contact information for over 30 trekking trips organized by different trekking groups based in cities like Pune, Mumbai and Aurangabad. The treks include destinations like Harishchandragad Fort, Kalsubai, Ratangad Fort, Kaas Plateau and Dudhsagar Waterfall at costs ranging from Rs. 500 to Rs. 2700 per person. Contact information including name, phone number and the organizing trekking group is provided for each trip.
Harihar fort, located 48 km from Igatpuri, Maharashtra, stands at an altitude of 3,676 feet. Its intrinsic rock-cut steps attract many visitors. The fort has a rectangular shape when viewed from below but is built on a triangular rock face, giving it unique vertical edges. A 2-day trek from Mumbai to Harihar fort is offered, including transportation, meals, guides, and entry fees for Rs. 1,300 per person. Participants should bring proper clothing, water, first aid supplies, and notify of any cancellations at least 3 days in advance for a refund.
Appendix b---safety-management-system-v-e4Mumbaikar Le
This document provides guidelines for organizations to develop and implement an effective safety management system for adventure tourism activities. It outlines key elements that should be included, such as risk management processes, operational procedures, training requirements for staff, and equipment maintenance. The guidelines are applicable to both commercial and non-commercial organizations conducting land, air or water-based adventure activities. The document is intended to help organizations improve safety, achieve their goals safely, and contribute to continuous safety improvements in the adventure industry.
2021 08-30 gr english unofficial version by macMumbaikar Le
The document summarizes Maharashtra's new Adventure Tourism Activities Policy. Key points:
- The policy establishes rules for registering and regulating organizations that conduct adventure tourism activities in Maharashtra, to promote safety.
- It requires that within 6 months, all adventure activity organizers obtain a temporary registration, and within 18 months obtain a final registration, by submitting documents and paying fees.
- The policy outlines safety guidelines for activities, and does not apply to certain competitions, self-organized activities under 15 people, or activities run by schools.
This document provides a summary of Maharashtra's new Adventure Tourism Activities Policy. Key points include:
- The policy establishes rules for organizations conducting adventure tourism activities on land, air, and water in Maharashtra. It aims to create a well-planned system for safe adventure tourism.
- The policy applies to all individuals and organizations that organize adventure activities where there is a clear distinction between organizers and participants, and safety responsibility is primarily on organizers.
- Covered organizers must register under the policy and follow its safety guidelines. Registered organizers will be eligible for tourism incentives.
- The policy outlines categories of covered organizers and exceptions. It also provides safety precautions that must be followed, such as obtaining
maharashtra Safety Management System Adventure ActivitiesMumbaikar Le
The document provides guidelines for organizations to develop and implement an effective Safety Management System for adventure tourism activities. It outlines key elements of the system, including defining management responsibilities, conducting risk assessments, establishing operational procedures, training staff, and ensuring equipment is properly maintained and inspected. The guidelines are intended to help organizations of all sizes improve safety without compromising the enjoyment of adventure activities. They clarify the roles and responsibilities of management to provide necessary resources and communicate safety procedures throughout the organization.
Maharashtra Adventure Gr 2021 Maharashtra government on Wednesday approved a policy for adventure tourism to streamline adventure activities across the state.
Maharashtra sahyadri trekking guide contact number Mumbaikar Le
The document appears to be a list of destinations in India providing information about facilities, guides, and contact numbers. It includes over 130 entries with details about forts, lakes, waterfalls, and other locations along with names of people who can provide food, guiding services, accommodation and transportation to these places. Contact numbers ranging from 7 to 10 digits are mentioned for each entry along with additional old numbers for some.
1. The document provides guidelines for All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) tours, including requirements for guides, customer training, and equipment.
2. Guides must complete an accredited training program covering safe operation and riding techniques. They must also be familiar with the operating manuals for the ATVs used.
3. All participants must receive basic training before their tour, covering how to mount, operate controls, brake, turn, and dismount safely from the ATV. They must follow their guide's instructions.
4. Required equipment includes an approved helmet, eye protection, long pants, over-the-ankle boots, gloves, and a long-sleeve shirt. ATVs must
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
1. April 2013 Edition
Bonding Procedures
For FIBERBOND® Fiberglass Piping
Systems
www.fiberbond.com
www.futurepipe.com
ENGINEERED COMPOSITE PIPING SYSTEMS
2. 2
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
INTRODUCTION
The intent of this document is to provide reference information to those individuals involved in
field bonding FIBERBOND Engineered Composite Piping Systems. It is not the intention of
this document to provide the reader with full details for performing fiberglass bonding. In no
way should this information be used as a substitute for training. Personnel not properly trained
to work with fiberglass composites should not rely on the information contained in this manual
for specific instructions. Furthermore, any personnel working with fiberglass composites should
be properly supervised.
For training and certification contact:
Chipper Dawson or Jason Schexnayder
Field Services Manager Construction Engineer
Specialty Plastics Office +1 (225) 752-2705
15915 Perkins Road (70810) (800) 752-PIPE(7473)
P.O. Box 83277 Fax No. +1 (225) 225-2757
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-3277 E-mail: jason.s@fiberbond.com
chipper.dawson@fiberbond.com
Revision Log:
April 2013: Updated email addresses.
