Black Media Matters
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The document summarizes the history of black media in the United States from the 1820s to present day. It notes that the first black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, was founded in 1827 in New York City. Important figures like Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells established influential black publications in the 19th century. The Reconstruction era saw a proliferation of black newspapers across the country. In the 20th century, magazines like The Crisis and Ebony celebrated black culture and achievements while also addressing social issues and crusades. However, black print media has struggled in recent decades with declining circulation and revenues as audiences have migrated online.
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Theory and Theorist For Media Studies A2
This is the theory revision I created for my A2 Media group a couple of years ago. There is some general narrative theory, Media theory Laura Mulvey etc and Racial Representation theory, Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, bell hooks etc. This was based on Media and Collective Identity focusing on the representation of black culture in British Film and American Music Videos.
Media Theories.
The document discusses several media theories:
- Effects theory argues that media has direct effects on audiences, potentially manipulating them
- Uses and gratifications theory examines what audiences do with media to fulfill needs
- Reception theory views audiences as active interpreters of media texts based on their social and cultural backgrounds, leading to varied readings of the same text.
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The document summarizes African American literature during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877) after the Civil War and abolition of slavery. Key writers during this period included Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Paul Laurence Dunbar. African American writers used literature to shape the social, political, and spiritual hopes of African Americans and push back against perceptions that they were intellectually or creatively incapable. Literature from this era included slave narratives, autobiographies, biographies, and works that documented the black experience.
Harlem Renaissance Politics
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the early 1900s where African American art, music, literature and dance flourished. It encouraged African Americans to embrace their heritage and transformed their identity and history. The Great Migration brought many African Americans north for better opportunities, developing an independent spirit in cities like New York and Chicago. During this time, organizations like the NAACP, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, promoted civil rights and fought for equality. The Harlem Renaissance helped fuel the later Civil Rights Movement by detailing harsh conditions in the North and promoting a desire for change.
Nathan Irvin Huggins
Nathan Irvin Huggins was a historian born in 1927 who made significant contributions through his literary works and teaching focusing on illuminating important areas of Black American history. His most famous work, "Harlem Renaissance", examines the cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem that was a flowering of African American art and literature. Huggins saw the Harlem Renaissance as having a profound impact on both Black Americans and American culture as a whole by highlighting the contributions of African Americans and the emergence of jazz music.
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Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age.
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The new negro an evolution in black racial conscious, 1895-1930
This document provides an overview and lesson plan for teaching students about the historical events and social movements that contributed to the emergence of the Harlem Renaissance. It outlines key events like the Northern Migration, World War I, and urban race conflicts of the 1910s that led many African Americans to move to Harlem in the 1920s. There, a new era of black artistic, literary, and intellectual culture known as the Harlem Renaissance thrived. The document examines the philosophies of W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Hubert Harrison during this period and how they differed in their approaches to addressing racial issues. Students are assigned a writing task comparing these philosophers and assessing which approach may still be
American revolution
The document discusses early American literature from the colonial period through the early 19th century. It highlights key figures like Benjamin Franklin, who promoted Enlightenment ideals through works like Poor Richard's Almanac. It also discusses Revolutionary pamphleteers like Thomas Paine and the development of American gothic fiction with authors like Brockden Brown. The early literature explored political and social themes while establishing uniquely American subjects, genres, and perspectives.
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Motivated by politics, a group of African-American authors became known as the
Black Arts Movement
. Preeminent in this movement was the poet Imamu Amiri Baraka. The movement stemmed from the strife following the assassination of Malcom X in 1965, and then the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. Those involved in the changes spreading across America, known as Black Nationalism or the
Black Power Movement
, broke into two primary branches--Revolutionary Nationalists, which included such groups as the Black Panther Party, and Cultural Nationalists, which includes the Black Arts Movement.
The expression of the Black Power Movement was evident in several ways: changes in clothing styles (dashikis, for example) adopted among several black groups, more vocal involvement in politics, and more outspoken tones in and topics of writing, speeches, and the plastic arts (sculpture and painting).
Though the Black Arts Movement began in Harlem, it quickly spread to many cities around the country. Numerous African-American magazines, publishing houses, and journals flourished during this time, such as
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, Third World Press,
The Black Scholar
, and Lotus Press, among others. Poetry was the predominant form of writing within this movement, but not exclusively--short stories, drama, essay, plays, and music were also key to the content of this era.
The Black Arts Movement was not without controversy. The content of its works is often cited as homophobic, exclusive, misogynistic, and anti-Semitic in favor of black identity.
The Black Arts Movement’s influence began to fade as the result of an unlikely source--success. As members such as James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Nikki Giovanni, among others, became popular and even wealthy as the result of the works they also became mainstream, which was an unforeseen consequence counter to the basis of the movement itself.
