The document summarizes the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 which provide rules for handling biomedical waste in India. It outlines 10 categories of biomedical waste and their treatment methods. It specifies procedures for segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of waste. Authorized persons must treat waste within 48 hours and maintain records. The prescribed authority in each state or union territory will implement these rules by granting authorization to occupiers and ensuring compliance.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It begins by noting the rapid increase in hospitals and disposable products has led to more medical waste. Proper waste management is important for quality assurance and public health. The document then covers waste characteristics, legislation around management, categories of waste, health hazards of improper management, and strategies for proper segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste.
The document provides information on bio-medical waste management rules in India. It discusses that bio-medical waste is waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes human tissues, blood, chemicals, sharps etc. The rules classify waste into different color coded categories and prescribe standards for segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment of waste. It highlights that improper management of bio-medical waste poses health and safety risks. The rules have been amended over time to better regulate waste management. Strict adherence to the waste management procedures outlined in the rules is important to ensure safety of health workers and the public.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and its categories. It notes that approximately 40 tons of waste is generated daily in India, but only 30% undergoes proper disposal. It outlines the various treatment and disposal methods for different categories of waste, including incineration, autoclaving, chemical treatment, and secured landfilling. Color coding and container requirements are also specified. The risks of exposure to healthcare waste include infections, genotoxicity, chemical toxicity, and radioactivity hazards. Proper waste management requires adherence to government rules and public education.
This document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines different types of bio-medical waste and categories them based on risk level. It explains the potential health hazards posed by different types of waste and regulations for their proper treatment and disposal. The key methods of waste treatment discussed are incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling.
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It begins by noting the rapid increase in hospitals and disposable products has led to more medical waste. Proper waste management is important for quality assurance and public health. The document then covers waste characteristics, legislation around management, categories of waste, health hazards of improper management, and strategies for proper segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste.
The document provides information on bio-medical waste management rules in India. It discusses that bio-medical waste is waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes human tissues, blood, chemicals, sharps etc. The rules classify waste into different color coded categories and prescribe standards for segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment of waste. It highlights that improper management of bio-medical waste poses health and safety risks. The rules have been amended over time to better regulate waste management. Strict adherence to the waste management procedures outlined in the rules is important to ensure safety of health workers and the public.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and its categories. It notes that approximately 40 tons of waste is generated daily in India, but only 30% undergoes proper disposal. It outlines the various treatment and disposal methods for different categories of waste, including incineration, autoclaving, chemical treatment, and secured landfilling. Color coding and container requirements are also specified. The risks of exposure to healthcare waste include infections, genotoxicity, chemical toxicity, and radioactivity hazards. Proper waste management requires adherence to government rules and public education.
This document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines different types of bio-medical waste and categories them based on risk level. It explains the potential health hazards posed by different types of waste and regulations for their proper treatment and disposal. The key methods of waste treatment discussed are incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling.
India is likely to generate about 775.5 tons of medical wast per day by 2020, from the current level of 550.9 tons per day growing at CAGR about 7%.
Safe and effective management of waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility.
The document provides an overview of biomedical waste (BMW) in India, including its definition, categories, generation and management issues. Some key points:
- BMW includes waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes sharps, infectious, pathological and pharmaceutical waste.
- India generates over 3 million tonnes of BMW annually from over 95,000 healthcare facilities. Treatment and disposal of BMW is inadequate, posing risks to health and environment.
- The Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 govern BMW management and require segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of different BMW categories. However, compliance remains a challenge.
Biomedical waste includes solid waste generated during medical procedures and contains infectious and hazardous materials. It is important to properly manage biomedical waste to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. There are several categories of biomedical waste that require specific handling and disposal methods according to color-coded containers and bags. Improper management of biomedical waste can lead to infections in patients and waste handlers. Key steps to manage biomedical waste include segregation, transportation to treatment facilities, and using techniques like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical treatment to dispose of waste safely.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and lists various sources that produce such waste, such as hospitals, clinics, laboratories, etc. It categorizes waste based on potential hazards such as infectiousness, toxicity, radioactivity. The key aspects of biomedical waste management are segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Treatment methods include incineration, chemical disinfection, autoclaving. The Biomedical Waste Management Rules issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests govern biomedical waste handling and disposal in India.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and classifies it into 10 categories. It describes the various treatment and disposal methods used like incineration, autoclaving, chemical treatment, and secured landfilling. It discusses the health hazards of improper waste handling and the regulations in place in India for biomedical waste management according to the Bio-Medical Waste Rules of 1998.