November 2012: Clarified the assembly options as either the standard assembly
procedure or the procedure for the "20FR" products.
October 2012: Added table with typical shelf life for glasses and chemicals.
July 2012: Added details on the resins, additives, glass reinforcements & assembly
/ bonding tools.
March 2011: Updated PPE recommendations.
January 2011: Updated contact information. Updated catalyzation table for putty.
Added notes to catalyzation table for resin.
October 2010: Added information on resins, promoters, catalysts, topcoats and
solvents. Added additional details throughout the document.
3. 3
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
June 2009: Corrected CoNap ratios in Table 3. Updated contact info.
April 2008: Added photos of raw materials to assist in identification. Added
section on Assembly. Added details on promotion, other additives, accelerators,
and catalyzation in the bonding section.
October 2002: This is the first release of this document.
MATERIALS
The following is a general list of materials used for field bonding fiberglass-reinforced plastic. This list in
not necessarily a complete list nor is it typical for all FRP field bonding. Note: FRP and GRP are used
interchangeably in this document. The terms bonding and welding are also used interchangeably in this
document.
Glass Reinforcements
Glass fiber products should be carefully stored to prevent absorption of water and dirt. Use of dirty or wet
fibers can result in poor laminate quality, and therefore, should not be used.
4. 4
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Glass Reinforcements
Chopped Strand Mat – 1.5 oz/ft2
(450g/m2
) or 0.75
oz/ft2
(225g/m2
) chopped strand mat is matrix of short,
randomly oriented chopped E-glass fibers. Chopped
strand mat is used in combination with woven roving to
make up the structural cage of FRP welds.
Woven Roving – 24 oz/yd2
(800g/m2
) woven roving is
a matrix of bi-directional woven E-glass fibers used in
the structural cage of FRP welds.
Glass Kits – glass kits consist of pre-cut sequences of
chopped strand mat and woven roving. They are cut
based on the pipe size and product line. Typically, they
are packaged in brown paper wrapping and sometimes
enclosed in a water-resistance plastic seal.
Any required veil or unidirectional fabrics are normally
NOT included in the glass kit.
For large orders of glass kits, it is not uncommon for the
glass kits to be shipped in a steel drum. Do not confuse
these steel drums with acetone or other chemicals.
Veil – a synthetic veil, such as Nexus manufactured by
Burlington Industries, is a surfacing material used in the
external corrosion barrier of FRP welds.
5. 5
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Glass Reinforcements
Milled Fiber – a milled fiber can be added to putty for
better tacking properties.
Continuous Rovings – Continuous rovings (individual
strands of filaments) are used as part of the fitup and
bonding process for certain product lines.
"Hoop" Unidirectional Fabrics – E-glass and carbon-
fiber "hoop" unidirectional fabrics are used as part of
the bonding process in certain sizes and certain product
lines.
6. 6
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Resins and Additives
Resins provide the corrosion resistance and act as the matrix material for the glass fibers in FRP welds.
Most resins for FIBERBOND® products are vinyl ester or polyester and thus do not require external heat
for proper curing. Instead, the promoter and catalyst react in the resin to generate the heat necessary to
cure the laminate. Other additives may be used depending upon the FIBERBOND® product and
application. The solvent for cleaning is also listed in this section.
Resins and Additives
Resins – The resin used in FRP welds varies according
to the FIBERBOND® product and application.
Typically, for field weld kits, there is only one resin
used, however, some products such as Series 20JF and
20JF-C, may use a "dual" laminate composed of two
different resins. Resins are Class 3 flammables.
When shipped in drums, resin drums are white in color
(to help reduce heat transfer from direct sunlight).
(CoNap is a purplish liquid used to
promote resin.)
Promoters – The promoter for the resins and adhesives
is Cobalt Napthenate, or CoNap, a 6% solution of active
cobalt in solvent. CoNap is a Class 3 flammable. The
promoter for the putty is N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA).
DMA, instead of CoNap, may be used as a promoter for
the adhesive and/or resin. DMA is a Class 6.1 toxic.
NOTE: Resin shipped to the jobsite for use in field weld kits
can be requested as pre-promoted (and does not require
additional promotion). However, the shelf-life of the resin is
reduced to 30 days or less once it is promoted. If not
specified, the resin is shipped unpromoted (and requires
additional promotion). The container of resin shall denote
whether or not the resin is pre-promoted. Putty may also be
shipped as pre-promoted or un-promoted. Adhesive is
normally always shipped as pre-promoted.
7. 7
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Resins and Additives
Catalyst – MEKP – When promoted with CoNap, the
catalyst for the resins and adhesives is Methyl Ethyl
Ketone Peroxide (MEKP), a 9% active-oxygen solution
of MEKP and a plasiticizer.
MEKP is typically used in a catalyst “squeeze bottle”. It
is a clear liquid, but is sometimes pigmented red to
distinguish it from other chemicals.
MEKP is a Class 5.2 organic peroxide.
Catalyst – BPO – When promoted with DMA, the
catalyst for the putty is Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO). BPO
may also be used as a catalyst for the resin when it has
been promoted with DMA. Note that a DMA/BPO cure
typically provides for much shorter working times than
CoNap/MEKP, which is advantageous when working
with putty. BPO is sometimes referred to as BZQ.
