The document provides an overview of the Blackfin processor architecture from Analog Devices. It discusses that Blackfin processors combine DSP and microcontroller capabilities on a single core. It describes the Blackfin core components including the arithmetic unit, data registers, addressing unit, and sequencer. It also outlines the Blackfin family processors, development tools, and peripheral features.
1. The 8254 contains three independent 16-bit counters/timers that can be programmed to operate in different modes.
2. Each counter can be programmed to count from 1 to 65535 and has a programmable control word to select the operating mode.
3. The 8254 supports various timer modes like one-shot, continuous square wave, event counter, and software/hardware triggered one-shot for applications like timing, delay generation, and pulse width modulation.
The document provides an overview of the Blackfin processor architecture in 3 parts. The core consists of arithmetic units, an addressing unit, register files, and a sequencer. It supports SIMD operations and dual data fetching. The arithmetic units include ALUs, multipliers, and a barrel shifter. The addressing unit supports various addressing modes. The sequencer handles instruction fetching and program flow. It has a fully interlocked pipeline.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
The TMS320C5x DSP architecture is based on the C25 with some enhancements. It uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memory buses. The CPU contains a CALU for arithmetic, PLU for logic, and ARAU for address calculations. On-chip memory includes ROM, DARAM, and SARAM. Peripherals include serial ports, timers, interrupts, and I/O. The architecture provides high performance with low power consumption and compatibility with prior C series DSPs.
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). It provides details on the basic principles, transmitters, receivers and performance of these modulation schemes. It also covers more advanced topics such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), carrier recovery techniques and differential phase shift keying. The document is presented as lecture slides with explanations and diagrams.
The Atmega328 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR architecture that can achieve throughputs of 1 MIPS per MHz. It has 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM, 2KB of SRAM, 3 I/O ports, 32 general purpose registers, and a 16-bit timer/counter that can generate delays of up to 262ms when running on a 16MHz oscillator.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
1. The 8254 contains three independent 16-bit counters/timers that can be programmed to operate in different modes.
2. Each counter can be programmed to count from 1 to 65535 and has a programmable control word to select the operating mode.
3. The 8254 supports various timer modes like one-shot, continuous square wave, event counter, and software/hardware triggered one-shot for applications like timing, delay generation, and pulse width modulation.
The document provides an overview of the Blackfin processor architecture in 3 parts. The core consists of arithmetic units, an addressing unit, register files, and a sequencer. It supports SIMD operations and dual data fetching. The arithmetic units include ALUs, multipliers, and a barrel shifter. The addressing unit supports various addressing modes. The sequencer handles instruction fetching and program flow. It has a fully interlocked pipeline.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
The TMS320C5x DSP architecture is based on the C25 with some enhancements. It uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memory buses. The CPU contains a CALU for arithmetic, PLU for logic, and ARAU for address calculations. On-chip memory includes ROM, DARAM, and SARAM. Peripherals include serial ports, timers, interrupts, and I/O. The architecture provides high performance with low power consumption and compatibility with prior C series DSPs.
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). It provides details on the basic principles, transmitters, receivers and performance of these modulation schemes. It also covers more advanced topics such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), carrier recovery techniques and differential phase shift keying. The document is presented as lecture slides with explanations and diagrams.
The Atmega328 is a low-power 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR architecture that can achieve throughputs of 1 MIPS per MHz. It has 32KB of flash memory, 1KB of EEPROM, 2KB of SRAM, 3 I/O ports, 32 general purpose registers, and a 16-bit timer/counter that can generate delays of up to 262ms when running on a 16MHz oscillator.
Shift registers are constructed using flip-flops connected in a way to store and transfer digital data. Data is stored at the Q output of D flip-flops during a clock pulse. Shift registers allow data to be transferred between flip-flops upon a clock edge. There are four types of data movement: serial in serial out, serial in parallel out, parallel in serial out, and parallel in parallel out. Shift registers can be loaded serially or in parallel and are used in applications like pseudo random pattern generators, ring counters, and Johnson counters.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM-7 microprocessor architecture. It describes key features of the ARM7TDMI including its 32-bit RISC instruction set, 3-stage pipeline, 37 registers including separate registers for different processor modes, and low power consumption. The document also compares RISC and CISC architectures and summarizes the different versions of the ARM architecture.
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
The document discusses the memory organization and registers of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the program memory and data memory, which are implemented using EPROM and RAM respectively. It then discusses the different registers of the 8051 including the accumulator, B register, data pointer register, stack pointer register, and special function registers. The special function registers are used for tasks like timer control and interrupt control.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
Minimum mode and Maximum mode Configuration in 8086Jismy .K.Jose
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode configurations of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, a single 8086 processor controls all signals and there is one microprocessor. In maximum mode, more than one microprocessor is present and status signals determine control signals from a bus controller chip. The document also provides details on the pins, signals, and timing diagrams used in read, write, and bus request cycles for both minimum and maximum mode configurations.
Introduction to Digital Signal processorsPeriyanayagiS
- Digital signal processors are specialized microprocessors targeted at digital signal processing applications that require real-time processing. They have hardware features like multipliers, modified bus structures, and pipelining that enable efficient DSP operations.
- Common DSP processors include fixed-point and floating-point processors from Texas Instruments and Analog Devices. DSP architectures include Harvard, modified Harvard, and VLIW to enable parallel instruction execution. Special DSP instructions and addressing modes also aid fast computations.
- The TMS320C5x is a 16-bit fixed-point DSP processor family with a Harvard architecture, single-cycle MAC unit, and on-chip memory that has been used in applications like audio processing, communications,
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
This document discusses circuit design processes, specifically stick diagrams and design rules. It provides objectives and outcomes for understanding stick diagrams, which convey layer information through color codes. Stick diagrams show relative component placement but not exact sizes or parasitics. The document defines rules for stick diagrams and provides examples. It also discusses lambda-based design rules that define minimum widths and spacings to prevent shorts and allows scalability. Design rules provide a compromise between designers wanting smaller sizes and fabricators requiring controllability.