The document discusses guidelines for proper biomedical waste management. It outlines 8 categories of waste and their corresponding color codes for segregation and disposal. Proper waste segregation, treatment, and disposal methods are described to minimize health and safety risks. Standard safety precautions for handling waste in laboratories are also provided, including hand washing, use of personal protective equipment, and procedures for managing spills.
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and outlines the objectives of proper management which are to minimize waste production, recycle waste when possible, treat waste through safe methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. It classifies waste into four categories (yellow, red, white, blue) and describes the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category of waste.
This document discusses biomedical waste and its management. It defines biomedical waste as anything used or tested on individuals or from biological experiments. It is generated from healthcare, research, and laboratory facilities. Most waste is non-infectious but some is infectious or hazardous. The waste is classified into 10 categories and different treatment methods are outlined depending on the category, such as incineration, autoclaving, or chemical treatment. Proper management is important to minimize infectious waste and treat it safely according to environmental legislation.
This document summarizes biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and categories waste into 10 types. Improper management poses infection risks to patients, waste handlers, and the public. The key needs are segregation by color-coding, safe transportation, and treatment via incineration, autoclaving, or chemical disinfection. Indian law requires hospitals to follow the Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 for safe handling from point of generation to final disposal. Proper management is a legal and social responsibility to prevent disease transmission and environmental pollution.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated at medical facilities that may include pathological, infectious, hazardous, and general wastes. The document notes that biomedical waste management in Jordan is poorly implemented, as wastes are often not properly segregated and disposed of. It provides classifications of different types of biomedical wastes and guidelines for their proper color-coding, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal.
The document discusses common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBWTF) and their advantages over individual treatment by small healthcare units. It notes that CBWTF address costs and prevent proliferation of equipment by running treatment, like incineration, at full capacity. The main treatment methods discussed are incineration, autoclaving, shredding, and secured landfill disposal. Incineration treats around 90% of biomedical waste in Warangal by reducing it to inert ash and gases at high temperatures. Autoclaving and shredding also help treat waste in an environmentally-safe manner.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management. It begins with definitions of key terms like biomedical waste and infectious waste. It then discusses the classification of biomedical waste into 10 categories and the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each. Some of the key risks of poor management are exposure to healthcare workers and spread of disease. The document also outlines regulatory requirements, waste handling protocols including segregation, storage, transportation, and on-site treatment methods like incineration. It concludes with specific guidance for mercury and sharps waste management in a dental clinic.
The document outlines the infection control programme at Ford Hospital & Research Centre. It discusses the infection control committee that meets monthly and includes members from various departments. The key components of the infection control programme discussed are prevention, surveillance, and standard precautions. It provides details on practices for prevention of healthcare-associated infections including hand washing, handling needles, spill management, and policies for visitors, biomedical waste, and antibiotics.
The document discusses biomedical waste management in hospitals. It defines different types of medical waste and their sources. It notes that most waste is non-infectious (80%) while pathological and infectious waste makes up 15%. It outlines 10 categories of biomedical waste and procedures for waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Key steps include effective waste segregation at source using color coding, safe primary collection and storage, authorized transportation, and final treatment through incineration or other methods. Occupational safety and training of healthcare workers is also emphasized.
Disposal of sharp wastes(BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT)RINTA VARGHESE
The document discusses biomedical waste management with a focus on disposal of sharp wastes. It defines biomedical waste and sharps, which include needles, blades, and broken glass. Sharps must be collected in puncture-resistant containers at the point of use to safely dispose and prevent injuries. The document outlines the risks of improper sharp disposal, best practices for removal and disposal in secured landfills or pits, and emphasizes the importance of proper management to protect public and worker safety.
