Blood samples are collected by inserting a needle into a vein to draw blood for testing and analysis. The collection procedure involves preparing the patient, equipment, and environment. Blood is drawn according to a specific order of tubes to prevent contamination, with the larger veins in the arm being most commonly used for venipuncture. After collection, the needle is removed and pressure is applied to stop bleeding before applying a bandage. Tubes are labeled with patient information before leaving the collection area.
The document discusses the importance of blood smears in diagnosing various hematological disorders. It states that blood smears provide a rapid and inexpensive way to examine blood cell morphology and detect abnormalities. While automated analyzers are used more often, blood smears remain an important diagnostic tool, especially when clinical findings require further investigation or there are discrepancies with previous test results. The document also provides guidance on properly preparing blood smears to obtain diagnostic quality samples.
1. The document provides an overview of phlebotomy basics including terminology, blood components, specimen collection and processing techniques, special patient populations, and quality control measures.
2. Key steps in phlebotomy are properly identifying the patient, selecting the appropriate vein and needle, performing the venipuncture, handling and labeling specimens correctly to avoid hemolysis or other issues.
3. Special considerations are discussed for elderly patients, babies, and those with IVs, recommending smaller needles, pressure for longer, and alternative collection sites as needed.
CYTOLOGY-SAMPLE COLLECTION, Introduction to cytologyMithun Venugopal
This document provides information on cytology, including its definition, advantages, and sample collection procedures. Cytopathology examines individual cells extracted from tissues to determine disease cause and nature. Samples can be collected through non-invasive means like brushing or scraping, or invasive aspiration. Procedures include exfoliative cytology of spontaneously shed cells, abrasive cytology using brushes, and aspiration cytology using fine needles. Respiratory samples involve sputum, bronchial brushes, lavage, and fine needle aspiration under imaging guidance. Cervical samples are typically collected with a spatula or endocervical brush using liquid-based methods. Quality sample collection is important for accurate cytology diagnosis.
collection of blood sample and preanalytical errorsUtkarsh Sharma
This document discusses blood collection for laboratory tests using anticoagulated vacutainers and sources of preanalytical errors. It describes the appropriate vacutainers and additives used for different tests like CBC, coagulation studies, chemistry etc. The sequence of filling different vacutainer tubes is explained. Common causes of preanalytical errors like hemolysis, lipemia, patient misidentification, and not following guidelines for mixing blood with additives are summarized. The importance of following standard operating procedures for collection, transport, and processing of specimens is highlighted to reduce preanalytical errors.
Venous and capillary blood can be collected for laboratory testing. Capillary blood is collected via finger or heel stick and is used for small volume tests like hemoglobin and blood smears due to limited sample size. Venous blood provides larger samples and is required for tests needing anticoagulation via collection in tubes. The vacutainer method is commonly used for venous collection involving a needle, holder and tubes of varying colors corresponding to different anticoagulants and additives. Proper identification, site preparation using alcohol, and bleeding control techniques must be followed to ensure accurate and safe collection.
Pippettes are an essential component in fetching the accurate lab results,.... maintaining the accuracy and precision while dipensing reamins the mainstay of valid results in any test performed whether ELISA, DNA extraction Vitek, MALDI-ToF
This document provides an overview of the history of phlebotomy and bloodletting. It discusses how the practice began in ancient Egypt and Greece and was used as a medical treatment through the 18th century, often resulting in patient harm. The development of the microscope in the 17th century allowed for examination of blood cells and helped transition bloodletting to diagnostic blood collection. The document also covers universal precautions for safe handling of blood and body fluids to prevent disease transmission.
The document discusses the importance of blood smears in diagnosing various hematological disorders. It states that blood smears provide a rapid and inexpensive way to examine blood cell morphology and detect abnormalities. While automated analyzers are used more often, blood smears remain an important diagnostic tool, especially when clinical findings require further investigation or there are discrepancies with previous test results. The document also provides guidance on properly preparing blood smears to obtain diagnostic quality samples.
1. The document provides an overview of phlebotomy basics including terminology, blood components, specimen collection and processing techniques, special patient populations, and quality control measures.
2. Key steps in phlebotomy are properly identifying the patient, selecting the appropriate vein and needle, performing the venipuncture, handling and labeling specimens correctly to avoid hemolysis or other issues.
3. Special considerations are discussed for elderly patients, babies, and those with IVs, recommending smaller needles, pressure for longer, and alternative collection sites as needed.
CYTOLOGY-SAMPLE COLLECTION, Introduction to cytologyMithun Venugopal
This document provides information on cytology, including its definition, advantages, and sample collection procedures. Cytopathology examines individual cells extracted from tissues to determine disease cause and nature. Samples can be collected through non-invasive means like brushing or scraping, or invasive aspiration. Procedures include exfoliative cytology of spontaneously shed cells, abrasive cytology using brushes, and aspiration cytology using fine needles. Respiratory samples involve sputum, bronchial brushes, lavage, and fine needle aspiration under imaging guidance. Cervical samples are typically collected with a spatula or endocervical brush using liquid-based methods. Quality sample collection is important for accurate cytology diagnosis.
collection of blood sample and preanalytical errorsUtkarsh Sharma
This document discusses blood collection for laboratory tests using anticoagulated vacutainers and sources of preanalytical errors. It describes the appropriate vacutainers and additives used for different tests like CBC, coagulation studies, chemistry etc. The sequence of filling different vacutainer tubes is explained. Common causes of preanalytical errors like hemolysis, lipemia, patient misidentification, and not following guidelines for mixing blood with additives are summarized. The importance of following standard operating procedures for collection, transport, and processing of specimens is highlighted to reduce preanalytical errors.