BPO is a white paste and is a Class 5.2 organic
peroxide.
Accelerator – DMA – The accelerator is typically N, N-
Dimethylaniline (DMA), an amine used to accelerate
MEKP, BPO, and CHP cures. With MEKP as the
catalyst, DMA is normally only required in cool
climates. At temperatures of 70F (21c) or higher, DMA
is rarely needed with an MEKP catalyst.
DMA is a yellowish liquid, normally dispensed from a
“wash bottle”. DMA is a Class 6.1 toxic.
8. 8
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Resins and Additives
Top Coat – All FRP welds are finished with an external
corrosion barrier. One part of the external corrosion
barrier is the "top coat", sometimes referred to as a
"gelcoat". The topcoat is an epoxy that contains a wax
solution and UV absorbers. It is catalyzed with resin
and brushed onto the exterior surfaces of the weld to
seal all exposed glass. Topcoats are Class 3 flammables.
NOTE: In products with electrically conductive exteriors,
such as 20FR-EC and 20JF-C, the topcoat is a conductive
topcoat that is black in color. It is a two-part mix (Parts A
and B). Part A is a Class 3 flammable.
Thixotropies – A thixotropic material, such as Silica
Whacker (manufactured by Wacker-Chemie GmbH) is a
thickener used in the putty and/or adhesive for tacking
welds. Tween® 20, also known as Polysorbate 20, a
non-ionic surfactant manufactured by Croda Inc, is
another additive for making putty and/or adhesive.
UV Absorbers – Tinuvin 326 (manufactured by Geigy
Chemical) is used in the external corrosion barrier of
FRP welds. The UV absorber is normally included in
the topcoat.
Fire Retardant Additives – Certain FIBERBOND®
products, such as 20FR-E, 20FR16, 20FR20, 20JF and
20JF16, require an additive for fire retardancy.
Antimony pentoxide is a common additive that is used.
Series 20JF, 20JF-C, 20JF16 and 20JF16-C use two
different additives. The antimony pentoxide is used
with the 510C-350 resin and the alumina trihydrate
(ATH) is used with the 441-400 resin. Note: some
resins may be premixed with these additives.
Nyacol APE-1540 is a fire retardant additive that is
sometimes shipped in small “pony” drums when needed
in large amounts. Smaller amounts may be shipped in
pails.
Gel Time Retardants – In some cases, when the
temperature is above 90F (32c), a gel time retardant is
necessary. 2,4-Pentanedione (by Union Carbide) is
typically used.
NOTE: 2,4-P will not affect gel time when used with a
BPO/DMA cure system.
9. 9
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Resins and Additives
Cleaning Solvents - Acetone is typically used to wash
brushes, rollers, and other equipment that has become
coated with resin or semi-gelled resin. Acetone is a
Class 3 flammable.
When shipped in drums, acetone drums are normally
black in color.
Typical Shelf Life
Glass Kits, Chopped
Strand Mat, Woven
Roving
Typically 3 to 5 years. Glass kits must be kept dry at all times. Any
glass fabrics contaminated with water should be discarded. Glass
fabrics that are contaminated with water shall not be used even if they
are allowed to dry.
Resins, Gelcoats,
Putty, Adhesive
In the unpromoted state, typically at least 4 months. Once promoted,
shelf life is reduced to no more than 30 days.
Conductive Topcoat Typically up to 2 years.
Promoters Typically up to 5 years.
Catalysts,
accelerators
Typically 7 to 18 months.
Acetone Typically 7 to 18 months.
Fire Retardant
Additives
Typically 7 to 18 months.
10. 10
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
TOOLS & PPE
The following is a general list of the tools & PPE used for field bonding fiberglass-reinforced plastic. This
list is not necessarily a complete list nor is it typical for all FRP field bonding.
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Brushes – Typically 2” or 3” natural-hair brushes
used to wet-out the chopped strand mat and
woven roven with resin.
Serrated Rollers – Typically 1/2” x 3” metal
serrated aluminum rollers used to rollout the
trapped air pockets in the lamina.
Paint Roller Frame and Felt Sleeves – A simple
paint roller frame with felt sleeves are typically
used on large diameter bonds for placement and
applying resin.
Paint rollers are not to be used for rollout
purposes (use the aluminum serrated rollers for
rollout).
Bent Shears – A bent shears, typically 12” (300
mm) long, with a 6” (150 mm) length of cut, is
handy to have available in case any glass cutting
needs to be performed. The bent shears usually
has a very sharp knife edge.
A basic utility or razor knife may also come in
handy for the same purpose.
11. 11
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Buckets – One or two quart (0.95 to 1.9 L) plastic
buckets are used for mixing putty and resin.
Paper cups can be used for small mixtures.
Larger buckets (up to 5 gal – 19 L) may be used
for larger mixtures.
Note: some bonders may refer to bucket sizes by
the pound. This refers to the approximate weight
of the resin that the bucket holds:
1/2 quart (475 mL) = “1 pound” bucket
1 quart (0.95 L) = “2-pound” bucket
2 quart (0.5 gallons, 1.9 L) = “5-pound” bucket
1 gallon (3.8L) = “10-pound” bucket
Putty Sticks –Tongue depressors (aka “putty
sticks”) are used to mix putty and small amounts
of resin. Wooden or plastic sticks are acceptable.
