This presentation deals with circulation in human body.
I have made this presentation for H.S.C students. I have tried my level best to simplify the topic. Visual presentation will definitely help the students to understand the topic easily. Please share your opinions regarding this presentation. Thank you.
This presentation deals with circulation in human body.
I have made this presentation for H.S.C students. I have tried my level best to simplify the topic. Visual presentation will definitely help the students to understand the topic easily. Please share your opinions regarding this presentation. Thank you.
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood Vessel, ECG, Hypertension, Arrhythmia Audumbar Mali
Cardiovascular System,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
The Blood Vessels,
The Heart,
The Electrocardiogram,
The Vascular Pathways,
As per PCI syllabus,
Atherosclerosis,
Coronary bypass operation,
Heart Transplants and Artificial Hearts
Circulation involves the movement of blood in the body which carries nutrients, enzyme etc. to the respective cells and tissues.Moreover the slide is focused on the different parts involved the process of circulation, along with blood grouping and blood coagulation.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Contents
Blood and Blood vessels
Blood Coagulation
Heart
Circulation of blood
Conducting system of Heart
Nerve supply to heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
2
3. BLOOD
3
➢Main circulating fluid in human body. It is a fluid connective tissue.
➢It is Bright Red in colour with pH 7.4, heavier than water.
➢An average adult has about 5 L of blood.
➢It constitutes about 8% total body weight.
➢Blood is composed of Plasma (55%) and blood corpuscles (45%)
4. Plasma
4
❑ It is straw coloured, slightly alkaline containing 90-92% of water, 8-10% solutes.
❑ The solutes are mostly proteins like serum albumin, serum heparin, serum globulin, fibrinogen
and prothrombin.
❑ Other solutes include glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol & nitrogenous waste.
❑ Gases like CO2 , O2 and N2 are present.
❑ Some regulatory substances like enzymes, hormones and inorganic substances like Bicarbonates
(CO2-), chlorides (Cl-) , Phosphates ( PO4
3-) , sulphates (SO4
2-) of Sodium ( Na+) , Potassium (K+) ,
Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+ ).
6. Erythrocytes
6
➢ Erythrocytes are circular, biconcave, Non nucleated cells.
➢ 7um diameter , 2.5um thickness.
➢ Count –
Male = 5.1-5.8 million RBCs/cu.mm of blood
Females= 4.3-5.2 million RBCs / cu.mm of blood.
➢ Average life span = 120 days.
➢ Process of formation of RBCs called as Erythropoiesis .
➢ In foetus it occurs in Liver & spleen whereas in adults, occurs in Red bone marrow.
➢ RBCs are destroyed in Liver and spleen.
7. Erythrocytes
7
➢Increase in no. of RBCs = Polycythemia.
➢Decrease in no. of RBCs = Erythrocytopenia.
➢Cytoplasm of RBCs contains Haemoglobin (Hb).
➢Normal Hb-
In males = 13-18gm/100ml of blood
In females = 11.5-16.5gm/100ml of blood.
➢Anaemia is a condition characterized by decrease in Hb count.
8. Functions of RBCs
8
A.Primary function is to carry Hb.
B.Hb carries oxygen (in form of Oxy-Hb)
C.Transport of nutrients to the cells.
D.Maintenance of haemostatsis.
9. Leucocytes
9
✓ Leucocytes are colourless, Nucleated phagocytic cells.
✓ They can perform Diapedasis.
✓ Size is about 8-15um.
✓ There are about 5000-9000 WBCs/cu.mm of blood.
✓ Average life span = 3-4 days.
✓ Formation of WBCs = Leucopoiesis.
✓ Occurs in red bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus & Payer’s
patches.
10. Leucocytes
10
➢ Lecucocytosis = Increase in number of WBCs
➢ Lecucopenia = Decrease in number of WBCs
➢ Leukemia = Pathologic increase in number of WBCs. Also known as Blood Cancer.
➢ Dead and worned out WBCs are destroyed by phagocytosis in Blood, Liver and Lymph nodes.