Venous and capillary blood can be collected for laboratory testing. Capillary blood is collected via finger or heel stick and is used for small volume tests like hemoglobin and blood smears due to limited sample size. Venous blood provides larger samples and is required for tests needing anticoagulation via collection in tubes. The vacutainer method is commonly used for venous collection involving a needle, holder and tubes of varying colors corresponding to different anticoagulants and additives. Proper identification, site preparation using alcohol, and bleeding control techniques must be followed to ensure accurate and safe collection.
Pippettes are an essential component in fetching the accurate lab results,.... maintaining the accuracy and precision while dipensing reamins the mainstay of valid results in any test performed whether ELISA, DNA extraction Vitek, MALDI-ToF
This document provides an overview of the history of phlebotomy and bloodletting. It discusses how the practice began in ancient Egypt and Greece and was used as a medical treatment through the 18th century, often resulting in patient harm. The development of the microscope in the 17th century allowed for examination of blood cells and helped transition bloodletting to diagnostic blood collection. The document also covers universal precautions for safe handling of blood and body fluids to prevent disease transmission.
This document provides information about the objectives and theory of phlebotomy. It discusses what phlebotomy is, the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, and related anatomy and physiology. It also covers important topics like professionalism, safety, equipment used, and procedures for collecting blood. Phlebotomists must properly identify patients, take safety precautions, position the patient, locate a vein, and collect blood samples while maintaining patient comfort and confidentiality.
This document discusses the process of phlebotomy and blood specimen collection. Phlebotomy, also known as venipuncture, involves collecting a blood sample from veins using a needle. It describes the steps of the venipuncture procedure, which includes preparing materials, positioning the patient, selecting a vein, applying a tourniquet, cleansing the skin, inspecting needles/syringes, performing the puncture, and handling the collected blood samples appropriately based on testing requirements. Performing venipuncture properly is important for obtaining quality lab test results.
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
List the information required on a requisition form.
Describe computer use in phlebotomy.
Describe the supplies and general equipment required for phlebotomy.
Describe the components of the evacuated tube system.
Explain the proper method for needle disposal.
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to diagnose bleeding disorders, including bleeding time, clotting time, and clot retraction time. It provides details on the principles, equipment, procedures, normal ranges, and clinical significance of these tests. Bleeding time measures platelet function and vessel wall interaction, while clotting time evaluates the coagulation factors. Clot retraction depends on platelets and helps identify fibrinogen deficiencies or thrombocytopenia. These tests are important for evaluating the underlying causes of bleeding disorders.
Semen examination is performed on patients with fertility issues or who have undergone vasectomy to check for the presence of sperm. Patients are asked to abstain from ejaculation for 2-5 days prior to collecting a semen sample via masturbation into a clean, dry tube within 15 minutes of collection. The sample is examined only after liquefaction occurs within 30-60 minutes.
1. The document outlines various protocols for collecting and handling specimens for diagnostic testing in pathology. It discusses appropriate samples, containers, transport conditions, and preservation methods for urine, CSF, fluids, sputum, stool, semen, and blood samples.
2. Guidelines are provided for venous blood collection including equipment, anticoagulants used, and proper labelling and transport of samples.
3. An overview is also given of histopathology specimen handling, blood banking techniques including blood donation and components, and cross matching procedures.
1. A peripheral blood film (PBF) is a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide that is stained to allow examination of blood cells.
2. An ideal blood smear is uniformly thick, occupies the central portion of the slide, and tapers from thick at the head to thin at the tail.
3. Preparation involves using a spreader slide at a 40-45 degree angle to pull blood into a feathered tongue shape from a drop of blood on the slide.
This document discusses immunohematology and blood grouping techniques. It explains that immunohematology applies immunology principles to study red blood cell antigens and antibodies in blood. The most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh, which are determined using agglutination reactions between red blood cell antigens and their corresponding antibodies. The document then describes the procedures for performing the slide and tube methods of ABO blood grouping and Rh typing, including preparation of reagents and blood samples, performing the tests, and interpreting the results.
This document discusses the technique of haemocytometry, which is used to count the total number of cells in blood or other body fluids. It can be done using a haemocytometer or electronic cell counter. The purpose is to determine normal or abnormal cell counts in pathological conditions and to support clinical diagnoses and monitor treatment responses. The principle involves diluting the blood sample and counting the cells in a haemocytometer under a microscope. Proper use and interpretation of haemocytometry provides information about various blood cell types like white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and eosinophils.
This document discusses the development and properties of blood bags. It begins by describing the basic components and materials used in blood bags, including PVC sheeting and tubing. It then outlines the various physical and biological requirements blood bags must meet, such as flexibility, transparency, and biocompatibility. The document also examines storage lesions that can occur in blood over time and new trends in developing alternative materials to PVC for blood bags. It concludes that while PVC currently dominates the market, research continues into improving plasticizers and developing non-PVC containers.
Using methylation patterns to determine origin of biological material and ageQIAGEN
In this QIAGEN sponsored webinar, our guest speakers from the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Crime Lab and Florida International University (FIU) discuss their research on the potential of epigenetic methylation as a procedure for body fluid identification and age estimation from DNA left at crime scenes. Several approaches have been studied, including an analysis of methyl array data and an initial validation of procedures such as pyrosequencing and real-time PCR. The presentation focuses on a number of tissue-specific epigenetic markers for body fluid and age determination with a promise of future integration of these markers into the forensic lab due to the simplicity of analysis and the ease of application.