Paint Paddle – A simple paint paddle is used for
manual mixing in buckets. Wooden or plastic
paint paddles are acceptable. 9” long paddles are
good for mixing in quart-size buckets. 12” to 14”
in gallon-size buckets. A 21” long paddle is
typically needed for 5-gallon-size buckets.
Catalyst Bottle – A “squeeze” measure beaker
used to accurately measure the proper amount of
catalyst. Typically a 16oz (473mL=473cc) or 8oz
(237mL=273cc) bottle is used for resin. Also
referred to as a Squeeze Bottle or Measuring
Dispenser.
12. 12
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Wash Bottle – A “squeeze” beaker used to
dispense very small amounts (a few cc’s) of
catalyst or accelerator. A wash bottle is used
when the amount to be dispensed is too little for a
catalyst bottle. Wash bottles are typically used to
catalyze putty and adhesive and to add DMA as
an accelerator to certain mixtures.
Grinder –Typically a 4 1/2” right angle grinder
used in surface preparation of field welds. A
larger grinder (7”) is often necessary when
working on larger diameter pipes.
Note: orbital sanders are typically ineffective
when performing surface preparation on pipes.
Grinding Discs – The grinding discs are usually
24-grit. Higher grit discs are usually ineffective
when grinding on FRP parts. Grinding discs need
to be sized to fit the grinder (e.g. a 5” disc for a
4.5” grinder, a 7” disc for a 7” grinder).
Backing Pads – If the grinder is not supplied
with a backing pad, one will be required. A disc
nut is normally included with the backing pad.
Compact Angle Grinder – Used for cutting ends
of pipe to the proper length for fitup and assembly
work. A compact angle grinder is used instead of
a sawzall or a circular saw because of its speed in
cutting.
Note: Metabo’s WEP14-150 (www.metabo.com)
is an example of a compact angle grinder.
Note: certain working environments, such as on
some offshore platforms, may require the use of
air-powered tools, not electric.
13. 13
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Thin Metal Cutoff Blade – Used on the compact
angle grinder. Typically aluminum oxide with an
A60T grit. The cutoff blade must be sized to fit
the compact angle grinder.
Sawzall (reciprocating saw) – Not the preferred
tool, but it may be needed for cutting pipes in
retrofit situations where there is little clearance
around the pipe to allow the use of the compact
angle grinder. A sawzall may also prove useful
when needed to cut “gusset” plates for olets.
Note: certain working environments, such as on
some offshore platforms, may require the use of
air-powered tools, not electric.
Sawzall Blades - Carbide-tipped or Diamond-
tipped blades are required for cutting fiberglass
pipe. Standard steel blades are not suitable for
cutting fiberglass.
Circular Saw – Only used when cutting very
large pipes (20”NB, 500 DN and larger).
Note: certain working environments, such as on
some offshore platforms, may require the use of
air-powered tools, not electric.
Circular Saw Blades - Carbide-tipped or Dry-
Cut Diamond-tipped blades are required for
cutting fiberglass pipe. Standard steel blades are
not suitable for cutting fiberglass.
14. 14
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Cardboard – Typically used as a disposable
material for protection when wetting out plies of
mat and woven roven prior to lay-up. It is also
used for mixing putty with catalyst.
Level – A carpenter’s level is required for fit-up
of joints. It also needed when aligning flange
holes. Levels can range from “torpedo level” size
to 2-feet (600 mm) or longer. Digital levels, up to
4-feet (1.2 m) in length, are handy for complex
angles.
Tape Measure – Used for measuring field trim to
be removed for fit-up of joints.
Pipe Stands – Used when spools are fabricated in
the field. Pipe stands are when piping needs
additional support during the assembly process.
Bung Mounted Agitator (Drum Mixer) – When
promoting 55-gallon (208 L) drums of resin, a
drum mixer is required to properly mix the
promoter and any other additives into the resin.
Note: 55-gallon refers to the nominal size of the
drum.
15. 15
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Brass Drum Gate Valve – When dispensing
material from drums, a gate valve is needed. 2” is
the typical size to fit a 55-gallon (208 L) drum of
resin or acetone.
Note: 55-gallon refers to the nominal size of the
drum.
4-Wheel Drum Dolly – Can assist with moving
drums of resin and acetone. For a typical 55-
gallon (208 L) drum, the drum O.D. is about 23”
(584 mm).
Note: 55-gallon refers to the nominal size of the
drum.
Drum Cradle Truck – Used to position drums
horizontally, allowing for dispensing of material
via gravity flow. A tipping lever may be a
separate attachment that is required.
A drum cradle truck should not be confused with
a “manual drum upender” or a “manual drum
tipper”. An upender or tipper is a simple tool that
provides leverage to allow a drum to moved from
the vertical to the horizontal position (and vice
versa).
16. 16
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Drill – Required to mix chemicals in medium-
size pails (1 to 5 gallon – 3.8 to 19 L). A 3/8”
drill is normally sufficient. If you are going to
use the drill with the hole saw cutter attachment,
it is best if the drill comes with an auxiliary
handle.
Note: certain working environments, such as on
some offshore platforms, may require the use of
air-powered tools, not electric.