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
This document provides an overview of the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18's features such as its 8-bit architecture with 16-bit instruction sets, memory sizes including 256 bytes of EPROM and 2KB of SRAM. The document also discusses the PIC-18's addressing modes, memory organization with separate program and data memory spaces, and instruction pipelining capability.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes the ADC0808 analog to digital converter chip. It has an 8-channel multiplexer that selects which analog input signal to convert to digital. The conversion process takes 64 clock cycles to complete. The chip outputs the digital conversion result on 8 pins and has control signal pins for start, clock, output enable and end of conversion notification. It converts analog voltages to 8-bit digital numbers for use by digital devices like microprocessors.
#1: The TMS320C54XX DSP uses a modified Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses for high parallelism. It has multiple buses and on-chip memory for efficient data and program flow.
#2: The CPU has a MAC unit, accumulators, ALU, and other components for powerful DSP computing. On-chip peripherals and memory-mapped registers provide efficient I/O.
#3: The architecture utilizes eight buses, on-chip memory blocks, and specialized units like the CSSU to optimize performance of DSP algorithms like Viterbi processing.
This document discusses pipelining as an approach to optimize sequential circuits. It describes how pipelining can be implemented using registers between logic blocks to improve resource utilization and increase throughput. This allows computations to be spread over multiple clock cycles in an assembly-line fashion. The document also discusses latch-based vs register-based pipelines and different logic styles like NORA-CMOS that can be used for pipelined structures. It covers design rules and considerations for ensuring correct pipelined operation. Finally, it briefly describes non-bistable sequential circuits like astable, monostable and Schmitt trigger circuits.
8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller by vijayVijay Kumar
The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to simplify the interrupt interface of 8088/8086 microprocessor systems. It can accept up to 8 interrupt requests and expand to 64 requests by cascading additional PICs. The PIC is programmable through initialization command words to configure operating modes and interrupt vector assignments. It also has operation command words to control interrupt masking, priorities, and acknowledgement.
The document discusses small microcontrollers, specifically the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. It provides details on the architecture of the MSP430, including its CPU, memory types and organization, peripherals, and pin layout. It describes the features that enable low power usage, such as various power modes and an internal digitally controlled oscillator. It also discusses programming languages commonly used for small microcontrollers like the MSP430.
The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses 6 types of instructions supported: 1) data transfer instructions, 2) arithmetic instructions, 3) logical instructions, 4) string manipulation instructions, 5) process control instructions, and 6) control transfer instructions. Details are provided on the various instructions under each type, including their mnemonics and functions.
The document provides an introduction and overview of ARM processors. It discusses the background and architecture of ARM, including that ARM is a RISC processor designed for efficiency. It also describes some key features of ARM including Thumb mode, different memory banks, and specialized instructions. The document then discusses ARM concepts such as the ARM instruction set and assembly language programming.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM-7 microprocessor architecture. It describes key features of the ARM7TDMI including its 32-bit RISC instruction set, 3-stage pipeline, 37 registers including separate registers for different processor modes, and low power consumption. The document also compares RISC and CISC architectures and summarizes the different versions of the ARM architecture.
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
The document discusses the memory organization and registers of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the program memory and data memory, which are implemented using EPROM and RAM respectively. It then discusses the different registers of the 8051 including the accumulator, B register, data pointer register, stack pointer register, and special function registers. The special function registers are used for tasks like timer control and interrupt control.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
Minimum mode and Maximum mode Configuration in 8086Jismy .K.Jose
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode configurations of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, a single 8086 processor controls all signals and there is one microprocessor. In maximum mode, more than one microprocessor is present and status signals determine control signals from a bus controller chip. The document also provides details on the pins, signals, and timing diagrams used in read, write, and bus request cycles for both minimum and maximum mode configurations.
Introduction to Digital Signal processorsPeriyanayagiS
- Digital signal processors are specialized microprocessors targeted at digital signal processing applications that require real-time processing. They have hardware features like multipliers, modified bus structures, and pipelining that enable efficient DSP operations.
- Common DSP processors include fixed-point and floating-point processors from Texas Instruments and Analog Devices. DSP architectures include Harvard, modified Harvard, and VLIW to enable parallel instruction execution. Special DSP instructions and addressing modes also aid fast computations.
- The TMS320C5x is a 16-bit fixed-point DSP processor family with a Harvard architecture, single-cycle MAC unit, and on-chip memory that has been used in applications like audio processing, communications,
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
This document discusses circuit design processes, specifically stick diagrams and design rules. It provides objectives and outcomes for understanding stick diagrams, which convey layer information through color codes. Stick diagrams show relative component placement but not exact sizes or parasitics. The document defines rules for stick diagrams and provides examples. It also discusses lambda-based design rules that define minimum widths and spacings to prevent shorts and allows scalability. Design rules provide a compromise between designers wanting smaller sizes and fabricators requiring controllability.
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
This document provides an overview of the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18's features such as its 8-bit architecture with 16-bit instruction sets, memory sizes including 256 bytes of EPROM and 2KB of SRAM. The document also discusses the PIC-18's addressing modes, memory organization with separate program and data memory spaces, and instruction pipelining capability.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
The document describes the ADC0808 analog to digital converter chip. It has an 8-channel multiplexer that selects which analog input signal to convert to digital. The conversion process takes 64 clock cycles to complete. The chip outputs the digital conversion result on 8 pins and has control signal pins for start, clock, output enable and end of conversion notification. It converts analog voltages to 8-bit digital numbers for use by digital devices like microprocessors.
#1: The TMS320C54XX DSP uses a modified Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses for high parallelism. It has multiple buses and on-chip memory for efficient data and program flow.
#2: The CPU has a MAC unit, accumulators, ALU, and other components for powerful DSP computing. On-chip peripherals and memory-mapped registers provide efficient I/O.
#3: The architecture utilizes eight buses, on-chip memory blocks, and specialized units like the CSSU to optimize performance of DSP algorithms like Viterbi processing.