Learn more about the Pyrosequencing technology and our solutions at
https://www.qiagen.com/resources/technologies/pyrosequencing-resource-center/
The document provides guidelines for blood sample collection procedures. It discusses introducing oneself to the patient, checking identification, selecting a vein, using the proper order and techniques for drawing blood into tubes, labeling the tubes, and applying pressure after withdrawing the needle. Precautions are outlined such as universal safety protocols, proper disposal of sharps, and cleaning up spills. The document also provides information on collecting samples from infants and the indications for rejecting specimens.
special and routine stains in haematology 1Dr.SHAHID Raza
The document discusses various routine and special stains used in hematology. Routine stains like Leishman, Giemsa, and Wright stains are used to stain peripheral blood films and differentiate blood cells. Special stains require additional processing but can identify characteristics not seen with routine stains, such as periodic acid Schiff stain which detects carbohydrates like glycogen by oxidizing glycol groups and producing a red reaction. Proper staining techniques such as fixation, washing, and timing are important for preparing clear blood smears and accurately identifying blood components.
This document contains a 50 question multiple choice quiz on various topics in medical laboratory science. The questions cover subjects like colorimetry, water deionization, dilution calculations, enzymes, staining techniques, microbiology, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, parasitology, immunology, and histopathology. Correct answers are provided for self-assessment. The quiz appears to be designed to test essential knowledge of laboratory procedures and concepts.
This document provides guidance on proper pipetting technique. It defines different types of pipets and emphasizes the importance of accuracy in laboratory analysis. Key steps for good pipetting include pre-checking pipets for defects, holding the pipet vertically when filling to the calibration line, avoiding splashing when dispensing, and thoroughly cleaning pipets after each use according to standard operating procedures. Maintaining consistent pipetting technique is crucial for obtaining reliable data.
1. Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which formed elements such as cells and platelets are suspended. It makes up 55% of total blood volume.
2. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into distinct layers - the bottom layer contains erythrocytes, the thin middle layer contains leukocytes and platelets, and the remaining clear fluid is plasma.
3. The main functions of red blood cells include transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body. White blood cells and platelets are involved in defense against infection and clotting at the site of injury.
This document summarizes the components and use of a Neubauer hemocytometer for counting blood cells. The hemocytometer consists of a thick glass slide with an H-shaped groove containing scales for counting red and white blood cells under a cover slip. The slide is divided into squares to calculate cell concentrations in a known volume. Blood is diluted in pipettes before loading into the chamber. The document explains how to distinguish squares for different cell types, calculate cell volumes, count cells while avoiding double counting, and determine cell concentrations based on dilution factors and counts within the grids.
This document summarizes white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It discusses their formation in bone marrow, types including granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). It describes their characteristics and functions in inflammatory response and fighting infection. The document also lists some diseases related to abnormalities in WBC counts, such as leukopenia, leukemia, and leukocytosis.
Blood Component Therapy: What a clinician needs to know !Muskaan Khosla
Blood component therapy involves separating whole blood into its components through centrifugation, including red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. This allows specific components to be transfused based on patient needs, reduces waste, and enables blood from one donor to help multiple recipients. Key components are red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate, each with different functions, storage, and transfusion guidelines.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
sample collection & rejection .pptx is used in hospitalsathishmanoharan13
The document provides guidelines for proper sample collection through venipuncture. It discusses the importance of identifying the patient, selecting a suitable vein, preparing the site, and using the correct needle and tubes according to the tests ordered. Proper procedures like inverting tubes gently and promptly transporting specimens to the lab help ensure accurate test results. Following these eight components is key to a successful venipuncture: patient identification, site selection, site preparation, tourniquet use, needle choice, tubes/draw order, labeling, and specimen handling.
This document provides information about the objectives and theory of phlebotomy. It discusses what phlebotomy is, the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, and related anatomy and physiology. It also covers important topics like professionalism, safety, equipment used, and procedures for collecting blood. Phlebotomists must properly identify patients, take safety precautions, position the patient, locate a vein, and collect blood samples while maintaining patient comfort and confidentiality.
This document discusses the process of phlebotomy and blood specimen collection. Phlebotomy, also known as venipuncture, involves collecting a blood sample from veins using a needle. It describes the steps of the venipuncture procedure, which includes preparing materials, positioning the patient, selecting a vein, applying a tourniquet, cleansing the skin, inspecting needles/syringes, performing the puncture, and handling the collected blood samples appropriately based on testing requirements. Performing venipuncture properly is important for obtaining quality lab test results.
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
List the information required on a requisition form.
Describe computer use in phlebotomy.
Describe the supplies and general equipment required for phlebotomy.
Describe the components of the evacuated tube system.
Explain the proper method for needle disposal.
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to diagnose bleeding disorders, including bleeding time, clotting time, and clot retraction time. It provides details on the principles, equipment, procedures, normal ranges, and clinical significance of these tests. Bleeding time measures platelet function and vessel wall interaction, while clotting time evaluates the coagulation factors. Clot retraction depends on platelets and helps identify fibrinogen deficiencies or thrombocytopenia. These tests are important for evaluating the underlying causes of bleeding disorders.
Semen examination is performed on patients with fertility issues or who have undergone vasectomy to check for the presence of sperm. Patients are asked to abstain from ejaculation for 2-5 days prior to collecting a semen sample via masturbation into a clean, dry tube within 15 minutes of collection. The sample is examined only after liquefaction occurs within 30-60 minutes.