Jiffy Mixer – Attachment used with the drill to
mix chemicals in medium-size pails.
Hole Saw Cutter – If you have to install a small
diameter “olet” (also called a saddle), a hole saw
cutter (along with a drill) is needed to the cut the
hole in the header pipe. The hole saw cutter must
be carbide-tipped or diamond-tipped. The hole
saw cutter must be sized to fit the pipe size. Olets
are typically fitted to the I.D. of the header pipe,
so the hole saw needs to cut a hole to fit the O.D.
of the olet.
Pencil Grinder w/ burr bits – Used for touch up
work and hard to reach areas. An example is a
bonded connection made between a flange and
another fitting or a pipe. After the bond is made,
it may be necessary to touch up around the bolt
holes of the flange. A pencil grinder may also be
needed when making “saddles” (or olets).
Burr bits can be straight or tapered.
17. 17
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Assembly and Bonding Tools
Other tools that may be required, include but are
not limited to: speed square, framing square, pipe
wraps (for marking straight lines around the pipe),
flange aligners, centering head and china markers
(for marking the pipe).
For bolting up flanges, a torque wrench, set of
mechanical sockets and a set of box wrenches are
required.
18. 18
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gloves – Neoprene (or other suitable material)
gloves may be required by bonders to prevent
skin exposure to chemicals. When used as a
disposable glove, natural latex gloves offer
good short-term protection along with
maximum dexterity.
Cloth Gloves – A heavy duty cloth glove is
normally recommended when working with
power tools.
Filtering Facepiece – An N95 filtering
facepiece (sometimes referred to as a dust
mask) may be required during grinding
procedures to prevent irritation.
Eye protection glasses – Safety glasses with
side shields should be worn at all times for
impact protection. If splashing or spraying
from chemicals is a concern, goggles should be
used instead. If protection of the entire facial
area is needed, a faceshield should be used as
well.
Other safety supplies that may be required
include, but are not limited to: hard hats, safety
shoes and a flame retardant Nomex coverall.
For special conditions, such as working at
heights or working in a confined space, refer to
the safety program for the location where the
work is being conducted.
As a precaution, a portable fire extinguisher
may be required when working with some of
the flammable chemicals. A portable eye wash
bottle may also be required.
19. 19
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
FIELD BONDING
NOTE: The steps in the assembly and bonding sections are for reference purposes only. It is not the
intention of this document to provide the reader with full details for performing fiberglass bonding. In no
way should this information be used as a substitute for training. Personnel not properly trained in
working with fiberglass composites should not rely on this information or this manual alone for specific
instructions. Furthermore, any personnel working with fiberglass composites should be properly
supervised.
Surface Preparation
All contamination must be removed from the surfaces to be joined. This includes dirt, dust,
moisture, and all other foreign materials.
The surface to be welded must be completely sanded and roughened (there should be no glossy
resin finish). The roughened surface should extend at least 1inch (25mm) beyond the area where
the glass/resin will be applied.
The bonding should be performed as soon as possible following grinding. Under no
circumstances shall the bonding be performed if the area has been contaminated or the grinded
surface is older than 12 hours.
Putty Mixing
A typical mixture of putty consists of 4.5 gallons of Silica Whacker, 2.5 gallons of resin, 25-35
cc of Tween® 20, and 0.5 gallons of milled fiber. Note: the milled fiber is optional in the putty
mix. This mixture will produce approximately 5 gallons of “unpromoted” putty. An electric
drill with a jiffy mixer is suitable for mixing. The amount of Silica Whacker can be adjusted to
produce the desired thickness. The Silica Whacker only acts as a thickener, it does not affect the
mechanical properties of the putty.
2. Putty mixture (unpromoted)
3. Putty mixture (promoted)
1. BPO (Luperox AFR40)
4. DMA
20. 20
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
For puttying a field weld, measure the needed portion of the putty mixture and place onto a small
strip of cardboard (approximately 4in x 4in) with a putty stick. Mix the appropriate amount of
catalyst thoroughly into the putty (see Table 1). The working time will vary according to resin
used, amount of catalyst, and temperature. Typically, BPO-promoted putty is catalyzed with 1cc
of DMA per pound of putty. CoNap-promoted putty is catalyzed with 8.0cc of MEKP per pound
of putty.
After the putty is mixed with the catalyst, it is applied to the joint will a putty stick. Be sure to
cover all crevasses evenly with putty. When the putty has hardened, the excess putty needs to be
removed with a grinder. Before bonding continues the joint must be inspected for removal of
glossy surfaces and regions with excess putty.
Table 1. Recommended Catalyzation - Putty
Adhesive Mixing
Adhesive is similar to putty except that it uses an elastomer-modified epoxy vinyl ester resin for
the resin and requires the use of milled fiber. Adhesive is typically promoted with CoNap and
catalyzed with MEKP.
Assembly
All cut pipe lengths must be square and butted together as close as possible. All surfaces must
be dry. Do not contaminate the grinding area with your hands. Wear cloth gloves, if needed,
when handling.
Standard Assembly Procedure:
Roughen all cut edges, then coat with resin. Butt together the pieces of pipe/fittings/flanges to be
joined. Apply putty to the joint from the exterior to fill any gaps and irregularities in the joint.
After the putty hardens, it must be ground for a good anchor pattern prior to any bonding work.