This document discusses pipelining as an approach to optimize sequential circuits. It describes how pipelining can be implemented using registers between logic blocks to improve resource utilization and increase throughput. This allows computations to be spread over multiple clock cycles in an assembly-line fashion. The document also discusses latch-based vs register-based pipelines and different logic styles like NORA-CMOS that can be used for pipelined structures. It covers design rules and considerations for ensuring correct pipelined operation. Finally, it briefly describes non-bistable sequential circuits like astable, monostable and Schmitt trigger circuits.
8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller by vijayVijay Kumar
The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to simplify the interrupt interface of 8088/8086 microprocessor systems. It can accept up to 8 interrupt requests and expand to 64 requests by cascading additional PICs. The PIC is programmable through initialization command words to configure operating modes and interrupt vector assignments. It also has operation command words to control interrupt masking, priorities, and acknowledgement.
The document discusses small microcontrollers, specifically the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. It provides details on the architecture of the MSP430, including its CPU, memory types and organization, peripherals, and pin layout. It describes the features that enable low power usage, such as various power modes and an internal digitally controlled oscillator. It also discusses programming languages commonly used for small microcontrollers like the MSP430.
The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses 6 types of instructions supported: 1) data transfer instructions, 2) arithmetic instructions, 3) logical instructions, 4) string manipulation instructions, 5) process control instructions, and 6) control transfer instructions. Details are provided on the various instructions under each type, including their mnemonics and functions.
The document provides an introduction and overview of ARM processors. It discusses the background and architecture of ARM, including that ARM is a RISC processor designed for efficiency. It also describes some key features of ARM including Thumb mode, different memory banks, and specialized instructions. The document then discusses ARM concepts such as the ARM instruction set and assembly language programming.
1. The ARM architecture was first developed by Acorn Computers in 1983 to use the RISC concept. It was based on designs from Berkeley and Stanford and optimized for embedded applications.
2. ARM uses a load-store architecture with 32-bit fixed-length instructions. It has enhanced RISC features like conditional execution and shift-and-ALU operations in a single cycle.
3. The ARM software development tools include a C compiler, assembler, linker, debugger and ARMulator emulator. These allow developing, building, loading and debugging ARM programs on hardware or via emulation.
This document compares the SPARC and MIPS 4000 architectures. It describes their instruction cycles, instruction sets, registers, and differences. The SPARC was developed in the 1980s by Sun Microsystems and uses a register window model with 32 general purpose registers. The MIPS 4000 was developed by MIPS Technologies in the early 1990s and was the first 64-bit architecture with integrated cache and floating point. Both use 32-bit instruction formats but have some differences in their register naming conventions and models.
The document discusses the MIPS instruction set architecture (ISA). It covers the components of the MIPS ISA including register operands, memory operands, arithmetic operations, and control flow operations. It also discusses the interplay between high-level languages like C and low-level machine code in the MIPS ISA. Key aspects of the MIPS ISA include its load-store architecture where all operations use register operands, its use of 32 registers to manage data, and its basic instruction format of operation, source operands, and destination operand.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes that the 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins that operate at 5V with a maximum frequency of 3MHz. It has registers, ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer and other functional blocks. The registers include general purpose registers, temporary registers, flags register and program counter and stack pointer. The document also discusses the addressing modes, instruction formats and types of instructions of the 8085 microprocessor.
Hardware assited x86 emulation on godson 3Takuya ASADA
The document discusses hardware-assisted x86 emulation on the Loongson-3 processor. It provides background on the Loongson microprocessor family and describes several hardware techniques implemented in the Loongson-3 to improve the performance and efficiency of x86 emulation, including new instructions, content addressable memory, and context switch optimization. Benchmark results show the Loongson-3 achieving better SPEC CPU2000 performance than previous Loongson processors and comparable Intel processors.
The CPU, or processor, carries out the instructions of a computer program and is the primary component responsible for a computer's functions. As microelectronic technology advanced, more transistors were placed on integrated circuits, decreasing the number of chips needed for a complete CPU. Processor registers provide the fastest way for a CPU to access data and are located at the top of the memory hierarchy. Common processor architectures include the ARM architecture which has influenced the design of many CPUs due to its low power consumption and flexibility.
1. The document discusses embedded systems and Microchip PIC microcontrollers. It describes what embedded systems are and provides examples of application areas.
2. It explains the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and discusses the architecture and features of Microchip's PIC microcontrollers.
3. The document provides an overview of programming PIC microcontrollers, including the instruction set, device structure, and basic circuit requirements.
- ARM was developed in 1983 by Acorn Computers with a 4-man team to replace the 6502 processor in BBC computers. It has since become one of the most widely used processor cores in the world due to its simplicity, low power consumption, and use in portable devices.
- ARM Holdings licenses the ARM processor core designs to manufacturers but does not manufacture the chips itself. ARM cores power many products including PDAs, phones, media players, handheld game consoles, digital cameras, and more. Popular ARM architectures include ARM7TDMI and ARM9TDMI.
- The ARM architecture uses a load/store design with 32-bit fixed-length instructions operating on a large number of general purpose
High Performance Computing Infrastructure: Past, Present, and Futurekarl.barnes
This document discusses high performance computing infrastructure from the past to present and future. It begins with an introduction to reconfigurable computing and describes the Bison Configurable Digital Signal Processor and its design flow. It discusses function cores and modules that have been developed. It also describes a remote reconfigurable computer called RARE and a parallel and configurable computer system. Finally, it discusses high performance weather forecast modeling and a proposed reconfigurable and open architecture module for unmanned systems.
The document provides an introduction to the 32-bit Intel 80386 microprocessor. It discusses that the 80386, introduced in 1985, was a 32-bit processor and one of the first versions had 275,000 transistors. It also summarizes that the 80386 consisted of an arithmetic logic unit for performing calculations, registers for temporary data storage, and a control unit for coordinating operations.