1. The document outlines various protocols for collecting and handling specimens for diagnostic testing in pathology. It discusses appropriate samples, containers, transport conditions, and preservation methods for urine, CSF, fluids, sputum, stool, semen, and blood samples.
2. Guidelines are provided for venous blood collection including equipment, anticoagulants used, and proper labelling and transport of samples.
3. An overview is also given of histopathology specimen handling, blood banking techniques including blood donation and components, and cross matching procedures.
1. A peripheral blood film (PBF) is a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide that is stained to allow examination of blood cells.
2. An ideal blood smear is uniformly thick, occupies the central portion of the slide, and tapers from thick at the head to thin at the tail.
3. Preparation involves using a spreader slide at a 40-45 degree angle to pull blood into a feathered tongue shape from a drop of blood on the slide.
This document discusses immunohematology and blood grouping techniques. It explains that immunohematology applies immunology principles to study red blood cell antigens and antibodies in blood. The most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh, which are determined using agglutination reactions between red blood cell antigens and their corresponding antibodies. The document then describes the procedures for performing the slide and tube methods of ABO blood grouping and Rh typing, including preparation of reagents and blood samples, performing the tests, and interpreting the results.
This document discusses the technique of haemocytometry, which is used to count the total number of cells in blood or other body fluids. It can be done using a haemocytometer or electronic cell counter. The purpose is to determine normal or abnormal cell counts in pathological conditions and to support clinical diagnoses and monitor treatment responses. The principle involves diluting the blood sample and counting the cells in a haemocytometer under a microscope. Proper use and interpretation of haemocytometry provides information about various blood cell types like white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and eosinophils.
This document discusses the development and properties of blood bags. It begins by describing the basic components and materials used in blood bags, including PVC sheeting and tubing. It then outlines the various physical and biological requirements blood bags must meet, such as flexibility, transparency, and biocompatibility. The document also examines storage lesions that can occur in blood over time and new trends in developing alternative materials to PVC for blood bags. It concludes that while PVC currently dominates the market, research continues into improving plasticizers and developing non-PVC containers.
Using methylation patterns to determine origin of biological material and ageQIAGEN
In this QIAGEN sponsored webinar, our guest speakers from the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Crime Lab and Florida International University (FIU) discuss their research on the potential of epigenetic methylation as a procedure for body fluid identification and age estimation from DNA left at crime scenes. Several approaches have been studied, including an analysis of methyl array data and an initial validation of procedures such as pyrosequencing and real-time PCR. The presentation focuses on a number of tissue-specific epigenetic markers for body fluid and age determination with a promise of future integration of these markers into the forensic lab due to the simplicity of analysis and the ease of application.
Learn more about the Pyrosequencing technology and our solutions at
https://www.qiagen.com/resources/technologies/pyrosequencing-resource-center/
The document provides guidelines for blood sample collection procedures. It discusses introducing oneself to the patient, checking identification, selecting a vein, using the proper order and techniques for drawing blood into tubes, labeling the tubes, and applying pressure after withdrawing the needle. Precautions are outlined such as universal safety protocols, proper disposal of sharps, and cleaning up spills. The document also provides information on collecting samples from infants and the indications for rejecting specimens.
special and routine stains in haematology 1Dr.SHAHID Raza
The document discusses various routine and special stains used in hematology. Routine stains like Leishman, Giemsa, and Wright stains are used to stain peripheral blood films and differentiate blood cells. Special stains require additional processing but can identify characteristics not seen with routine stains, such as periodic acid Schiff stain which detects carbohydrates like glycogen by oxidizing glycol groups and producing a red reaction. Proper staining techniques such as fixation, washing, and timing are important for preparing clear blood smears and accurately identifying blood components.
This document contains a 50 question multiple choice quiz on various topics in medical laboratory science. The questions cover subjects like colorimetry, water deionization, dilution calculations, enzymes, staining techniques, microbiology, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, parasitology, immunology, and histopathology. Correct answers are provided for self-assessment. The quiz appears to be designed to test essential knowledge of laboratory procedures and concepts.
This document provides guidance on proper pipetting technique. It defines different types of pipets and emphasizes the importance of accuracy in laboratory analysis. Key steps for good pipetting include pre-checking pipets for defects, holding the pipet vertically when filling to the calibration line, avoiding splashing when dispensing, and thoroughly cleaning pipets after each use according to standard operating procedures. Maintaining consistent pipetting technique is crucial for obtaining reliable data.
1. Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which formed elements such as cells and platelets are suspended. It makes up 55% of total blood volume.
2. When blood is centrifuged, it separates into distinct layers - the bottom layer contains erythrocytes, the thin middle layer contains leukocytes and platelets, and the remaining clear fluid is plasma.
3. The main functions of red blood cells include transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body. White blood cells and platelets are involved in defense against infection and clotting at the site of injury.
This document summarizes the components and use of a Neubauer hemocytometer for counting blood cells. The hemocytometer consists of a thick glass slide with an H-shaped groove containing scales for counting red and white blood cells under a cover slip. The slide is divided into squares to calculate cell concentrations in a known volume. Blood is diluted in pipettes before loading into the chamber. The document explains how to distinguish squares for different cell types, calculate cell volumes, count cells while avoiding double counting, and determine cell concentrations based on dilution factors and counts within the grids.
This document summarizes white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It discusses their formation in bone marrow, types including granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). It describes their characteristics and functions in inflammatory response and fighting infection. The document also lists some diseases related to abnormalities in WBC counts, such as leukopenia, leukemia, and leukocytosis.
