This document provides an overview of the origins and development of newspapers from the 15th century to modern times. It discusses how newspapers began as handwritten newsletters in Renaissance Europe, then evolved to printed news pamphlets in Germany in the late 1400s. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette in 1666. Newspapers began appearing in the American colonies in the late 1600s and played an important role in influencing public opinion leading up to the American Revolution. The document then outlines key developments in newspapers through the 19th and early 20th centuries, including the emergence of penny papers, growth during the Civil War and Industrial Revolution, and the rise of modern newspaper features.
The document provides information on several topics related to U.S. imperialism from the late 19th and early 20th centuries:
1) The gold standard was first established in Britain in 1821 and lasted internationally from 1870 until World War I, though it was re-established briefly in 1928.
2) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engaged in "yellow journalism" through their competing New York papers, heightening tensions leading to the Spanish-American War in 1898.
3) Under presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. expanded its overseas possessions and influence through policies like the Roosevelt Corollary and interventions in Latin America.
4) Projects like the Panama Canal expanded
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded in 1851 in New York City. It was first called The New-York Daily Times and was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. In 1896, the newspaper was purchased by Adolph Ochs who put it on strong financial footing. Over its history, the Times has transitioned from supporting Republican candidates to becoming politically independent and is now considered one of the most important newspapers in the United States.
This document provides a history of journalism from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses legendary journalists like Mark Twain and Nellie Bly and how the field has evolved with new technologies from the penny press to radio, television, and the internet. The document also examines the rise of objectivity in journalism as yellow journalism declined and discusses different types of modern news consumers and their preferences.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
The document discusses the Jameson Raid of 29 December 1895 to 2 January 1896 in South Africa. It provides context about conflicts between British capitalists and Boers in the 1870s following the discovery of diamonds. It notes that Gladstone's government recognized the independence of the Transvaal following the First Boer War in 1884, though a gold rush occurred there two years later, exacerbating tensions. The Jameson Raid itself saw British forces invade the Transvaal in an attempt to overthrow the Boer government.
Lewis brandon the big lie technique in the sandbox - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses how historical facts and narratives are often revised or rewritten to conform to certain ideological perspectives. It provides several examples:
1. Reference books like the Guinness Book of World Records have omitted references to historians like Paul Rassinier who disputed the commonly accepted death toll at Auschwitz.
2. Historians like David Irving have had their works censored or altered by publishers to remove interpretations seen as controversial.
3. Popular history books and newspaper articles have been revised after publication to change facts seen as problematic, like early estimates of the global Jewish population.
4. Photographs are often reused with different captions to support various narratives, and some may have been deliberately falsified
Gustav Adolphus The Lion from the NorthPeter Hammond
Gustav Adolphus was a young king of Sweden who rapidly rose to fame through his military innovations and dramatic victories during the Thirty Years War. Through his tactics like mobile artillery, aggressive attacks, and well-trained musketeers, he turned the tide of the war and saved Protestant Germany from annihilation. He is considered one of the greatest generals in history for his revolutionary military strategies and leadership skills.
The document provides information on several topics related to U.S. imperialism from the late 19th and early 20th centuries:
1) The gold standard was first established in Britain in 1821 and lasted internationally from 1870 until World War I, though it was re-established briefly in 1928.
2) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engaged in "yellow journalism" through their competing New York papers, heightening tensions leading to the Spanish-American War in 1898.
3) Under presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. expanded its overseas possessions and influence through policies like the Roosevelt Corollary and interventions in Latin America.
4) Projects like the Panama Canal expanded
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded in 1851 in New York City. It was first called The New-York Daily Times and was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. In 1896, the newspaper was purchased by Adolph Ochs who put it on strong financial footing. Over its history, the Times has transitioned from supporting Republican candidates to becoming politically independent and is now considered one of the most important newspapers in the United States.