Total Mobility Law offers legal services to help startups establish a global strategy and cross-border structure. They provide an initial analysis of a startup's global needs and then develop an action plan to comply with corporate, tax, employment, and immigration laws in target countries. Total Mobility Law identifies local advisors, implements the strategy, and provides ongoing management and compliance support through fixed-fee arrangements. This allows startups to focus on business growth while benefiting from an international presence and remaining legally compliant abroad.
The document provides an overview of biomedical waste (BMW) in India, including its definition, categories, generation and management issues. Some key points:
- BMW includes waste generated from healthcare facilities and includes sharps, infectious, pathological and pharmaceutical waste.
- India generates over 3 million tonnes of BMW annually from over 95,000 healthcare facilities. Treatment and disposal of BMW is inadequate, posing risks to health and environment.
- The Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 govern BMW management and require segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of different BMW categories. However, compliance remains a challenge.
Biomedical waste includes solid waste generated during medical procedures and contains infectious and hazardous materials. It is important to properly manage biomedical waste to prevent the spread of diseases and environmental pollution. There are several categories of biomedical waste that require specific handling and disposal methods according to color-coded containers and bags. Improper management of biomedical waste can lead to infections in patients and waste handlers. Key steps to manage biomedical waste include segregation, transportation to treatment facilities, and using techniques like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical treatment to dispose of waste safely.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and lists various sources that produce such waste, such as hospitals, clinics, laboratories, etc. It categorizes waste based on potential hazards such as infectiousness, toxicity, radioactivity. The key aspects of biomedical waste management are segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Treatment methods include incineration, chemical disinfection, autoclaving. The Biomedical Waste Management Rules issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests govern biomedical waste handling and disposal in India.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and classifies it into 10 categories. It describes the various treatment and disposal methods used like incineration, autoclaving, chemical treatment, and secured landfilling. It discusses the health hazards of improper waste handling and the regulations in place in India for biomedical waste management according to the Bio-Medical Waste Rules of 1998.
The document discusses guidelines for proper biomedical waste management. It outlines 8 categories of waste and their corresponding color codes for segregation and disposal. Proper waste segregation, treatment, and disposal methods are described to minimize health and safety risks. Standard safety precautions for handling waste in laboratories are also provided, including hand washing, use of personal protective equipment, and procedures for managing spills.
The health of patients is important to hospitals making it imperative to properly dispose of biomedical waste. Having the proper biomedical waste containers is part of keeping patients safe from illnesses they could contract while in the hospital.
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines bio-medical waste and outlines the objectives of proper management which are to minimize waste production, recycle waste when possible, treat waste through safe methods, ensure safety during handling, and prevent healthcare-associated infections. It classifies waste into four categories (yellow, red, white, blue) and describes the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category of waste.
This document discusses biomedical waste and its management. It defines biomedical waste as anything used or tested on individuals or from biological experiments. It is generated from healthcare, research, and laboratory facilities. Most waste is non-infectious but some is infectious or hazardous. The waste is classified into 10 categories and different treatment methods are outlined depending on the category, such as incineration, autoclaving, or chemical treatment. Proper management is important to minimize infectious waste and treat it safely according to environmental legislation.
This document summarizes biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and categories waste into 10 types. Improper management poses infection risks to patients, waste handlers, and the public. The key needs are segregation by color-coding, safe transportation, and treatment via incineration, autoclaving, or chemical disinfection. Indian law requires hospitals to follow the Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 for safe handling from point of generation to final disposal. Proper management is a legal and social responsibility to prevent disease transmission and environmental pollution.
The document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated at medical facilities that may include pathological, infectious, hazardous, and general wastes. The document notes that biomedical waste management in Jordan is poorly implemented, as wastes are often not properly segregated and disposed of. It provides classifications of different types of biomedical wastes and guidelines for their proper color-coding, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal.
The document discusses common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBWTF) and their advantages over individual treatment by small healthcare units. It notes that CBWTF address costs and prevent proliferation of equipment by running treatment, like incineration, at full capacity. The main treatment methods discussed are incineration, autoclaving, shredding, and secured landfill disposal. Incineration treats around 90% of biomedical waste in Warangal by reducing it to inert ash and gases at high temperatures. Autoclaving and shredding also help treat waste in an environmentally-safe manner.