Recovering the History of African Americans
Attempts to recover and recognize the history of African Americans was part of the Black Power Movement. This is seen in African Americans who changed their birth names to African names. Born as Leroi Jones, Amiri Baraka, for example, changed his name in 1964. Stokely Carmichael became Kwame Ture. In Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use," Dee returns home with the name Wangero.
Attitudes and actions that before the 1960s might have been kept private became more overt, which is evident in the essays defining the Black Arts Movement. Richard Wright's comments about African-American writers in his 1937 essay "Blueprint for Negro Writing" were no longer true. In that essay, Wright discussed black writers who "dressed in the knee-pants of servility" as they went "abegging to white America" for approval. He notes, "Negro writing was something external to the lives of educated Negroes themselves."
Instead, the arts in the 1960s were more aligned with what Du Bois wrote in 1926, when he call.
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The document discusses the origins and key figures of the Black Power movement in the 1960s, including Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, and the Black Panther Party, as well as the rise of black activism on college campuses, black artistic expression through literature and music, and the development of black feminism in response to criticisms of the black family structure. As the movement grew, it led to increasing riots and civil unrest across major U.S. cities as African Americans fought for their voices to be heard on social and political issues.
Bjmc i, met, unit-i,, origins of the newspaper
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of newspapers from the 15th century to modern times. It discusses how newspapers began as handwritten newsletters in Renaissance Europe, then evolved to printed news pamphlets in Germany in the late 1400s. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette in 1666. Newspapers began appearing in the American colonies in the late 1600s and played an important role in influencing public opinion leading up to the American Revolution. The document then outlines key developments in newspapers through the 19th and early 20th centuries, including the emergence of penny papers, growth during the Civil War and Industrial Revolution, and the rise of modern newspaper features.
Comparative history
The document discusses resistance to white supremacy in the American civil rights movement and South Africa between the 1950s-1960s. It notes that Martin Luther King Jr. led the nonviolent American movement, drawing from Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence. This successful movement led to civil rights legislation in 1964-1965. In South Africa, the nonviolent Defiance Campaign was brutally suppressed by the government, massacring protesters and banning the opposition ANC party. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 25 years as a result. The movements in both places aimed to end racial segregation but only the American one succeeded at that time.
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The document discusses several iconic images that emerged from World War I propaganda posters in the United States. It describes how the Committee on Public Information recruited famous illustrators like James Montgomery Flagg and Charles Dana Gibson to create recruitment posters. It also discusses how the American Library Association established library services during the war to provide reading materials to soldiers, creating several images for ALA posters and book plates. It provides background on some of the symbolic figures frequently used in these posters, including Uncle Sam, Columbia, the Christy Girl, and the doughboy.
Muckrakers Walkaround 10/2015
The document provides biographical information on American reformer and suffragist Frances Willard. It states that Willard became president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879 and remained president for 19 years. Under her leadership, the WCTU lobbied Congress and petitioned for laws promoting women's rights. Willard played an instrumental role in the passage of the 18th and 19th Amendments, prohibiting alcohol and granting women the right to vote. Her vision also expanded to include issues like education, workers' rights, and public health.
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The Great Migration was the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. They sought to escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and seize new economic opportunities. While the North offered higher wages, black migrants still faced racism and segregation, living in overcrowded neighborhoods with poor housing conditions. Publications like the Chicago Defender encouraged and helped black southerners make the journey North.
The Genesis of Pan-Africanism: A Historical Perspective
ABSTRACT: Pan-Africanism is a movement to secure human rights, self-government, independence, and unity
for all African peoples. The spirit of solidarity and collaboration among African societies is ages old, fading and
flourishing from one century to the next. Pan-Africanism emerged once again at the end of the eighteenth century
as an anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement. Its appeal was both indigenous and international. Africans saw
their land invaded by European powers, a scenario that sparked resistance. The African struggle for freedom
coincided with anti-slavery sentiments in Europe and America, among other regions. In its original form, PanAfricanism had a wider scope than the geographic continent. It encompassed the African diaspora and descendants
worldwide. Seeking to unify the African people into a single community, Pan-Africanism grew and changed over
time, each century adding to its richness and passing on its legacy to the next. An ethnic, economic, political, and
social mosaic, Africa has struggled with an ambition for a united continent while at the same time being conscious
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The document discusses the Harlem Renaissance, which was a cultural movement in the 1920s-1930s centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It led to influential African American art, music, literature, and dance. Key factors that contributed to its rise included the Great Migration, in which many African Americans moved north to escape racial violence in the south, as well as their service in World War I. Harlem became an cultural epicenter as its affordable housing attracted many new residents. However, the Great Depression and 1935 Harlem riots ultimately led to the decline of the Renaissance a decade after it began.