Blood Component Therapy: What a clinician needs to know !Muskaan Khosla
Blood component therapy involves separating whole blood into its components through centrifugation, including red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. This allows specific components to be transfused based on patient needs, reduces waste, and enables blood from one donor to help multiple recipients. Key components are red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate, each with different functions, storage, and transfusion guidelines.
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patient’s perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
sample collection & rejection .pptx is used in hospitalsathishmanoharan13
The document provides guidelines for proper sample collection through venipuncture. It discusses the importance of identifying the patient, selecting a suitable vein, preparing the site, and using the correct needle and tubes according to the tests ordered. Proper procedures like inverting tubes gently and promptly transporting specimens to the lab help ensure accurate test results. Following these eight components is key to a successful venipuncture: patient identification, site selection, site preparation, tourniquet use, needle choice, tubes/draw order, labeling, and specimen handling.
Dr. Rajju Tiwari discusses sample collection and processing procedures. Standard precautions include using personal protective equipment, proper hand hygiene, and handling all blood as potentially infectious. Phlebotomy involves making an incision in a vein with a needle to collect blood samples. Proper sample collection requires checking patient identity, sample type, and special requirements. Common sample types are blood, urine, and fluids. Centrifugation is used to separate plasma or serum from whole blood for processing. Samples must be properly labeled, transported, stored, and processed within specified timeframes for accurate testing and results.
This document discusses various laboratory tests that are important for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and monitoring patients who have received HSCT. It describes tests in several categories: hematology, biochemistry, virology, coagulation, culture, flow cytometry, HLA typing, cytogenetics, and chimerism studies. It provides details on sample collection procedures, specific tests that should be performed at different intervals to monitor patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs or experiencing complications, and the services provided by different specialized laboratories like stem cell, flow cytometry, and HLA laboratories.
This document provides instructions for venipuncture, the process of collecting blood samples from veins. It describes selecting an appropriate vein, cleaning the site, inserting the needle to withdraw blood, and properly handling and processing the collected blood sample. Key steps include identifying the patient, using the correct equipment and tubes, applying a tourniquet above the puncture site, and releasing the tourniquet before removing the needle to prevent bleeding. Sources of error that could affect test results are also outlined.
1. The document discusses proper specimen collection techniques and safety precautions. It covers specimen types including blood, urine, stool, and others.
2. Blood is the most common specimen collected, and can be obtained through venipuncture, arterial puncture, or skin puncture. Proper patient identification, site selection and preparation, and universal precautions are emphasized.
3. The document details the procedures for venipuncture and arterial puncture, including using evacuated tubes or syringes, order of draw, complications to watch for, and applying pressure after collection. Skin puncture for small volumes is also outlined. Proper handling and transport of all specimens to the lab is important for obtaining valid results.
This document outlines policies and procedures for blood specimen collection and disposal of sharp objects at KFCH. It defines venipuncture and different types of collection tubes used, as well as nursing responsibilities for blood collection and labeling of samples. The standard operating procedure for disposal of sharp objects specifies using puncture-proof containers labeled as biohazardous waste and proper handling, transport, and disposal of filled sharp containers. Recommendations include strictly following policies to ensure staff and patient safety during phlebotomy and waste disposal.
Blood collection, precautions to prevent hemolysis andSowmya Srinivas
The document discusses proper blood collection techniques and handling of blood specimens. It emphasizes the importance of using appropriate collection containers and anticoagulants to prevent errors. Special safety precautions must be followed, including wearing gloves and protective equipment. Factors like fasting, smoking, medication and collection methods can impact test results. Proper storage conditions and timely transport to the laboratory are also important to obtain accurate results from blood analyses.
Automation in biochemistry, Micro biology and Hematology of 21st centuryVamsi kumar
The document is an internship report submitted by Attuluri Vamsi Kumar to the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology at Loyola College in Chennai, India. It details his internship experience at the Southern Railway Headquarters Hospital in Perambur, Chennai. The report includes sections on phlebotomy/sample collection, hematology, biochemistry, microbiology, and blood banking/serology. It provides information on performing phlebotomy properly, including patient preparation, vein selection, blood collection techniques, and potential complications.
ASSISTING IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION Bloo.pptxZellanienhd
This document provides instructions for nurses on administering blood transfusions. It describes the purpose of whole blood transfusions and packed red blood cell transfusions. It outlines the necessary equipment, identification steps to match the patient and blood products, and monitoring of the patient during the transfusion process. Nurses are instructed to obtain informed consent, check for any signs of transfusion reactions, and properly document the procedure.
This document provides information about phlebotomy and blood specimen collection. It discusses that phlebotomy involves making an incision in a vein with a needle, which is known as a venipuncture. Blood can be obtained through skin punctures or venous sampling. The document outlines the different types of collection tubes used including those containing EDTA, sodium citrate, sodium fluoride, and clot activators. It provides the recommended order of draw and notes on proper inversion of tubes to mix additives. The venipuncture procedure and avoiding problematic sites are summarized. New technologies for vein finding and infant blood collection are also mentioned.
Clinical pathology is the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and tissues to diagnose disease. It involves collecting samples such as blood, urine, and tissues and analyzing them via techniques including virology, bacteriology, clinical chemistry, serology, and histology. Blood can be collected via arterial sampling, venipuncture, or fingerstick while urine is usually collected via clean-catch, catheterization, or suprapubic aspiration. Samples must be properly labeled and either immediately transported or preserved/refrigerated to maintain integrity for laboratory analysis and diagnosis.