This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste as waste capable of transmitting infectious diseases, including blood, body fluids, and contaminated sharps. It notes that biomedical waste is categorized into infectious sharps, laboratory waste, medical sharps, isolation waste, and some animal waste. The sources of healthcare waste and groups at risk are identified. Key aspects of biomedical waste management include segregation, collection, transportation, storage, and end treatment/disposal.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management. It begins with definitions of key terms like biomedical waste and infectious waste. It then discusses the classification of biomedical waste into 10 categories and the appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each. Some of the key risks of poor management are exposure to healthcare workers and spread of disease. The document also outlines regulatory requirements, waste handling protocols including segregation, storage, transportation, and on-site treatment methods like incineration. It concludes with specific guidance for mercury and sharps waste management in a dental clinic.
The document outlines the infection control programme at Ford Hospital & Research Centre. It discusses the infection control committee that meets monthly and includes members from various departments. The key components of the infection control programme discussed are prevention, surveillance, and standard precautions. It provides details on practices for prevention of healthcare-associated infections including hand washing, handling needles, spill management, and policies for visitors, biomedical waste, and antibiotics.
The document discusses biomedical waste management in hospitals. It defines different types of medical waste and their sources. It notes that most waste is non-infectious (80%) while pathological and infectious waste makes up 15%. It outlines 10 categories of biomedical waste and procedures for waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and treatment. Key steps include effective waste segregation at source using color coding, safe primary collection and storage, authorized transportation, and final treatment through incineration or other methods. Occupational safety and training of healthcare workers is also emphasized.
Disposal of sharp wastes(BIO MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT)RINTA VARGHESE
The document discusses biomedical waste management with a focus on disposal of sharp wastes. It defines biomedical waste and sharps, which include needles, blades, and broken glass. Sharps must be collected in puncture-resistant containers at the point of use to safely dispose and prevent injuries. The document outlines the risks of improper sharp disposal, best practices for removal and disposal in secured landfills or pits, and emphasizes the importance of proper management to protect public and worker safety.
Total Mobility Law offers legal services to help startups establish a global strategy and cross-border structure. They provide an initial analysis of a startup's global needs and then develop an action plan to comply with corporate, tax, employment, and immigration laws in target countries. Total Mobility Law identifies local advisors, implements the strategy, and provides ongoing management and compliance support through fixed-fee arrangements. This allows startups to focus on business growth while benefiting from an international presence and remaining legally compliant abroad.
Dokumen tersebut berisi soalan-soalan untuk ujian akhir tahun Pendidikan Seni Visual tingkat 1 hingga 6 yang meliputi kemahiran menggunakan berbagai teknik seni seperti lukisan, kolase, capan, dan pembuatan model menggunakan bahan daur ulang. Soalan-soalan tersebut dinilai berdasarkan aspek seperti kesesuaian dengan topik, kemasan, kreativitas, dan penggunaan unsur seni serta prinsip desain.
Safety, family travel, and cultural awareness are major concerns in the tourism industry. Trends include increased interest in sporting events and package tours, as well as a shift from mass marketing to niche marketing. Technology trends that impact travel include advances in communications, transportation, recreation equipment, and exploration of outer space and the deep ocean.
We’ll explore:
- How to expand your talent pool beyond LinkedIn’s limited audience
- How to influence job seekers at the point of career decision
- The importance of “informational transparency” in raising applicant quality and engagement
1. The document describes several Christmas traditions and customs in Poland, including decorating the Christmas tree with glass balls, lights and tinsel.
2. On Christmas Eve, families share wafers before a dinner of 12 fish and vegetable dishes without meat.
3. They leave an extra place at the table for any travellers and presents are left under the tree by Santa Claus or Gwiazdor.