➢ Leucocytes are of two types-
▪ Granulocytes
I. Neutrophils
II. Eosiniphils
III. Basophils
▪ Agranulocytes
I. Lymphocytes
II. Monocytes
11. Neutrophils
11
✓ Cytoplasmic granules are stained with neutral dyes.
✓ Nucleus is 3 to 5 lobed.
✓ Hence called as Polymorphonuclear leucocytes or Polymorphs.
✓ Constitute about 70% of total WBCs.
✓ Functions-
▪ Phagocytosis
12. Eosinophils / Acidophils
12
✓Cytoplasmic granules are stained with acidic dyes. E.g-
eosin
✓Nucleus is Bilobed.
✓Constitute about 3% of total WBCs.
✓Non-phagocytic and no. increases in allergic conditions.
✓Increase in no. of eosinophils is called as Eosinophilia.
✓Functions-
▪ Anti-histaminic properties.
13. Basophils
13
✓Cytoplasmic granules are stained with basic dyes such
as Methylene blue.
✓Nucleus is twisted .
✓Constitute about 0.5% of total WBCs.
✓Non- phagocytic
✓Functions-
▪ Releases histamine and Heparin.
14. Lymphocytes
14
✓ Shows large, distinct Round nucleus.
✓ They constitute about 30% of total WBCs.
✓ Produces antibodies and are responsible for immune response.
✓ Three types of lymphocytes-
a. T- cells
b. B- cells
c. NK cells ( Natural Killer)
✓ Function-
• Responsible for immune response of the body.
15. Monocytes
15
✓Largest of all WBCs.
✓ Constitute about 5% of total WBCs.
✓ Phagocytic in function.
✓ These cells engulf micro-organisms and cellular debris.
✓ Hence, they are called as Macrophages.
✓ Function –
• Involved in inflammatory responses
• Cell scavengers.
16. Platelets / Thrombocytes
16
✓ Platelets are non-nucleated, round and biconvex.
✓ These are the smallest elements of the blood. (2-2.5 um diameter)
✓ Normal platelet count = 2.5- 4 lakhs/ cu.mm of blood.
✓ Thrombopoiesis – Formation of platelets.
✓ Thrombocytosis – Increase in platelet count.
✓ Thrombocytopenia – Decrease in platelet count.
17. Blood Coagulation / Hemostasis
17
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
❖It is a process which prevents and stops bleeding from a damaged blood
vessel by formation of a clot.
❖This process takes place in 3 steps as follows -
19. Blood Vessels
19
❑ There are three types of blood vessels –
▪ Arteries (& arterioles) – Carries blood away from the heart.
▪ Capillaries – Where gas and nutrients exchange takes place.
▪ Veins ( & venules) – Carries blood Towards the heart.
21. Blood Vessels
Arteries
21
❖Arteries & arterioles carries blood away from the heart.
❖Arteries supply oxygen rich blood from heart to the body tissues. (except Pulmonary
artery)
❖Each artery has three layers-
▪ Tunica intima – Innermost layer lined by endothelial cells.
▪ Tunica media - Middle layer, made up of smooth muscles, elastic tissue &
collagen fibres.
▪ Tunica adventitia- composed of collagen fibres & elastic tissue.
❖Arterioles can constrict or dilate by changing blood pressure.
22. Blood Vessels
Veins
22
❖Veins carry blood towards the heart.
❖Most of the veins carry deoxygenated blood (except Pulmonary vein)
from tissues towards the heart.
❖As in the arteries, veins also have 3 layers.
❖Veins shows presence of valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
❖The veins shows relatively low blood pressure than Arteries.
23. Blood Vessels
Capillaries
23
❖Capillaries are tiny blood vessels (5-10 µm)
❖They help to connect arteries and veins for exchange of certain
elements between blood and tissues.
❖The walls of capillaries are made of thin endothelial cells, that are
surrounded by another thin layer of basement membrane.
❖This makes them Leaky in nature.
25. HEART
25
✓ Heart is a hollow, muscular, conical organ having size of one’s fist.
✓ It is situated in middle of thoracic cavity in a space
called as Mediastinum.
✓ Weighs about 200-350 gms.
✓ Heart is enclosed in double layered peritoneum called Pericardium, which of two layers.