All putty, except that required to fill any cracks or crevices, must be removed.
It is not necessary, however, it is acceptable to bevel the edges of the two pieces to be joined to
allow more putty to be applied and thus hold the joint better prior to layup. However, the putty
(after grinding) shall not be wider than 1/4" (6mm) nor thicker than 1/4" (6mm) to fill the gaps.
Temperature Working Time
5 minutes 10 - 20 minutes 20 - 30 minutes
Cool 50s to Hot 90s
(10 to 35c)
Use BPO-putty.
Catalyze with 1cc of
DMA per pound (454
grams) of putty.
Use MEKP-putty.
Catalyze with 8cc of
MEKP per pound (454
grams) of putty.
N/A
21. 21
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Series 20FR-E, 20FR-EC, 20FR16, 20FR16-C, 20FR20, 20FR20-C:
When used in firewater applications that require IMO A.753(18) Level 3 fire endurance, these
products have a slight modification to the assembly procedure:
A 1:1 bevel is required at the center of the joint where the two parts are butted together. After
beveling, butt together the pieces of pipe/fittings/flanges to be joined. Apply catalyzed resin to
the beveled area. A very light application of putty may be used to tack the pieces together, but
the putty should not be used to fill the beveled area. Hoop wrap 10 strands of filaments to fill the
1:1 bevel. The strands of filament should be “wetted out” with catalyzed resin prior to hoop
wrapping. Once filaments have cured, re-grind the entire area with a grinder and then with
36grit sandpaper. Any “hump” from the filaments that extends beyond the bevel may be ground
evenly with the pipe, but it is not required.
Resin Mixing
Promotion: Before use, the resin must first be promoted. This is normally done in 55-gallon
drums (approximately 450 lbs) prior to shipment to the field, however, some resins may be
shipped unpromoted to extend their shelf life (promoted resins normally have a shelf life of one
month; unpromoted resins have a shelf life of 3 months or more). A drum mixer should be used
to thoroughly mix the appropriate amount of promoter in to the resin. Smaller portions of resin
can be promoted with a jiffy mixer. Any additives or accelerators, if needed, should be added
after the promoter is completely mixed into the resin.
Under no circumstances should the promoter (CoNap) be mixed directly with a peroxide catalyst
(MEKP, BPO, and CHP). This could cause a fire or explosion.
Other Additives: Series 20FR-E, 20FR-EC, 20FR16, 20FR16-C,
20FR20, and 20FR20-C require an antimony pentoxide additive
that is normally mixed after promotion. The antimony
pentoxide, typically labeled as Nyacol APE-1540, is added at a
rate of 3.75% by resin weight (e.g., for each 10lbs of resin, add
0.375lbs of Nyacol APE-1540).
Series 20JF, 20JF-C, 20JF16 and 20JF16-C use two different
resins and each resin has its own additive. The 1st
resin, which is
typically labeled as 510C or 510C-350, requires the antimony pentoxide additive to be added at a
5. 510C-350 Resin (unpromoted) 6. 510C-350 Resin (promoted)7. CoNap (purple)
8. Nyacol APE-1540
22. 22
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
rate of 3.75% by resin weight. The 2nd
resin, which is typically labeled as 441 or 441-400,
requires an alumina trihydrate (ATH) additive. The ATH additive is typically labeled as Solem
SB-336 or Solem SB-432 in 50lb (23kg) bags. Note: the labeling of the resin and additives may
vary depending on the material supplied. Materials supplied by Specialty Plastics, Inc. or one of
its licensees are in accordance with the internal quality assurance requirements of the product
line. Please contact Specialty Plastics, Inc. or the licensee from which the materials were
purchased for assistance.
Accelerators: In colder temperatures, it can become necessary to add dimethylaniline (DMA) as
an accelerator to help assist with the cure of the resin. DMA is a liquid, clear to somewhat
yellowish in color that has a very strong, pungent odor. You will not see a color change when
DMA is added as an accelerator. Typically, if DMA is being added to a drum of resin, it should
be mixed for 45 minutes.
Catalyzation: When you are ready to begin field bonding, use a one-pound cup (about 1 pint or
473mL) to measure the amount of resin you wish to catalyze. Then add the appropriate amount
of catalyst using a catalyst bottle. Thoroughly mix the catalyst with the resin and scrape the
sides and bottom while mixing. It is important to never use a brush to mix catalyst with the
resin, because it will absorb the uncatalyzed resin changing the ratio of catalyst to resin.
Once the resin has been catalyzed the working time will be
reduced to 10-40 minutes (see Table 3). Be sure to catalyze only
the amount of resin needed within the given time. Because
conditions vary greatly from day to night, it can be very difficult
to catalyze resin at night. It is strongly recommending that
bonding be carried out during the day.
Important Note: It is not the intention of this manual to provide
specific formulating information for proper curing of fiberglass
laminates. Characteristics of resins vary from manufacturer to
manufacturer, working conditions fluctuate during the day, weather conditions vary from jobsite to
jobsite, and desired gel times vary from one fabricator to another. It is not uncommon for actual
catalyzation levels to vary from 50 to 150% of the values in these tables. The resin manufacturer's
literature can be referenced for general information; however, personnel not properly trained in working
with fiberglass composites should not rely on this information or this manual alone for specific
instructions. Furthermore, any personnel working with fiberglass composites should be properly
supervised.