4. Other traditions include nativity plays, carol singing, and wishing each other the best with the wafer.
Presentazione integrale di Fabio Rizzotto, IT Research & Consulting Director di IDC Italia, portata al roadshow sulla cloud transformation nelle aziende italiane che si è svolto a fine 2012 nelle città di Roma, Bologna, Bari, Torino e Padova
The Solus Guard Tour management system allows organizations to manage and monitor security guards by recording their activities to ensure they are making rounds as scheduled and covering all areas. It is a web-based application that tracks guard locations, easily creates location-based tours with scheduled checkpoints, and generates reports and alarms for late, early or missed checkpoints. The system sequences existing access readers as guard checkpoints on a tour. Guards must check-in at readers within the scheduled time for the specified number of cycles, and the system will alarm if times are not met. It provides tour scheduling, real-time monitoring, and exception reporting for analysis.
El plan curricular anual para Ciencias Naturales en octavo grado tiene como objetivo que los estudiantes desarrollen habilidades de pensamiento científico y comprendan los conceptos fundamentales de las ciencias biológicas, físicas y de la Tierra. El plan consta de 5 unidades que abarcan temas como las propiedades de los seres vivos, la reproducción, la nutrición, los ecosistemas y el movimiento y la fuerza. Cada unidad incluye objetivos específicos, contenidos, métodos de enseñanza y evaluación.
Advantages of media advertisements manas & kalaiRaju Saini
This document discusses the advantages of various media for advertising, including print media like newspapers and magazines, electronic media like radio, television, and the internet. It notes that the right media choice depends on targeting a business's buyers and being able to afford an effective campaign. Newspapers allow wide reach and flexibility, while magazines provide better targeting of audiences. Outdoor signs easily catch attention. Radio reaches people throughout the day, and television is visual and can build an image. The internet has global reach and allows targeting audiences. Pay per click search advertising only charges for results.
The document appears to be a list containing actions and skills related to physical movement, communication, analysis, and education. It includes skills such as jumping, dancing, following safety rules, listening, analyzing sentences, painting with charcoal, relaxing muscles, and stretching. The actions cover a wide range of topics from fundamental movements and skills to comprehension, characterization, valuation, and evaluation.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste in India. It begins with defining biomedical waste and explaining the health hazards posed by improper management. It then discusses the extent of the problem in India, noting that over 3 million tons of waste are generated annually. Current poor practices of dumping, burning, and disposal in landfills are outlined. The key points covered include:
- The Biomedical Waste Management Rules issued by the government that provide guidelines on segregation, packaging, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal.
- The 10 categories of biomedical waste and the color coding and types of containers used for each.
- Common treatment methods like incineration, autoclaving and their advantages/
Bio-medical waste management is important to prevent contamination. There are different categories of waste that require specific treatment and disposal methods according to Indian rules. Hazardous healthcare waste can cause infections, toxicity, and radiation hazards if not properly disposed of. Common methods of disposal include incineration, autoclaving, chemical treatment, and secured landfilling. Public education is needed for effective waste management.
This document discusses the management of biomedical waste. It defines biomedical waste as waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals. It notes that 85% of healthcare waste is non-infectious, while 10-25% is hazardous. Hazardous waste is further divided into two types - infectious solid waste and hazardous chemicals. The document outlines the different categories of biomedical waste and appropriate treatment and disposal methods for each category.
The document discusses waste minimization and management. It defines waste and different types of waste like e-waste, iron waste, and bio-waste. It explains that waste minimization aims to reduce waste at its source and encourages reuse, recycling, and recovery. Various techniques can be used to minimize waste including modifying processes, improving resource efficiency, and reducing unnecessary materials and packaging. Proper waste management has environmental and economic benefits such as lower disposal costs and reduced environmental impacts.
bio medical waste management & handling- rules and gui_2Arvind Kumar
This document discusses the development and key aspects of India's Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules. It outlines:
- The origins of the rules in response to directives from the Supreme Court in 1996 and standards from the Central Pollution Control Board.
- The rules have been amended several times, most recently in 2003, and require authorization, annual reporting, and establish an advisory committee.
- The rules mandate segregation, packaging, transportation and storage of bio-medical waste according to waste category and treatment method. There are 10 categories of waste and specific treatment requirements for each.