The outer layer is called as Fibrous pericardium and inner layer is called as Serous
pericardium.
✓ It is filled with pericardial fluid.
26. HEART
26
✓ The heart wall is composed of three layers- Epicardium, myocardium
and endocardium.
✓ The heart has four chambers: two upper, thin-walled atria, and two
lower, thick walled ventricles.
✓ The septum is a wall dividing the right and left sides.
✓ Intrauricular/ Intratrial septum divides two auricles (atria)
✓ Intraventricular septum divides two ventricles.
27. HEART
27
✓ Atrioventricular valves occur between the atria and ventricles –
✓ the tricuspid valve on the right & the bicuspid valve / mitral valve on the
left.
✓ both valves are renforced by chordae tendinae attached to muscular
projections within the ventricles.
✓ Pulmonary Trunk which arises from right ventricle, carries
deoxygenated blood to lungs.
✓ Systemic Aorta arising from left ventricle, carries oxygenated blood to
the body tissues.
31. Types of Circulation
31
I. Pulmonary Circulation : Course of blood from RV to LA through Lungs.
II. Systemic Circulation : Course of blood from LV to RA through body organs.
III. Coronary Circulation :
▪ Flow of blood to heart muscles is called as Coronary circulation
▪ Cardiac muscles of heart receive oxygenated blood through Coronary Arteries
▪ The deoxygenated blood is collected by coronary veins which forms coronary sinus,
which opens into RA.
33. HEARTBEAT
33
✓ Heartbeat is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart.
✓ Each heart beat includes one systole and one diastole.
✓ Normal heart beats = 72 beats/min.
✓ The heart sounds, lub-dup, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed
by the closing of the semilunar valves.
34. Conducting System of Heart
34
➢Human heart is a Myogenic (Myo =Muscle, genic= originating from)
➢It possess the property of Autorhythmicity.
➢Which means it generates its own electrical impulses and beats.
➢Small groups of specialised neuromuscular cells in the myocardium initiate and conduct
impulses, causing coordinated and synchronised contraction of the heart muscle.
35. Components involved in Conduction
35
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibres.
36. SA Node
36
➢These are the small masses of specialised cells lies in wall of right atrium.
➢These cells are electrically unstable; creating impulses.
➢This instability leads them to depolarise regularly. (60-80 times/min)
➢This depolarisation is followed by repolarisation.
➢Firing of SA node triggers Atrial contraction.
➢As this SA node initiates heart beat, hence called as Pacemaker.
37. AV Node
37
➢These are the small masses of neuromuscular tissue present in wall of atrial septum
➢AV node merely transmits the electrical signals from atria to ventricles.
➢There is a short delay here, the impulse takes 0.1sec to pass into ventricles.
➢This allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles start to contract.
➢Firing rate of AV node is slightly slower than SA node (40-60 beats/min)
➢As this node sets the heart beat, hence called as Pacesetter.
38. Bundle of His & Purkinje Fibres
38
➢These are the masses of specialised fibres originating from AV node.
➢At the upper end of ventricular septum it divides into right & left bundle branches.
➢Within the ventricular myocardium, the branches break up into fine fibres called as
Purkinje Fibres.
➢Purkinje fibres transmit electrical impulses from AV node throughout the walls of
ventricle, leading to ventricular systole (contraction).
40. Nerve supply to Heart
40
❖ The heart is supplied by both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve supply.
❖ These nerves originates from the cardiovascular centre in Medulla oblongata.
❖ The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) supplies to SA node, AV node and Atrial
muscle.
❖ Vagal stimulation decreases the heart rate and force of contraction.
❖ Sympathetic supply to SA node, AV node and myocardium of atria and ventricles.
❖ Sympathetic stimulation leads to increase in heart rate and force of contraction.
41. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
41
❖ It is a graphical record of electrical variations produced by heart during one
heartbeat
❖ The instrument used to record electrical potential is called as Electrocardiograph.
❖ A normal ECG is a series of waves.
❖ The electrical activities of heart are represented in form of graph as time (X-axis) vs
voltage displacement (Y-axis).