The document discusses ARM architecture and assembly language programming. It covers the ARM family history, general purpose registers, instruction formats like MOV, ADD, SUB, load and store instructions, memory maps, and the current program status register (CPSR). Examples are provided to illustrate instructions like LDR, STR, LDRB, STRB, LDRH, and STRH. The conditional flags in the CPSR like carry, zero, and negative flags are also explained.
Microchip's PIC Micro Controller - Presentation Covers- Embedded system,Application, Harvard and Von Newman Architecture, PIC Microcontroller Instruction Set, PIC assembly language programming, PIC Basic circuit design and its programming etc.
The document discusses the ARM Cortex A15 processor. It was designed by ARM and began production in late 2011 for market in late 2012. Key features include NEON for SIMD operations, a VFPv4 floating point unit, Thumb-2 instruction encoding, and TrustZone security. Applications include smartphones, computing devices, and digital home entertainment systems.
The document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses that PIC stands for Programmable Intelligent Computer and is a microcontroller with built-in memory, RAM, and modules like EEPROM and timers. PICs are popular due to their low cost, availability of development tools, small instruction set, and small size. The document outlines the different PIC architectures, families, speeds, and memory sizes. It provides details on the registers, peripherals like flash memory, RAM, EEPROM, I/O ports, and USART serial communication.
This document discusses the ARM7TDMI microprocessor. It provides an overview of embedded systems and applications, describing how embedded microprocessors account for most microprocessor sales. It also discusses the basic structure of a microprocessor system, including the CPU, memory, I/O, and system bus. The document examines why the ARM architecture was chosen and provides information on the ARM7TDMI implementation, pipeline execution, and performance measures like latency and throughput.
The document provides a history of digital logic and programmable logic devices such as PLDs, CPLDs, and ASICs. It describes the advantages of FPGAs over other technologies including lower costs, faster time to market, and easier design changes. The architecture of FPGAs is explained including logic blocks, interconnects, embedded memory and DSP blocks. Modern SoC FPGAs integrate an ARM processor for improved performance. Applications include automotive, wireless, military, and medical imaging systems.
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This document provides information on choosing processors and development tools for embedded applications. It discusses different types of processors like microcontrollers, microprocessors, DSPs and FPGAs. It also covers topics like multicore processors, embedded software design flow, hardware design flow, processor selection criteria, embedded development life cycle and more. The goal is to help readers understand the various options available when selecting hardware and tools for their embedded projects.
This document provides an introduction to brain computer interfaces (BCI) and the Brainsense EEG headset. It discusses what a BCI is, the different types of BCI systems and sensors used, including invasive and non-invasive options. The document outlines the basic anatomy and functioning of the brain, how EEG signals are measured, and applications of BCI technology such as communication devices for disabled individuals, lie detection, gaming, health and neuroscience research. Finally, it provides an overview of the Brainsense headset, its specifications and capabilities, and examples of software that can be used with it.
The document discusses electric vehicle design using MATLAB. It outlines the key parts of an electric vehicle including the mechanical, electrical, and battery components. It also discusses benefits of electric vehicles like reduced emissions and operational costs. The document proposes using MATLAB modules to model the battery, motors, and mechanical parts for electric vehicle design. It provides examples of electric vehicles and their specifications.
This document discusses image processing and its applications. It provides an overview of libraries like OpenCV, SciPy, NumPy, Scikit-image and PIL that can be used for image processing tasks. It then describes some basic image processing operations like reading, showing, writing and filtering images. Finally, it lists various applications of image processing like object recognition, face recognition, medical imaging, agriculture and more. It concludes with an announcement about an upcoming demo session and question/answer session on the topic.
This document provides information about an event on using the Raspberry Pi for Internet of Things applications. It includes sections on the future of the Internet and IoT, what IoT is, applications of IoT like smart homes and connected cars, specifications of the Raspberry Pi, and a live demo session showing HTTP, MQTT, SMTP, UDP protocols and projects for weather monitoring and object recognition using Raspberry Pi and cloud services. The event is organized by Pantech Solutions and the Institute of Engineering & Technology in Alwar, Rajasthan.
This document discusses an event on Internet of Things using Arduino organized by Pantech Solutions and Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. It provides information about the university and Pantech Solutions. The agenda includes topics on the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, applications of IoT, and a live demo of an environment monitoring system using Arduino and ESP8266. It aims to gain knowledge on using these tools to develop IoT applications and systems.
The document summarizes a workshop on brain computer interface (BCI) organized by Pantech Solutions and the National Institute of Technology Karnataka. The workshop covered an overview of BCI, a live demo of a BCI system using an EEG headband to control a robot and applications through Arduino, and a video demo of using BCI with Matlab, Arduino and Raspberry Pi to control devices. The document provides details on the organizing institutions, BCI hardware and software used, and applications discussed.
This document provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It discusses electroencephalography (EEG) and how EEG measures brain electrical activity through electrodes. Different types of BCI devices and electrodes are described. The anatomy of the brain and functional mapping are outlined. Applications of BCI include prosthetic control, communication devices, operator monitoring, forensics, entertainment, health, neuromarketing, and neuroscience. The document also discusses Elon Musk's Neuralink company and its goal of creating brain chips to treat disorders. It concludes with a live demo of a BCI system using an EEG headband and a question/answer session.
This document provides information about a development deep learning architecture event organized by Pantech Solutions and The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication. The event agenda includes general talks on AI, deep learning libraries, deep learning algorithms like ANN, RNN and CNN, and demonstrations of character recognition and emotion recognition. Details are provided about the organizers Pantech Solutions and IETE, as well as deep learning topics like neural networks, activation functions, common deep learning libraries, algorithms, applications, and the event agenda.