This document provides an overview and instructions for performing an arterial blood gas (ABG) test. It outlines the necessary equipment, including phlebotomy supplies and blood gas syringes. It describes how to prepare the patient, including performing Allen's test to check ulnar artery flow. The procedure steps are explained in detail, from locating the radial artery to withdrawing blood and applying pressure. Common indications for ABG tests and reminders to avoid complications like hematomas are reviewed. Frequently asked questions are answered concerning alternative sites if the radial artery cannot be palpated and whether full syringe samples are needed.
Blood Specimen Collection and Processing
VENIPUNCTURE BUTTERFLY NEEDLE METHOD
Sites to draw blood
Order of Draw
Labelling the sample
Areas to Avoid When Choosing a Site for Blood Draw
Techniques to Prevent Hemolysis (which can interfere with many tests)
SAMPLE REJECTION
Blood Sample Handling and Processing
RBC ZINC TEST
HIV 1&2 WESTERN BLOT
ABG procedure WHO guidelines and normal values of parameters.Suresh Taroliya
The document provides guidelines for obtaining arterial blood gases (ABG) samples. It discusses choosing the radial artery as the first site and describes alternatives like the brachial and femoral arteries. Potential complications include arteriospasm, hematoma, and nerve injury, and contraindications include infection, distorted anatomy, or abnormal Allen's test at the puncture site. Proper equipment, precautions, and step-by-step procedures are outlined for safely obtaining ABG samples from the radial artery. Normal ABG parameter ranges are also provided along with differences between ABG and venous blood gas samples.
1) The document discusses sample collection and processing, including the importance of accuracy and safety. It covers various sample types and provides details on blood collection methods like venipuncture and skin puncture.
2) Guidelines are provided for facilities, equipment, patient preparation, vein selection, tourniquet use, and performing the venipuncture. Potential complications are also reviewed.
3) Special considerations for sample collection in pediatric patients and alternative collection methods like skin puncture for certain cases are described.
This document provides information about blood collection and processing. It defines blood and its functions. It describes the physical characteristics of blood and its composition. It discusses the purposes of blood collection and the techniques used for vein puncture, capillary puncture, and arterial puncture. It also covers sample handling, centrifugation, and factors to consider to prevent hemolysis.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. INTRODUCTION
⚫A blood sample is taken by a physician, in a laboratory or
hospital and in many cases the blood sample is sent on
to analysis. It takes about 5 minutes to take a blood
sample. Blood samples are taken in the arm, hand,
finger or ear, depending on the analysis to be made.
7. •capillary sampling (i.e. finger or heel-pricks or, rarely, an ear lobe
puncture) for analysis of capillary blood specimens for all ages;
examples include testing of iron levels before blood donation,
blood glucose monitoring, and rapid tests for HIV, malaria and
syphilis.
•Blood collection is used to obtain blood from donors for various
therapeutic purposes.
12. ROUTINE VENIPUNCTURE GUIDELINES
MATERIALS
1. Safety Needles, 22g or less
2. Butterfly needles. 21g or less
3. Syringes
4. Vacutainer tube holder
5. Transfer Device
6. Blood Collection Tubes.
The vacuum tubes are designed to draw a predetermined volume of blood.
Tubes with different additives are used for collecting blood specimens for specific types of
tests.
The color of cap is used to identify these additives.
7. Tourniquets. Single use, disposable, latex-free tourniquets
8. Antiseptic. Individually packaged 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes.
9. 2×2 Gauze
10. Sharps Disposal Container. An OSHA acceptable, puncture proof container
marked “Biohazardous”.
11. Bandages or tape
13. ⚫ 1. Observe universal (standard) safety precautions.
⚫ 2. Observe all applicable isolation procedures.
⚫ 3. PPE’s will be worn at all times.
⚫ 4. Wash hands in warm, running water with a appropriate hand washing
product,
⚫ 5. If hands are not visibly contaminated a commercial foaming hand
wash product may be used before and after each patient collection.
⚫ 6. Gloves are to be worn during all phlebotomies, and changed between
patient collections.
⚫ 7. Palpation of phlebotomy site may be performed without gloves
providing the skin is not broken.
SAFETY
14. CONTINUED
⚫ 8. A lab coat or gown must be worn during blood collection procedures.
⚫ 9. Needles and hubs are single use and are disposed of in an appropriate
‘sharps’ container as one unit.
⚫ 10. Needles are never recapped, removed, broken, or bent after phlebotomy
procedure.
⚫ 11. Gloves are to be discarded in the appropriate container immediately after
the phlebotomy procedure.
⚫ 12. All other items used for the procedure must be disposed of according to
proper biohazardous waste disposal policy.
⚫ 13. Contaminated surfaces must be cleaned with freshly prepared 10% bleach
solution. All surfaces are cleaned daily with bleach.
⚫ 14. In the case of an accidental needlestick, immediately wash the area with an
antibacterial soap, express blood from the wound, and contact your supervisor.
15. PREPRATION OF PATIENT
⚫Check consult .
⚫Identify and prepare the patient condition .
⚫Select the site.
⚫Perform hand hygiene and put on gloves.
⚫Disinfect the entry site.
16. PREPRATION OF ENVIRONMENT
⚫Provide calm environment .
⚫Wear gloves and a lab coat or gown when handling
blood/body fluids.
⚫Dispose of needles immediately upon removal from the
patient's vein.
⚫Clean up any blood spills with a disinfectant such as
freshly made 10% bleach.
⚫If you stick yourself with a contaminated needle:
20. PROCEDURE OF BLOOD COLLECTION
⚫ Introduce yourself to the patient, and ask the patient to state
their full name.