9. MEKP (Luperox DDM-9)
23. 23
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Table 3. Recommended Promotion & Catalyzation - Resin
Temp.
< 50F (10c) At temperatures below 50F (10c), for optimum performance, it may be
necessary to provide some source of heat to the resin and the surfaces being
bonded in order to ensure a satisfactory degree of cure. Changes in promotion
and catalyzation are at the discretion of the bonder.
Cold - 50s
(10-15c)
0.40% CoNap
2.5% MEKP
0.05 to 0.10% DMA
16.4cc per gallon
11.4cc per pound
0.2 to 0.5cc per pound
4.3cc per liter
25.0cc per kg
0.5 to 1.0cc per kg
Cool - 60s
(15-20c)
0.30% CoNap
2.5% MEKP
0.0 to 0.10% DMA
0.40% CoNap
2.0 to 2.5% MEKP
0.0 to 0.05% DMA
12.3cc per gallon
11.4cc per pound
0.0 to 0.5cc per pound
16.4cc per gallon
9.1 to 11.4cc per pound
0.0 to 0.2cc per pound
3.2cc per liter
25.0cc per kg
0.0 to 1.0cc per kg
4.3cc per liter
20.0 to 22.5cc per kg
0.0 to 0.5cc per kg
Mild - 70s
(20-25c)
0.20% CoNap
1.0 to 1.75% MEKP
0.05% DMA
0.30% CoNap
1.75% MEKP
0.40% CoNap
2.25% MEKP
8.2cc per gallon
4.5 to 7.9cc per pound
0.2cc per pound
12.3cc per gallon
7.9cc per pound
16.4cc per gallon
10.2cc per pound
2.2cc per liter
10.0 to 17.5cc per kg
0.5cc per kg
3.2cc per liter
17.5cc per kg
4.3cc per liter
22.5cc per kg
Warm - 80s
(25-30c)
0.20% CoNap
1.25% MEKP
0.0 to 0.035% 2,4-P
0.30% CoNap
1.5 to 1.75% MEKP
0.40% CoNap
2.0 to 2.25% MEKP
8.2cc per gallon
5.7cc per pound
0 to 0.16cc per pound
12.3cc per gallon
6.8 to 7.9cc per pound
16.4cc per gallon
9.1 to 10.2cc per pound
2.2cc per liter
12.5cc per kg
0 to 0.35cc per kg
3.2cc per liter
15.0 to 17.5cc per kg
4.3cc per liter
20.0 to 22.5cc per kg
Hot - 90s
(30-35c)
0.20% CoNap
1.0 to 1.5% MEKP
0.0 to 0.05% 2,4-P
0.30% CoNap
1.25 to 1.75% MEKP
0.40% CoNap
1.75 to 2.25% MEKP
8.2cc per gallon
4.5 to 6.8cc per pound
0 to 0.2cc per pound
12.3cc per gallon
5.0 to 7.0cc per pound
16.4cc per gallon
7.0 to 9.0cc per pound
2.2cc per liter
10.0 to 15.0cc per kg
0 to 0.5cc per kg
3.2cc per liter
11 to 15.4cc per kg
4.3cc per liter
15.4 to 19.8cc per kg
See Important Note preceding this table.
24. 24
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Table 2. Recommended Catalyzation - Gelcoats (Promoted)
Temperature Working Time
10 - 20 minutes 20 - 30 minutes 30 - 40 minutes
< 50F (10c) At temperatures below 50F (10c), for optimum performance, it may be
necessary to provide some source of heat to the resin and the surfaces being
bonded in order to ensure a satisfactory degree of cure. Changes in
promotion and catalyzation are at the discretion of the bonder.
55 - 65F
(12-18c)
4.4% MEKP
(20.0cc per pound)
(44.2cc per kg)
3.6% MEKP
(16.4cc per pound)
(36.1cc per kg)
2.2% MEKP
(10.0cc per pound)
(22.1cc per kg)
65 - 75F
(18-24c)
3.6% MEKP
(16.4cc per pound)
(36.1cc per kg)
3.0% MEKP
(13.7cc per pound)
(30.1cc per kg)
1.8% MEKP
(8.2cc per pound)
(18.1cc per kg)
75 - 85F
(24-29c)
3.0% MEKP
(13.7cc per pound)
(30.1cc per kg)
2.2% MEKP
(10.0cc per pound)
(22.1cc per kg)
See Important Note preceding this table. This table does not apply to conductive topcoats.