This document summarizes an event organized by Pantech Solutions and the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication (IETE) on the future of artificial intelligence. The event featured several presentations and demos on topics related to AI, including computer vision with deep learning, natural language processing, machine and deep learning, AI applications in various domains like medical, agriculture, autonomous vehicles, and brain-computer interfaces. It also discussed topics like machine learning, deep learning, AI safety concerns, and examples of AI applications in areas like search engines, social media, e-commerce, music and more. The agenda included presentations on object recognition with YOLO, brain enhancement with BCI technology, and a Python AI demo.
The document discusses gate drive circuits for MOSFETs and IGBTs. It describes the structure and operation of MOSFETs, including turn-on and turn-off mechanisms. Gate driver properties like isolation, amplification, protection and speed enhancement are covered. Design considerations for gate drivers, inductors and PCB layout are provided. Sample applications and design calculations are included to illustrate the design process.
Brainsense is a single-channel, wireless EEG headset created by Pantech Prolabs India Pvt Ltd that monitors brain activity and translates it into meaningful data. It can be used to play cognitive games, measure meditation levels daily, test focus through real-time brain monitoring, research brain-computer interfaces, and read raw brainwaves. Brainsense works across various platforms and with popular brain training apps globally.
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Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
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3. Practical demonstrations
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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1. The World Leader in High Performance Signal Processing Solutions
Core Architecture Overview
Presented by:
George Kadziolka
President
Kaztek Systems
2. About This Module
This module introduces the Blackfin® family and provides
an overview of the Blackfin processor architecture.
2 Core Architecture Overview
3. Module Outline
Blackfin Family Overview
The Blackfin Core
• Arithmetic operations
• Data fetching
• Sequencing
The Blackfin Bus Architecture and Memory
• Modified Harvard architecture
• Hierarchical memory structure
• Flexible memory management
Additional Blackfin Core Features
• DMA
• Dynamic power management
• On-chip debug support
Summary
3 Core Architecture Overview
4. Blackfin Family Overview
The Blackfin family consists of:
• A broad range of Blackfin processors
• Software development tools
• Hardware evaluation and debug tools
Extensive third-party support
• Development tools
• Operating systems
• TCP/IP stacks
• Hardware building blocks
• Software solutions
4 Core Architecture Overview
5. Blackfin Processors
All Blackfin processors combine extensive DSP capability with
high end MCU functions on the same core.
• Creates a highly efficient and cost-effective solution.
• A single software development tool chain
All Blackfin processors are based on the same core architecture.
• Once you understand one Blackfin processor, you can easily migrate
from one family member to another.
• Code compatible across family members.
Processors vary in clock speed, amount of on-chip memory,
peripheral suite, package types and sizes, power, and price.
• Large selection lets you optimize your choice of a Blackfin processor
for your application.
5 Core Architecture Overview
6. Blackfin Family Peripherals
The Blackfin family supports a wide variety of I/O:
• EBIU (External Bus Interface Unit)
• Parallel peripheral interface (PPI)
• Serial ports (SPORTS)
• GPIO
• Timers
• UARTS
• SPI®
• Ethernet
• USB
• CAN®
• Two Wire Interface (TWI)
• Pixel compositor
• Lockbox™ secure technology
• Host DMA
• ATAPI
• SDIO
See the Blackfin selection guide for complete details
6 Core Architecture Overview
7. Blackfin Processors Perform
Signal Processing and Microcontroller Functions
Traditional Model
MCU ASIC
• Control Signal Processing • Interfaces to sensors
• Networking • Broad peripheral mix
• RTC • Memory
MCU Signal Processing ASIC
• Watchdog
• RTOS
Signal Processing
• MMU
• Byte addressable
New Model
Blackfin core can
perform all of these
functions
7 Core Architecture Overview
8. Blackfin Architecture
What does it mean for the developer?
Combining controller and DSP capabilities into a single core, along
with rich I/O, enables development of efficient, low cost embedded
media applications.
• For example, multimedia over IP, digital cameras, telematics,
software radio
From a development perspective, a single core means there
is only one tool chain.
• An embedded application consisting of both control and signal
processing modules is built using the same compiler.
• The result is dense control code and high performance DSP code.
8 Core Architecture Overview
9. Features
Controller
•L1 memory space for stack and heap
•Dedicated stack and frame pointers
•Byte addressability
•Simple bit-level manipulation
DSP
• Fast, flexible arithmetic computational units
• Unconstrained data flow to/from computational units
• Extended precision and dynamic range
• Efficient sequencing
• Efficient I/O processing
• The DSP aspect of the Blackfin core is optimized to perform FFTs and
convolutions
y[n] = ∑k =0 x[n − k ] ∗ h[k ]
N −1
9 Core Architecture Overview
12. The Blackfin Core
The core consists of:
Arithmetic unit
• Supports SIMD operation
• Load/store architecture
Addressing unit
• Supports dual data fetch
Sequencer
• Efficient program flow control
Register files
• Data
• Addressing
12 Core Architecture Overview
13. The Arithmetic Unit
Performs arithmetic operations
Dual 40-bit ALU (Arithmetic/
Logic Unit)
• Performs 16-/32-/40-bit
arithmetic and logical
operations
Dual 16 x 16 multiplier
• Performs dual MACs
(multiply-accumulates) when
used with ALUs
Barrel shifter
• Performs shifts, rotates, bit
operations
13 Core Architecture Overview
14. Data Registers
There are 8x 32-bit registers in the data register file.
• Used to hold 32-bit vales or packed 16-bit
There are also 2x 40-bit accumulators.
• Typically used for MAC operations
Data Registers
39 31 15 0
A0.X A0.H A0.L
A1.X A1.H A1.L
31 15 0
R0 R0.H R0.L
R1 R1.H R1.L
R2
R3
R4 R4.H R4.L
R5
R6
R7 R7.H R7.L
14 Core Architecture Overview
15. 16-Bit ALU Operations—Examples
The Algebraic Assembly syntax is intuitive and makes it easy to
understand what the instruction is doing.