⚫ Check that the laboratory form matches the patient's identity
.
⚫ Ask whether the patent has allergies, phobias or has ever
fainted during previous injections or blood draws.
⚫ If the patient is anxious or afraid, reassure the person and
ask what would make them more comfortable.
⚫ Make the patient comfortable in a supine position (if possible).
⚫ Place a clean paper or towel under the patient's arm.
⚫ Discuss the test to be performed (see Annex F) and obtain
verbal consent. The patient has a right to refuse a test at any
time before the blood sampling, so it is important to ensure
that the patient has understood the procedure.
21. PROCEDURE
⚫ 1. Identify the patient, two forms of active identification are required.
⚫ Ask the patient to state their name and date of birth.
⚫ This information must match the requisition.
⚫ 2. Reassure the patient that the minimum amount of blood required for
testing will be drawn.
⚫ 3. Verify that any diet or time restrictions have been met.
⚫ 4. Order of Draw
⚫ The following order of draw is the approved order as established by CLSI.
⚫ This order of draw should be followed whenever multiple tubes are drawn
during a single venipuncture.
⚫ This is to prevent cross contamination by the tube additives that could
lead to erroneous results.
22. ⚫ 1. Blood Culture
⚫ 2. Light Blue Top (plasma): 3.2% sodium citrate. These tubes are
used for coagulation tests and need to be completely filled to ensure the
proper ratio of blood to anticoagulant.
⚫ 3. Red Top (serum): Plain and gel. Used for chemistry and reference
tests.
⚫ 4. Green Top (plasma): With and without gel, contains lithium heparin.
These tubes are used primarily for chemistry tests.
⚫ 5. Lavender or Pink Top (plasma): Contains EDTA. Used primarily for
hematology and blood bank testing.
⚫ 6. Gray Top (plasma): Contains sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate.
Used by chemistry for glucose testing.
⚫ 7. Yellow Top (plasma and cells): Contains ACD solution A or B. Used
for Genetics testing.
ORDER OF BLOOD DRAW FOR SAMPLE
COLLECTION
24. CONTINUED
⚫ NOTE: When using a winged blood collection set for venipuncture and a
coagulation tube is the first tube needed, first draw a discard tube (plain
red top or light blue top). The discard tube does not need to be filled
completely.
⚫ 1. Assemble the necessary equipment appropriate to the patient’s
physical characteristics.
⚫ 2. Wash hands and put on gloves.
⚫ 3. Position the patient with the arm extended to form a straight-line form
shoulder to wrist.
⚫ 4. Do not attempt a venipuncture more than twice. Notify your
supervisor or patient’s physician if unsuccessful.
⚫ 5. Select the appropriate vein for venipuncture.
25. 5. Select the appropriate vein for venipuncture
⚫ .
⚫ The larger median cubital, basilic and cephalic veins are most frequently used, but
other may be necessary and will become more prominent if the patient closes his fist
tightly.
⚫ At no time may phlebotomists perform venipuncture on an artery.
⚫ It is not recommended that blood be drawn from the feet .The Providers permission
is required to draw from this site.
⚫ Extensive scarring or healed burn areas should be avoided
⚫ Specimens should not be obtained from the arm on the same side as a mastectomy.
⚫ Avoid areas of hematoma.
⚫ If an IV is in place, samples may be obtained below but NEVER above the IV site.
⚫ Do not obtain specimens from an arm having a cannula, fistula, or vascular graft.
⚫ Allow 10-15 minutes after a transfusion is completed before obtaining a blood
sample.
26. ⚫ 6. Apply the tourniquet 3-4 inches above the collection site.
⚫ Never leave the tourniquet on for over 1 minute.
⚫ If a tourniquet is used for preliminary vein selection, release
it and reapply after two minutes.
⚫ 7. Clean the puncture site by making a smooth circular pass
over the site with the 70%
alcohol pad, moving in an outward spiral from the zone of
penetration.
⚫ Allow the skin to dry before proceeding.
⚫ Do not touch the puncture site after cleaning.
27. ⚫ 1. Attach the appropriate needle to the hub by removing the plastic cap over the
small end of the needle and inserting into the hub, twisting it tight.
⚫ 2. Remove plastic cap over needle and hold bevel up.
⚫ 3. Pull the skin tight with your thumb or index finger just below the puncture site.
⚫ 4. Holding the needle in line with the vein, use a quick, small thrust to penetrate the
skin and enter the vein in one smooth motion.
⚫ 5. Holding the hub securely, insert the first vacutainer tube following proper order of
draw into the large end of the hub penetrating the stopper. Blood should flow into
the evacuated tube.
⚫ 6. After blood starts to flow, release the tourniquet and ask the patient to open his
or her hand.
⚫ 7. When blood flow stops, remove the tube by holding the hub securely and pulling
the tube off the needle.
8. Perform the venipuncture
28. CONTINUED
⚫8. Gently invert each tube
⚫Light blue top- invert 3-4 times
⚫Red and gold tops invert 5 times.
⚫All other tubes containing an additive should be gently
inverted 8-10 times.
⚫9. DO NOT SHAKE OR MIX VIGOROUSLY. If multiple
tubes are needed, follow the proper order of draw
30. ⚫ 9. Place a gauze pad over the puncture site and remove the needle.
⚫ 10. Activate the safety device and properly dispose of the vacutainer holder with
needle attached into a sharps container.
⚫ 11. Immediately apply slight pressure to the gauxe pad over the venipuncture
site..