- Facilities must meet operating standards for incineration, including a minimum 99% combustion efficiency and
This document discusses guidelines for biomedical waste management according to the BMW rules of 1998, 2011, and 2016 in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines the objectives of proper waste management. It describes the classification of waste into categories based on risk level and provides guidelines for segregation, treatment, and disposal of each waste category according to the color-coding system. The risks of improper waste management to health and the environment are also discussed.
Biomedical waste includes materials generated during medical procedures and treatment that may contain pathogens. It must be properly segregated and treated. There are 10 categories of waste that require specific treatment methods like incineration, autoclaving, or chemical disinfection before safe disposal. Hospitals and clinics must follow proper procedures to safely handle, transport, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of disease.
Solid waste is unwanted material generated from human activities that is typically disposed of. It can be categorized by origin, contents, and hazard level. There are three main types: municipal solid waste from residential and commercial areas, industrial solid waste which can often be hazardous, and biomedical waste from hospitals. Solid waste management involves controlling waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal in an environmentally sound manner. Key components include storage, collection, transportation to disposal sites, treatment like composting or recycling, and final disposal through methods such as landfilling, incineration, or composting. Citizens can help through reducing waste, reusing items, recycling properly, composting organic materials, and supporting community
This document discusses biomedical waste management in India. It defines biomedical waste and explains its composition in hospitals. Only 15% of total hospital waste is considered hazardous biomedical waste. The risks of improper waste management are outlined. The key steps in biomedical waste management are segregation, collection, storage, treatment, transport and disposal. Common treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving, and chemical disinfection. The rules governing biomedical waste management in India are also summarized.
Biomedical waste management and biohazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
According to biomedical waste (management and Handling rules 1998 of India) –
"bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps.
https://www.slideshare.net/SonamAggarwal7/biomedical-waste-management-and-biohazards-by-dr-sonam-aggarwal
The document summarizes a study on bio-medical waste management practices at General Hospital in Sirsa, Haryana, India. The study found that while some practices like contracting a private agency for waste collection were in place, proper waste segregation and availability of designated bins were lacking. Recommendations included appointing staff to monitor waste management, conducting regular quality assessments, training and awareness programs for staff, and ensuring safety protocols and environmentally sound disposal practices are followed.
1. The document discusses the issues and challenges of biomedical waste management in India. It defines biomedical waste and outlines its various categories.
2. Proper management of biomedical waste is important to minimize health risks and environmental pollution. It involves waste segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. Common treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving, and chemical disinfection.
3. While rules and regulations around biomedical waste management exist in India, challenges remain around implementation, resources, awareness, and coordination between different stakeholders. Proper management requires cooperation from all healthcare professionals and facilities.
This document provides an overview of biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and outlines its major sources. It classifies waste into different categories and discusses the need for proper management. The key steps in the management process are segregation, collection and storage, transportation, and treatment or disposal. Common treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and shredding. The document also discusses regulations, safety precautions, and the importance of training and awareness. Proper biomedical waste management is necessary to protect human health and the environment.
Biomedical waste is very important to every person involved in the medical field and for normal lay person too. Without it's knowledge any treatment is incomplete.
(1) This document discusses biomedical waste management. It defines biomedical waste and categorizes sources that generate such waste.
(2) It describes the health hazards posed by infectious waste, sharps, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and radioactive materials. Proper management is needed to prevent worker and environmental exposure.
(3) The key steps in biomedical waste management are identified as source separation, collection, storage, transport, treatment, and disposal. Common treatment methods like incineration, autoclaving, and chemical disinfection are also summarized.
1. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
Whereas a notification in exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 6, and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) was published in the Gazette vide S.O. 746 (E) dated 16th October
1997.
1. SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT
These rules may be called the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.
They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the official Gazette.
2. APPLICATION
These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or
handle biomedical waste in any form.it shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating
biomedical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal
house, pathological laboratory, blood bank take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any
adverse effect to human health and the environment.
3. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Schedule I, and in compliance
with the standards prescribed in Schedule V.
Every occupier, where required, shall set up in accordance with the time-schedule in Schedule VI,
requisite bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave system for the
treatment of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste treatment facility or
any other waste treatment facility.
4. SEGREGATION, PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.
Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in accordance
with Schedule II prior to its storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The containers shall be
labeled according to Schedule III.