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The Great Migration represented the movement of over 6 million black Americans from the rural South to Northern and Western cities between 1916-1970. Fleeing the oppression of Jim Crow laws, black southerners sought economic opportunities in growing Northern industries. While the North was imagined as free of racism, migrants still faced discrimination and segregation. Artists like Jacob Lawrence documented the harsh realities of this mass internal migration through works like his Migration Series paintings.
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Newspapers have played an important role in shaping American society and democracy over centuries. The first newspaper, Publick Occurrences, was published in 1690 in America. Throughout history, newspapers championed social causes like emancipation and fought against racism. In the late 19th century, yellow journalism popularized sensationalist stories and tabloid style to increase sales. While newspaper circulation has declined in recent decades due to the rise of internet, publications continue adapting to new media landscapes.
Newspapers Power Point
Newspapers have played an important role in shaping American society and democracy over centuries. The first newspaper, Publick Occurrences, was published in 1690 in America. Throughout history, newspapers championed social causes like emancipation and fought against racism. In the late 19th century, yellow journalism popularized sensationalist stories and tabloid style to increase sales. While newspaper circulation has declined in recent decades due to the rise of internet, publications continue adapting to new media landscapes.
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The Harlem Renaissance began in the 1920s as African Americans migrated north to Harlem, New York after World War I, seeking jobs and escape from oppression in the south. This migration transformed Harlem into the center of African American culture and intellectual life. Writers, artists, musicians, and thinkers celebrated black identity and creativity through literature, visual art, dance, and music. The Harlem Renaissance had a significant impact on challenging racism and establishing African American arts and literature.
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Black Media Matters
- 1. Black Media
- 2. Abolition of slavery and women’s voting rights led to the rise of early alternative newspapers
- 3. First Black newspaper: Freedom’s Journal was founded in New York City in 1827
- 4. Founders: Rev. Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, freedmen
- 5. Frederick Douglass was a journalist He founded The North Star in 1847, the most influential Af- Am pre-Civil War publication
- 6. After the Civil war, there was an enormous burst of energy, a desire to communicate, a desire to connect, with black people establishing newspapers in any town, even tiny ones.” – Phyl Garland Between 1827-1861, there were more than 2 dozen black newspapers established. The Reconstruction was a “golden age” for African American journalists
- 7. Ida B. Wells, co-owner & editor of Memphis Free Speech and Headlight, late 19th century Between 1876 and 1919, at least 3,000 black men were murdered by white lynch mobs.
- 8. Plessy vs Ferguson, 1896 Impact on the black press?
- 9. Chicago Defender, founded in 1905 as “the world’s greatest weekly” Circulation of 100,000 with 500,000 readers
- 10. Red Summer, 1919
- 11. In heyday, black press = 2,700 newspapers, magazines and quarterly journals
- 12. What has happened to black newspapers? Now fewer than 200
- 14. Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, as mouthpiece of the NAACP • It will record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect the Negro-American. • Secondly, it will be a review of opinion and literature, recording briefly books, articles, and important expressions of opinion in the white and colored press on the race problem. • Thirdly, it will publish a few short articles. • Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals. • Circulation increased from 1,000 copies to 100,000 by 1918
- 15. Jessie Redmon Fauset, literary editor of The Crisis in the 1920s
- 16. Literary magazine of Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen
- 17. Social issues and crusades
- 18. The Negro Digest, founded in 1942 by John Johnson
- 19. Ebony, founded in 1945
- 20. Ebony Mission Statement Ebony celebrated African American life and culture by depicting the achievements of black Americans. It honored black identity by portraying black life, refuting stereotypes, and inspiring readers to overcome racial and other barriers to success.
- 22. Jet also offered serious coverage of early Civil Rights movement
- 23. Essence Magazine, 1970 grew from 50,000 to 1.6 million in its heyday
- 24. Trends in black publishing When mainstream publishing sneezes, black newspapers and magazine catch pneumonia Jet, R.I.P. June 2014
- 26. Not the only game in town
- 27. Oprah!
- 28. Economics of Magazines • Cover Price: $3.99 an issue • Subscription: $12.99 a year discounted • Full page 4-color ad: about $121,000 for one month • essence.com: free
- 29. Analog Dollars vs Digital Dimes The death of print…..
- 30. The Fight for Eyeballs
- 34. Challenge of Black Media • How do you critically cover issues in the community? (Bill Cosby! Clarence Thomas?) • White ownership, Essence, BET, Black voices, • Politics vs economics (Nelly, Essence Music festival?) • Multi-culturalism & interracial marriage • The career as black journalist – where to put your talent
- 35. Community and Ethnic Media 37 % of New York’s population = foreign born. The combined circulation of these 18 dailies exceeds 500,000. (By contrast, the New York Daily News delivers about 270,000 papers to the city’s five boroughs.)
- 36. Read the history of The Paper