Batch Conversion Factors
Weight %
cc per
pound
cc per
kilogram
cc per
gallon
cc per
liter fluiz oz per drum
cc per drum
(452lb, 50gal,
190L)
0.10% 0.5 1.0 4.1 1.1 7.7 204
0.20% 0.9 2.0 8.2 2.2 15.5 409
0.30% 1.4 3.0 12.3 3.2 23.2 613
0.40% 1.8 4.0 16.4 4.3 31.0 818
0.50% 2.3 5.0 20.4 5.4 38.7 1022
0.60% 2.7 6.0 24.5 6.5 46.4 1226
0.70% 3.2 7.0 28.6 7.6 54.2 1431
0.80% 3.6 8.0 32.7 8.7 61.9 1635
0.90% 4.1 9.0 36.8 9.7 69.7 1840
1.00% 4.5 10.0 40.9 10.8 77.4 2044
1.25% 5.7 12.5 51.1 13.5 96.8 2555
1.50% 6.8 15.0 61.3 16.2 116.1 3066
1.75% 7.9 17.5 71.5 18.9 135.5 3577
2.00% 9.1 20.0 81.8 21.6 154.8 4088
2.25% 10.2 22.5 92.0 24.3 174.2 4599
2.50% 11.4 25.0 102.2 27.0 193.5 5110
(1) gallon = (4) quarts = (3.8) liters; (1) quart = (2) pints; (1) pint = (2) cups; (1) cup = (8) ounces; (1) ounce = 29.57cc
Based on cured resin weight (cured resin S.G. of 1.08, liquid resin S.G. of 1.15, liquid additive density of 1.00).
25. 25
FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
Bonding (also called Welding)
Refer to the field weld kit packages for the laminate sequence. The glass reinforcement materials are
already cut to the proper length and width for field bonding.
1. On a piece of thick paper or cardboard apply a layer of
catalyzed resin with a 2in. or 3in. natural hair brush. The
cardboard should be completely saturated with resin (no
dry spots). Apply the widest ply of the weld sequence to
this layer of resin and add more resin to this ply of glass.
Note:
The widest ply of the weld sequence is not necessarily the widest ply of the weld kit. The weld kit may
have to be divided into more than one "sequence" because of thickness. A typical sequence consists of 5
plies of material. Therefore, a weld kit with 8 plies of material will normally be divided into 2 sequences.
You should separate the weld sequences in the kit when wetting out the glass. The last and first ply of each
sequence should always be a chopped strand mat.
Be sure the mat is wet out thoroughly. There should be no white strands showing.
2. Continue adding the following plies to the sequence one at
a time. Completely saturate each with resin.
Note:
When adding the glass plies to the sequence, stagger each about 1/2in. from the previous ply.
3. Lift the mat from the cardboard and place one end over the
puttied joint (The narrowest ply should be placed to the
inside.). The weld should be centered on the joint. While
holding one end of the wetted sequence, start rolling
(circumferentially around the pipe) the sequence on the
joint. Continue rolling until 180degrees of the joint is
covered.
Note:
When you first begin rolling, it is important to hold the other end of the sequence in your hand to prevent
stretching.
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FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
4. Form the remainder of the weld around the joint and
continue rolling in the direction of the wrap until all the air
is removed.
Note:
Keep the roller going in one direction. If all the air has not been removed, continue rolling in the same
direction for another pass around the joint. It is important that all visible air pockets are completely
removed before proceeding with the next step.
If the roller is picking up strands of mat or causing more air bubbles, clean the roller. Shake all the cleaner
off of the roller and dip the roller in catalyzed resin and continue rolling.
Direct sunlight may cause burns and should not make contact with the weld. Shade the joint with
cardboard or other suitable protection.
5. Once rolling is completed, the first sequence needs to
harden and cool down (part of its curing process). During
curing, do not let the joint be moved, impacted, or
contaminated with water, dirt, etc.
For the second and remaining sequences, repeat steps 1
through 4. Note that in the remaining sequences, there are
normally more than 3 plies, depending upon the resin.
Also note that normally there are woven plies in these
sequences.
Note:
After the first sequence has hardened and cooled down, it should be lightly sanded to smooth any glass that
may be sticking up that can cause air entrapment in the second sequence.
If the first sequence cures for more than 12 hours, it must be reground with a 24-grit disc on an electric
sander before applying the second sequence.
6. Once the final structural sequence has cured, visual
inspection should be performed. Visually look for air
entrapment, burns, drains, and contamination. Also ensure
that the weld is properly positioned over the joint.
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FIBERBOND®
Engineered Composite Piping Systems
April 2013 Edition
7. Once the final sequence is applied, a veil layer is applied.
Please note that the veil layer is applied before the final
sequence has hardened. It is usually necessary to brush a
thin layer of resin onto the final sequence before applying
the veil. Continue applying the veil until the entire joint is
covered. The veil should be applied tightly to the joint to
help remove excess air and resin.
8. Once the veil is applied, it should be brushed with resin. It
is important to cover the entire veil layer with resin until
saturated. Before applying the external coat (which may
be a natural color waxcoat, pigmented topcoat, or
conductive topcoat), the veil layer (which has now
hardened and cooled) needs to be ground lightly.
Once the surfacing veil has hardened and cooled down, the
external coat is applied (not shown). Apply the external
coat to the exterior surface with a brush being sure to
cover the entire surface.
Note:
At temperatures below 50F (10c), for optimum performance, it may be necessary to provide some source of
heat to the resin and the surfaces being bonded in order to ensure a satisfactory degree of cure. The use of
an enclosure, such as tenting, may provide assistance in maintaining satisfactory temperatures. An external
heat source may be in the form of electric heater blankets, space heater units with the hot air ducted to the
work area or other suitable method.
28. April 2013 Edition
OVER 35 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN SUCCESSFUL
APPLICATIONS OF FIBERGLASS PIPE SYSTEMS.