⚫ Ask the patient to apply pressure for at least 2 minutes.
⚫ When bleeding stops, apply a fresh bandage, gauze or tape.
⚫ 12. Tubes must be positively identified after filling with a firmly attached patient
label.
⚫ The label must include the patient first and last names, DOB,, collection date and
time and collectors initials.
⚫ If no patient labels are available, manually label the tubes with the required
information. All labels must include two identifiers .
⚫ The tube must be labeled before leaving the patient.
⚫ 13. Observe special handling requirements
⚫ Some test specimens require special handling for accurate results.
⚫ Refer to the specific test in the online directory for handling and storage
requirements.
32. T
op Color Additives Principle Uses
Lavender EDTA
Dose= 1to2g/l of
blood
-The strongest anti-coagulant
-Ca+2 chelating agent
- Hematology
- Blood bank
Light Blue Sodium Citrate
2g/l
Ca+2 chelating agent - PT
- APTT
:
Green Sodium Heparin
or Lithium
Heparin
Heparin binds to Thrombin and inhibits the
second step in the coagulation cascade
(Prothrombin Thrombin)
Fibrinogen
Enzymes
Hormones
Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Mg+,
Cl)
FibrinHeparin
Plasma Separating Tubes (PST)
33. Top Color Additives Principle Uses
Gray -Sodium Fluoride
2g/l
-Potassium Oxalate
Glycolysis inhibitor
Anti-Coagulant
Glucose tests
Top Tubes Additives Principle Uses
Red ------
Sometimes it has gel or
silicon at the bottom of tube
to reduce hemolysis
Enhancing the
formation of blood
clot
Serology
-Antibodies
-Hormones
-Drugs
Virology
Chemistry
Blood cross matching before
blood transfusion
Serum Separating Tubes (SST)
34.
35.
36. ⚫ 1. Place a sheathed needle or butterfly on the syringe.
⚫ 2. Remove the cap and turn the bevel up.
⚫ 3. Pull the skin tight with your thumb or index finger just below the puncture
site.
⚫ 4. Holding the needle in line with the vein, use a quick, small thrust to penetrate
the skin and vein in one motion.
⚫ 5. Draw the desired amount of blood by pulling back slowly on the syringe
stopper. Release the tourniquet.
⚫ 6. Place a gauze pad over the puncture site and quickly remove the needle.
⚫ 7. Immediately apply pressure. Ask the patient to apply pressure to the gauze
for at least 2 minutes.
⚫ 8. When bleeding stops, apply a fresh bandage, gauze or tape.
⚫ 9. Transfer blood drawn into the appropriate tubes as soon as possible using a
Blood Transfer Device, as a delay could cause improper coagulation.
⚫ 10. Gently invert tubes containing an additive 5-8 times.
⚫ 11. Dispose of the syringe and needle as a unit into an appropriate sharps
container.
37. INFANT/CHILD PHLEBOTOMY
⚫1. Confirm the patient’s identification
⚫2. Secure patient to Papoose apparatus for stabilization if
child is unable to sit upright on their own.
⚫3. Assemble the required supplies
⚫4. Select the collection site and proceed as routine
phlebotomy. If the child is old enough, collect blood as in
an adult.
38. SPECIMEN REJECTION CRITERIA
Specimen rejection criteria:
⚫Specimen improperly labeled or unlabeled
⚫Specimen improperly collected or preserved
⚫Specimen submitted without properly completed
request form
⚫ contaminated form
⚫Improperly volume & leakage sample
⚫Absurd blood sample -: High electrolyte level
⚫Hemolyzed sample (show tubes)
39. AFTER CARE
⚫Leave the dressing strip in place for 30 minutes to an
hour.
⚫ For the Rest of the Day .
⚫Avoid tight or restrictive clothing on the arm
⚫If bleeding occurs, apply firm pressure with your fingers
directly over the needle site
⚫Avoid strenuous use of the arm eg sports or heavy lifting
⚫If you have discomfort or swelling of the arm, elevate
your arm and place ice over the site for 10 minutes.
⚫ Rest the arm as much as possible.
40.
41. RECORD AND REPORTS
⚫ Checked vital sign and recorded on time .
⚫ First - blood culture bottle or tube (yellow or yellow-black
top)
⚫ Second - coagulation tube (light blue top).
⚫ Third - non-additive tube (red top)
⚫ Last draw - additive tubes in this order:
⚫ SST (red-gray or gold top). Contains a gel separator and
clot activator.
⚫ Sodium heparin (dark green top)
⚫ PST (dark green green top with gold rim). Contains lithium
heparin anticoagulant and a gel separator.
⚫ EDTA (lavender top)
⚫ Oxalate/fluoride (light gray top) or other additives
42.
43. 1. Never do mouth pipetting.
2. Barrier protection such as gloves, masks,
goggles and apron must be available,
3. Phlebotomists must change gloves and
adequately dispose of them between
drawing blood from different patient.
4. Frequent hands washing whenever gloves
are changed.
44. 6. Facial barrier protection used for
spattering of blood or body fluid.
7.Avoid using syringes whenever
possible and
dispose of needle in white coloured
container
8. Make a habit of keeping your hands
away from your mouth, nose, eyes and
other mucous membrane inoculation.
45. 11.Decontaminate all surfaces and reusable device
after use.
12.Before centrifuging tubes, inspect them for
cracks.
13.Use biohazard disposal techniques. Eg. Red
bag.
14.Never leave a discarded tube or infected
material unattended and unlabeled.
15.All employees must be vaccinated with
hepatitis B vaccine.