If a container is transported from the premises where bio-medical waste is generated to any waste
treatment facility outside the premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in
Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.
Biomedical waste shall be transported only in such vehicle as may be authorised for the purpose by
the competent authority as specified by the government.
No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours
Provided that if for any reason it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period, the
authorised person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure that
the waste does not adversely affect human health and the environment.
5.PRESCRIBED AUTHORITY
The Govt of every State and Union Territory shall establish a prescribed authority with such
members as may be specified for granting authorisation and implementing these rules. If the prescribed
authority comprises of more than one member, a chairperson for the authority shall be designated and
appointed within one month of the coming into force of these rules that shall function under the supervision
and control of the respective Government of the State or Union Territory and grants authorisation.It may
even refuse.
2. 6. AUTHORISATION
Every occupier of an institution generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating,
disposing and/or handling bio-medical waste in any other manner fills application in Form 1 for grant of
authorisation shall be accompanied by a fee as may be prescribed by the Government of the State or Union
Territory.
7. ANNUAL REPORT
Every occupier/operator shall submit an annual report to the prescribed authority in Form 11 by 31
January every year, to include information about the categories and quantities of bio-medical wastes.
8. MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS
All records shall be subject to inspection and verification by the prescribed authority at any time.
SCHEDULE I : CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
S. No. WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT
1. Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
2. Animal Waste Incineration / deep burial
3. Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste Local autoclaving / microwaving /
incineration
4. Waste sharps disinfection (chemical treatment/auto
claving/micro-waving and ultilation/
shredding
5. Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs Incineration /destruction and
drugs disposal in secured landfills
6. Solid Waste Incineration autoclaving /microwaving
7. Solid Waste (from disposables ) disinfection by chemical treatment
autoclaving /microwaving and multilation
/shredding
8. Liquid Waste disinfection by chemical treatment and
discharge
9. Incineration Ash disposal in municipal landfill
10 Chemical Waste Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for liquids and
secured landfill for solids.
SCHEDULE II : COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL
OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour coding Type of Container – I Treatment options as per Schedule I
Waste Category
Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, Cat. 2, and Incineration /deep burial
Cat. 3,Cat. 6.
Red Disinfected container / plastic Autoclaving /Microwaving /Chemical Treatment
bag Cat. 3, Cat. 6, Cat.7.
Blue/White Plastic bag /puncture proof Cat. Autoclaving /Microwaving / Chemical Treatment and destruction/
translucent 4, Cat. 7.Container shredding
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 Disposal in secured landfill
and Cat. 10. (solid)
3. INCINERATOR : Types, Specifications and Time Cycles of Bio-Medical Waste
Incinerators
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or
particulates carried by the flue gas. Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain
waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and bio medical wastes and certain hazardous wastes
where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures.
The following are types of incinerators:
ROTARY KILN
FLUIDIZED BED
LIQUID INJECTION
MULTIPLE HEARTH
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
WASTE-GAS FLARE
DIRECT-FLAME
ROTARY KILN INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
Rotate wastes in rotary kiln, enabling thorough mixing with air
Operating temperature from 800 - 1400 degree Celcius
Has great resistance to high temperatures
Can handle liquid, sludge, solid, gas in large quantities
Can handle batch modes like barrels and allows more flexibility than continious modes
Can operate in batch mode, allowing more flexibility than continuous mode.
Capacity of Medical waste estimated at 24 MJ/kg (5735 kCal/kg)
Inside Diameter : 1.65/1.4 -3.0 cms
Rotary Speed : 0.52 1.55 r/min
Power Equiped : 15 – 55 kw
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
vessel contains inert granular material that expands and acts theoretically as a fluid when gases are
injected up through the material bed from nozzles
Operating temperature from 1400-1800 ° F ( 750 -1000 ° C )
Compared with the bubbling fluidized bed with air speed of lm/sec, the CFB has an air speed of 4-6
m/sec.
The required static pressure of the fluidizing (combustion air) blower is low, consuming less power.
The bubbling fluidized bed needs 25-30kPa compared to 15-25kPa of circulating type.