Single 16-bit operation Dual 16-bit operation Quad 16-bit operation
R6.H = R3.H + R2.L (s); R6 = R2 + | - R3; R3 = R0 - | - R1, R2 = R0 + | + R1;
31 16 0 31 16 0 31 16 0 31 16 0
R2 R2 R0 R0
R3 R3 R1 R1
+ + - - - + +
R6 R6 R2 R3
These operations effectively execute in a single cycle.
15 Core Architecture Overview
16. 32-Bit ALU Operations—Examples
Single 32-bit addition Dual 32-bit operation
R6 = R2 + R3; R3 = R1 - R2, R4 = R1 + R2;
31 0 31 0 31 0
R2 R1 R1
R3 R2 R2
+ - +
R6 R4 R3
These operations effectively execute in a single cycle.
16 Core Architecture Overview
17. Dual MAC Operations—Example
Both MACs can be used at the same time to double the MAC throughput. The
same two 32-bit input registers must be used (R2 and R3 in this example).
Dual MAC operation
R2
R3
x x
- +
A0
A1
A1 -= R2.H * R3.H, A0 += R2.L * R3.L;
These operations effectively execute in a single cycle.
NOTE: This can happen in parallel with a dual data fetch.
17 Core Architecture Overview
18. Barrel Shifter
Enable shifting or rotating any number of bits within a 16-/32-/40-bit
register in a single cycle
Perform individual bit operations on 32-bit data register contents
• BITSET, BITCLR, BITTGL, BITTST
Field Extract and Deposit instructions
• Extract or insert a field of bits out of or into a 32-bit data register
18 Core Architecture Overview
20. 8-Bit ALU Operations
Four 8-bit ALUs provide parallel computational power targeted mainly
for video operations.
• Quad 8-bit add/subtract
• Quad 8-bit average
• SAA (Subtract-Absolute-Accumulate) instruction
A quad 8-bit ALU instruction takes one cycle to complete.
64-Bit/8-Byte Field 64-Bit/8-Byte Field
R3 R2 R1 R0
4 Bytes 4 Bytes
Four 8-Bit Video ALUs
32-Bits
Data Register File
20 Core Architecture Overview
21. Additional Arithmetic Instructions
There are a number of specialized instructions that are used
to speed up the inner loop on various algorithms.
Bitwise XOR
• Enable creating LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Registers) for use in CRC
calculations or the generation of PRN sequences
Bit stream multiplexing, add on sign, compare select
• Convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder support
Add/Subtract with prescale up/down
• IEEE 1180–compliant 2D 8 x 8 DCTs (Discrete Cosine Transforms)
Vector search
• Enable search a vector a pair at a time for greatest or least value
21 Core Architecture Overview
22. The Addressing Unit
The addressing unit generates
addresses for data fetches.
•Two DAG (Data Address
Generator) arithmetic units
enable generation of
independent 32-bit wide
addresses that can reach
anywhere within the Blackfin
memory space.
•Up to two fetches can occur
at the same time.
22 Core Architecture Overview
23. Address Registers
There are 6x general-purpose Pointer
Registers.
31 0
• Used for GP 8-/16-/32-bit fetches P0
Address
from memory
Registers P1
Pointer Registers:
There are four sets of registers used P2 P0-P5 are referred to
as “preg.”
for DSP-style data accesses. P3
P4
• Used for 16-/32-bit DSP data fetches
such as dual data fetch, circular buffer P5
addressing, and bit reversal FP
There are also dedicated stack (SP) SP
and frame (FP) pointers. USP
31 0 31 0 31 0 31 0
• These are used for 32-bit accesses to
I0 L0 B0 M0
stack frames. Index Registers:
I1 L1 B1 M1 I0-I3 are referred to
as “ireg.”
I2 L2 B2 M2
I3 L3 B3 M3
23 Core Architecture Overview
24. Addressing
Addressing Unit supports:
• Addressing only
• With specified Pointer or Index Register
• Provide address and post modify
• Add an offset after the fetch is done
• Circular buffering supported with this method
• Provide address with an offset
• Add an offset before the fetch, but no pointer update
• Update address only
• Modify address with reverse carry add
All addressing is Register Indirect.
• Index Registers I0-I3 (32-/16-bit accesses)
• Pointer Registers P0–P5 (32-/16-/8-bit accesses)
• Stack and Frame Pointer Registers (32-bit accesses)
All addresses are Byte addresses.
• Ordering is Little Endian.
• Addresses must be aligned for the word size being fetched.
• i.e., 32-bit fetches from addresses that are a multiple of four
24 Core Architecture Overview
25. Circular Buffer Example
Example Address
Base address (B) and 0x00 0x00000001 1st Access 0x00000001
Starting address (I) = 0 0x00000002 0x00000002
0x04 4th Access
Buffer length 0x08 0x00000003 0x00000003
L = 44
0x0C 0x00000004 0x00000004
(There are 11 data elements
and each data element is 0x10 0x00000005 2nd Access 0x00000005
4-bytes)
0x14 0x00000006 0x00000006 5th Access
Modify value M = 16 0x18 0x00000007 0x00000007
(4 elements *
4-bytes/element) 0x1C 0x00000008 0x00000008
0x20 0x00000009 3rd Access 0x00000009
Example memory access:
0x24 0x0000000A 0x0000000A
R1 = [I0 ++ M2]; 0x28 0x0000000B 0x0000000B
• The Addressing Unit supports Circular Buffer pointer addressing.
• The process of boundary checking and pointer wrapping to stay in bounds happens
in hardware with no overhead.
• Buffers can be placed anywhere in memory without restriction due to the Base
address registers.
25 Core Architecture Overview
26. The Sequencer
The sequencer’s function is to
generate addresses for fetching
instructions.
• Uses a variety of registers to select
the next address
Aligns instructions as they
are fetched
• Always reads 64 bits from memory
• Realigns what is fetched into
individual 16-/32-/64-bit opcodes
before sending to the execution
pipeline
Handles events
• Interrupts and exceptions
Conditional execution
26 Core Architecture Overview
28. Sequencer Registers
These are registers that are used in the control of program flow.