The medium intensifies contact, mixing and blending of air, waste and heat, raising the combustion
efficiency and enabling low air ratio combustion.
It is easy to adjust the amount of circulating particles by controlling the primary air. Local
temperature drop or surge can be prevented.
4. The heat carried back by the circulating particles helps dry the sludge, preventing temperature drop
in the lower part of the furnace, requiring no auxiliary fuel.
LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
Wastes are sent through nozzles and atomized into small droplets to allow for the greatest possible
mixing with air.
Operating temperature from 1200-3000 F.
Feed must act as a liquid having a viscosity less than 10,000SSU
Solids entered should be melted and pumped.
Can completely combust non combustibles like contaminated water, along with organic combustible
material.
Has horizontal or vertical configuration.
MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
consist of vertically shaped hearths, and are Primarily used for sewage sludge.
operated from 1400-1800 ° F ( 750 - 1000 ° C ).
Catalytic combustion, waste-gas flare and direct flame incinerators are all for gases.
Catalytic combustors use a catalyst and are designed for low organic concentration wastes.
Waste-gas flares are used for non-hazardous waste that has high organic content.
Direct flame incinerators operate from 1000-1500 f and are used when waste gas contains particles.
The ideal wastes for this kind of disposal are toxic and hazardous wastes such as chlorinated matter,
pcb's,and organometallics
COMBUSTION INCINERATORS-OXYGEN USING SYSTEMS SPECIFICATIONS:
Waste and storage handling
Waste feeding
Combustion
Steam and electricity generation
Air pollution control
Ash residue handling : 3% fly ash (including flue gas residues)
calorific value as high as possible; Volatile matter >40%; Fixed carbon <15%; Total inert <35%
Moisture content : As minimum as possible; <45%
Capacity : 25 TO 120 TONS/DAY
Temperature : At least 1 sec for flue gas at not less than 980oC in combustion zone
COMBUSTION STAGES
Drying moisture is evaporated.
Devolatilization – combustible volatiles are released.
Ignitions – volatiles are ignited in the presence of o2
Combustion of fixed carbon volatile matter is completely combusted and fixed carbon is
oxidised to co2
5. TYPES OF COMBUSTION INCINERATORS
MASS BURN-MOST COMMON
o WATER WALL FURNACE
o REFRACTORY FURNACE
o ROTARY KILN FURNACE
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR
NON-COMBUSTION TECHNIQUES-OXYGEN DEFICIENT INCINERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
BIOGASIFICATION
Mixed solid waste is placed into an anaerobic digestor to reduce its Volume and to
produce methane. The process involves:
preprocessing-the organic material is separated from the waste stream, shredded, and
placed into a slurry
decomposition-the slurry is placed in an anerobic digestor for 5-30 days
gas collection-methane gas is collected and refined for combustion
less voluminous digested product for disposal
PYROLYSIS
Uses heat to decompose the mixed solid waste in an O2-deficit or O2-free
Environment. The products of pyrolysis include combustible gases and Various solids that
are difficult to manage.
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
More common
Less consistent waste stream
Pre treatment like shredding, drying is usually necessary
Batch or continuously loaded.
CONCLUSION:
Any solid, fluid and liquid or liquid waste, including it's container and any intermediate product,
which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human being or animals, in research
pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biological and the animal waste from slaughter houses
or any other similar establishment. All biomedical waste are hazardous. In hospital it comprises of 15% of
total hospital waste. As quite a large percentage of waste, generated in Indian hospitals, belong to bio
medical category (non-toxic and non-hazardous), hospital should have constant interaction with municipal
authorities so that this category of waste is regularly taken out of the hospital premises for land fill or other
treatment like incineration which involves The process of burning a material so that only ashes remain.
6. SYMBIOSIS INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
(SIHS)
Fundamentals of Hospital Planning
ASSIGNMENT NO. 02
BMW MANAGEMENT & HANDLING RULES – 1998
INCINERATOR : TYPES , SPECIFICATIONS & TIME CYCLE FOR EACH
TYPE OF BMW
Submitted To Submitted By
Dr. Col. Vijay Deshpande Ketki Shinde
PR No. 11040141043
MBA (HHC)-2011-13