Arithmetic Status (ASTAT) tracks status bits for core operations.
• Used in conditional execution of instructions.
Return address registers.
• Hold the 32-bit return address for program flow interruptions.
Two sets of hardware loop management registers.
• They manage up to two nested levels of zero overhead looping.
• There are no core cycles spent managing the loop.
• Looped code runs as efficiently as straight line code.
Arithmetic Status LC0 Loop Counter
ASTAT
LT0 Loop Top
Subroutine Return LB0 Loop Bottom
RETS
RETI Interrupt Return LC1
LT1
RETX Exception Return LB1
RETN NMI Return SYSCFG System Config
RETE Emulation Return SEQSTAT Sequencer Status
28 Core Architecture Overview
29. Instruction Pipeline
The pipeline is fully interlocked. In the event of a data hazard,
the sequencer automatically inserts stall cycles.
Pipeline Stage Description
Issue instruction address to IAB bus, start compare
Instruction Fetch 1 (IF1)
tag of instruction cache
Instruction Fetch 2 (IF2) Wait for instruction data
Instruction Fetch 3 (IF3) Read from IDB bus and align instruction
Instruction Decode (DEC) Decode instructions
Calculation of data addresses and branch target
Address Calculation (AC)
address
Issue data address to DA0 and DA1 bus, start
Data Fetch 1 (DF1)
compare tag of data cache
Data Fetch 2 (DF2) Read register files
Read data from LD0 and LD1 bus, start multiply and
Execute 1 (EX1)
video instructions
Execute 2 (EX2)
Execute/Complete instructions (shift, add, logic, etc.)
Writes back to register files, SD bus, and pointer
Write Back (WB)
updates (also referred to as the “commit” stage)
29 Core Architecture Overview
31. Blackfin Event Handling
Blackfin events include:
• Interrupts
• Generated by hardware (e.g., DMA complete) or software
• Exceptions
• Error condition or service related
Handling is split between the CEC (Core Event Controller) and SIC
(System Interrupt Controller).
• CEC has 16 levels and deals with requests on a priority basis.
• The nine lowest levels are general purpose and are used for Peripheral Interrupt Requests.
• Each level has a 32-bit Interrupt Vector Register that points to the start of the ISR for
that level.
• SIC allows enabling Peripheral Interrupt Requests and mapping to specific
CEC GP levels.
• Allows setting peripheral request priorities
31 Core Architecture Overview
32. System and Core Interrupts (ADSP-BF533 example)
System Interrupt Source IVG #1
Core Event
PLL Wakeup interrupt IVG7
Event Source IVG # Name
DMA error (generic) IVG7
Highest
Emulator 0 EMU
PPI error interrupt IVG7
SPORT0 error interrupt IVG7 Reset 1 RST
SPORT1 error interrupt IVG7 Non Maskable Interrupt 2 NMI
SPI error interrupt IVG7 Exceptions 3 EVSW
UART error interrupt IVG7
Reserved 4 -
RTC interrupt IVG8
Hardware Error 5 IVHW P
DMA 0 interrupt (PPI) IVG8
Core Timer 6 IVTMR R
DMA 1 interrupt (SPORT0 RX) IVG9 I
General Purpose 7 7 IVG7 O
DMA 2 interrupt (SPORT0 TX) IVG9
R
DMA 3 interrupt (SPORT1 RX) IVG9 General Purpose 8 8 IVG8
I
DMA 4 interrupt (SPORT1 TX) IVG9 General Purpose 9 9 IVG9 T
DMA 5 interrupt (SPI) IVG10 Y
General Purpose 10 10 IVG10
DMA 6 interrupt (UART RX) IVG10
General Purpose 11 11 IVG11
DMA 7 interrupt (UART TX) IVG10
Timer0 interrupt IVG11 General Purpose 12 12 IVG12
Timer1 interrupt IVG11 General Purpose 13 13 IVG13
Timer2 interrupt IVG11
General Purpose 14 14 IVG14
PF interrupt A IVG12
General Purpose 15 15 IVG15
PF interrupt B IVG12
Lowest
DMA 8/9 interrupt (MemDMA0) IVG13
1 Note:
DMA 10/11 interrupt (MemDMA1) IVG13 Default IVG configuration shown.
Watchdog timer interrupt IVG13
32 Core Architecture Overview
33. Variable Instruction Lengths
The Blackfin architecture uses three instruction opcode lengths to obtain the
best code density while maintaining high performance.
16-bit instructions
• Most control-type instructions and data fetches are 16-bits long to improve code density.
32-bit instructions
• Most control-type instructions with an immediate value in the expression and most
arithmetic instructions are 32-bits in length.
Multi-issue 64-bit instructions
• Certain 32-bit instructions can be executed in parallel with a pair of specific 16-bit
instructions and specified with one 64-bit instruction.
• Typically a 32-bit ALU/MAC instruction and one or two data fetch instructions
• The delimiter symbol to separate instructions in a multi-issue instruction is a double pipe
character “||.”
Example:
A1+=R0.L*R1.H, A0+=R0.L*R1.L || r0 = [i0++] || r1 = [i1++];
33 Core Architecture Overview
34. Instruction Packing
When code is compiled and linked, 16-bit OP
32-bit OP
the instructions are packed into 64-bit Multi-OP
memory as densely as possible. Instruction Formats
• i.e., no wasted memory space
15 0
No memory alignment restrictions
for code:
• Instructions can be placed anywhere
in memory.
• The sequencer fetches 64-bits of
instruction at a time (from 8-byte
boundaries) and performs an alignment
operation to:
• Isolate shorter opcodes 16-bit wide memory
• Realign larger opcodes that straddle 4-/8-byte
boundaries No Memory Alignment Restrictions:
• This realignment hardware is Maximum Code Density and Minimum
transparent to the user. System Memory Cost
34 Core Architecture Overview
35. 16-bit FIR Filter Example—0.5 cycles per tap
31 0
Input Input R0
Input data
delay line Coefficients
Coefficient Coefficient R1
MAC into A0
MAC1 MAC0 R0L x0 x0 R1L
A1
into
M AC
x x R0H x1 MAC into A0
to A 1
x1 R1H
AC in
+ + A0
R0L x2 M
x2 R1L
x3 x3 R1H
R0H
A1
39 0
Loop: A1+=R0.H*R1.L, A0+=R0.L*R1.L || R0.L = [I0++] || nop;
Loopend: A1+=R0.L*R1.H, A0+=R0.H*R1.H || R0.H = [I0++] || R1 = [I1++];
Samples in R0 • Performs operations in support of two filter outputs in
Coefficients in R1
each clock cycle
35 Core Architecture Overview
36. Bus and Memory Architecture
36 Core Architecture Overview
37. Blackfin Memory Hierarchy
The Blackfin architecture uses a memory hierarchy with a primary goal
of achieving memory performance similar to that of the fastest memory
(i.e., L1) with an overall cost close to that of the least expensive
memory (i.e., L3).
• Portions of L1 can be configured as cache, which allows increased memory
performance by prefetching and storing copies of code/data from L2/L3.
L1 Memory L2 Memory L3 Memory
CORE
Internal Internal (if present) External (e.g., SDRAM)
(Registers) Smallest capacity Larger than L1 Largest capacity
Single-cycle access Multicycle access Highest latency
37 Core Architecture Overview
39. Configurable Memory
The best system performance can be achieved when executing code or
fetching data out of L1 memory.
Two methods can be used to fill the L1 memory—caching and dynamic
downloading–the Blackfin processor supports both.
• Microcontrollers have typically used the caching method, as they have
large programs often residing in external memory and determinism is not
as important.
• DSPs have typically used dynamic downloading (e.g. code overlays), as they
need direct control over which code runs in the fastest memory.
The Blackfin processor allows the programmer to choose one or both
methods to optimize system performance.
• Portions of L1 instruction and data memory can be configured to be used as
SRAM or as cache.
• Enabling these 16K Byte blocks for use as cache reduces the amount of L1 available as
SRAM. However, there is still space available for code, such as critical functions or interrupt
handlers.
39 Core Architecture Overview
40. Cache and Memory Management
Cache allows users to take advantage of single-cycle memory without
having to specifically move instructions and or data “manually.”
• L2/L3 memory can be used to hold large programs and data sets.
• The paths to and from L1 memory are optimized to perform with
cache enabled.
Cache automatically optimizes code and data by keeping recently used
information in L1.
• LRU (Least Recently Used) algorithm is used for determining which cache line
to replace.
Cache is managed by the memory management unit though a number
of CPLBs (Cachability, Protection, and Lookaside Buffers).
• The CPLBs divide up the Blackfin memory space into pages and allow
individual page control of memory management items such as:
• User/Supervisor Access Protection
• Read/Write Access Protection
• Cacheable or Non-Cacheable
40 Core Architecture Overview
42. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
The Blackfin processors includes a DMA (Direct Memory Access)
facility on all CPUs.
• Enable moving data between memory and a peripheral, or memory to memory
without using any core cycles
• Core only involved in setting up DMA parameters
• Core is interrupted when DMA completes, thereby improving efficiency of data
flow operations.
• Alternatively, DMA status allows polling operations.
• The DMA controller has dedicated buses to connect between the DMA unit
itself and:
• Peripherals
• External memory (e.g., L3 or SDRAM)
• Core memory (e.g., L1)
42 Core Architecture Overview
43. Power Management Options
Low active power
• Flexible power management with automatic power-down for unused
peripheral sections.
• Dynamic power management allows dynamic modification of both
frequency and voltage.
• PLL can multiply CLKIN from 1x to 64x.
• Core voltage can be optimized for the operating frequency.
Low standby power
• 5 power modes
• Full on, active, sleep, deep sleep, hibernate
• Real-time clock with alarm and wakeup features
• RTC has its own power supply and clock.
• It is unaffected by hardware or software reset.
43 Core Architecture Overview
44. Blackfin Processors Optimize Power Consumption
Vdd
1.2V, 500 MHz
Processor Operation t
0.9V, 250 MHz
PLL Processor Operation
Settling
0.8V, 100 MHz
PLL
Regulator Settling
Processor Operation Regulator
Power Transition
Transition
Consumption
Just varying the frequency
mW
Dynamic Power Management
Varying the voltage and frequency
44 Core Architecture Overview
45. Power Mode Transitions
Under software control,
the application can change
from one power state
to another.
A set of libraries (i.e.,
System Services) enable
control of clocking, core
voltage, and power states
with just a function call.
45 Core Architecture Overview
47. Advanced Support for Embedded Debug
The JTAG port is also used to provide in-circuit emulation capabilities.
• Nonintrusive debugging
• BTC (background telemetry channel)
Hardware breakpoints
• Six instruction and two data watchpoints
Performance monitor unit
• Counters for cycles and occurrences of specific activities
Execution trace buffer
• Stores last 16 nonincremental PC values
47 Core Architecture Overview
48. Summary
The Blackfin core has a number of features and instructions that
support both control and DSP types of operations.
The Blackfin’s high performance memory/bus architecture supports
zero wait state instruction and dual fetches from L1 at the core clock
rate, all at the same time.
• Large applications that reside in the larger but slower external memory still
benefit from the high performance L1 memory through the use of caching
and/or dynamic downloading
The Blackfin architecture enables both efficient implementation
of media-related applications and efficient development of
those applications.
48 Core Architecture Overview
49. Resources
For detailed information on the Blackfin architecture, please refer to the
Analog Devices website which has links to manuals, data sheets, FAQs,
Knowledge Base, sample code, development tools and much more:
• www.analog.com/blackfin
For specific questions click on the “Ask a question” button.
Kaztek Systems provides worldwide technical training on processor
architecture and systems development using Analog Devices
Processors. For more information
Visit www.kaztek.com or Email info@kaztek.com
49 Core Architecture Overview