This document provides a history of journalism from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses legendary journalists like Mark Twain and Nellie Bly and how the field has evolved with new technologies from the penny press to radio, television, and the internet. The document also examines the rise of objectivity in journalism as yellow journalism declined and discusses different types of modern news consumers and their preferences.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
The document discusses the Jameson Raid of 29 December 1895 to 2 January 1896 in South Africa. It provides context about conflicts between British capitalists and Boers in the 1870s following the discovery of diamonds. It notes that Gladstone's government recognized the independence of the Transvaal following the First Boer War in 1884, though a gold rush occurred there two years later, exacerbating tensions. The Jameson Raid itself saw British forces invade the Transvaal in an attempt to overthrow the Boer government.
Lewis brandon the big lie technique in the sandbox - journal of historical ...RareBooksnRecords
This document discusses how historical facts and narratives are often revised or rewritten to conform to certain ideological perspectives. It provides several examples:
1. Reference books like the Guinness Book of World Records have omitted references to historians like Paul Rassinier who disputed the commonly accepted death toll at Auschwitz.
2. Historians like David Irving have had their works censored or altered by publishers to remove interpretations seen as controversial.
3. Popular history books and newspaper articles have been revised after publication to change facts seen as problematic, like early estimates of the global Jewish population.
4. Photographs are often reused with different captions to support various narratives, and some may have been deliberately falsified
Gustav Adolphus The Lion from the NorthPeter Hammond
Gustav Adolphus was a young king of Sweden who rapidly rose to fame through his military innovations and dramatic victories during the Thirty Years War. Through his tactics like mobile artillery, aggressive attacks, and well-trained musketeers, he turned the tide of the war and saved Protestant Germany from annihilation. He is considered one of the greatest generals in history for his revolutionary military strategies and leadership skills.
The document discusses the origins and key events of World War I. It describes the alliances and tensions between European powers like Germany, Britain, France, and Russia that led to the war. It also discusses how new military technologies and tactics like tanks, planes, and chemical weapons changed the nature of modern warfare. Additionally, it examines America's role in the war through policies like cash and carry and debates over intervention while maintaining economic ties to both sides of the conflict.
Austin j. app the 'holocaust' put in perspective - journal of historical re...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a revisionist perspective on World War II and the Holocaust. It argues that Allied propaganda vilified Germans to justify entering both World Wars against Germany. It claims that American intervention in both wars was driven more by catering to Zionist interests than by American interests. It criticizes the harsh treatment of Germany after WWII, including the Morgenthau Plan which aimed to destroy Germany's ability to wage war by de-industrializing the country and starving millions of Germans. The document promotes a revisionist view that seeks to re-examine the causes and outcomes of the World Wars.
The Spanish-American War was sparked by the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor and fueled by yellow journalism. American forces defeated Spain and gained control of Cuba and the Philippines. This marked the beginning of the United States as an imperial power and increased political debates between imperialists who saw opportunities for resources and markets versus anti-imperialists who felt it contradicted American values.
Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist and author who played a major role in the American Revolution and French Revolution. He authored influential pamphlets that inspired revolutionary thought, including Common Sense in 1776, which argued for American independence from Britain. He also wrote The Crisis papers from 1776-1783 to bolster American morale during the Revolutionary War. Paine lived an eventful life, serving in the Continental Army, receiving honorary degrees, and aiding in drafting declarations of rights in both America and France. He died in 1809 in New York.
1) The Scientific Revolution of the 16th-17th centuries saw a shift from the Ptolemaic view of Earth as the center of the universe to the Copernican model that placed the Sun at the center. Scientists like Galileo Galilei used new tools like the telescope to make careful observations.
2) The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that promoted reason and the scientific method over tradition and faith. Philosophers like John Locke argued people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. In France, philosophes like Voltaire advocated for tolerance and freedom of expression.
3) Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe in the 1700s. Monarchs like Frederick the Great and Joseph
This summarizes a document analyzing different perspectives on the 1791 massacre at the Champ de Mars during the French Revolution. It discusses David Andress arguing the crowd was portrayed as led by foreign subversives to deny social conflict. It also discusses George Rudé arguing the crowd formation was encouraged by the democratic party to gain support for a republic. Finally, it discusses Colin Lucas critiquing these perspectives based on his research on typical crowd behavior before and after the revolution.
Harry elmer barnes revisionism and the promotion of peace - journal of hist...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the history and goals of revisionism in analyzing historical events like wars. It discusses how revisionism has been applied to reexamine the causes and myths around several American wars like the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican-American War, as well as the US entry into World War I. The document uses specific examples to show how revisionist studies have debunked myths used to justify these wars by providing a more objective analysis of the facts and replacing emotional propaganda with calm investigation of the evidence.
The United States became a world power after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898. This war represented the resurgence of Manifest Destiny and American imperialism as European nations colonized Africa. As a result of the war, the US gained control of islands from the Caribbean to the Pacific. President Theodore Roosevelt then flexed American military might through interventions in Latin America and Asia to establish US influence abroad during this new era of American imperialism at the turn of the 20th century.
Leon degrelle epic - the story of the waffen ss - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides background on Leon Degrelle, a Belgian politician and soldier who fought for Nazi Germany as a member of the Waffen SS. It discusses Degrelle's early life and political career in Belgium before World War 2. It then describes how he joined the Waffen SS and fought bravely on the Eastern Front, becoming one of the most decorated Waffen SS soldiers. After the war, Degrelle escaped to Spain and has lived in exile there, becoming a prominent witness and defender of the Waffen SS. The document sets up Degrelle as a key figure to provide insight into the little known phenomenon of the Waffen SS during his upcoming lecture.
The french revolution and the enlightenment 2shanandros
The document discusses key concepts of the Enlightenment, including reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. It provides definitions for these concepts, such as viewing nature as good and reasonable. It also discusses important Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft and some of their key ideas around natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of thought, equality, and women's rights. Finally, it poses discussion questions about whether the philosophes would be satisfied with modern governments and which of their statements are most important today.
Carlo mattogno the myth of the extermination of the jews - part ii - journa...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the birth and development of Holocaust revisionism. It lists numerous revisionist works published since the 1960s that question or deny the mainstream understanding of the Holocaust. It describes how revisionism grew from the work of early skeptics like Paul Rassinier in challenging the Nuremberg trials. It outlines the establishment of revisionist organizations like the Institute for Historical Review and journals that helped spread revisionist theses to a wider audience. The document portrays revisionism as an growing intellectual movement that is producing more defenders and literature over time.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
This document contains Adolf Hitler's thoughts on the political situation in early 1945 as recorded by Martin Bormann. Hitler criticizes Churchill for refusing peace negotiations and instead following the directives of Roosevelt and the Jews. He argues that Britain should have allowed the unification of Europe under German leadership for the balance of power. Hitler believes Britain's obstinacy in continuing the war will lead to the end of the British Empire, while Germany's resistance is justified given it was forced into war against its will.
This document provides an overview of American literature from the 17th century to the 20th century. It discusses early works like A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The Bay Psalm Book (1640). Major authors from the 18th century like Benjamin Franklin and the influence of the American Revolution are mentioned. The 19th century section covers writers like Irving, Poe, Cooper, Hawthorne, Whitman, Dickinson and Frost. The 20th century highlights experimentation with form and themes of alienation and transformation in modern American literature.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
branding the nation the historical contextwiwi isnaini
1) The document discusses the historical context of branding nations, noting that almost every nation has reinvented itself as regimes and circumstances have changed.
2) It uses France as a detailed example of how a nation has been rebranded multiple times, with different political and cultural incarnations over the centuries, from the Kingdom under Louis XIV to the various republics and empires that followed.
3) Despite claims that a nation cannot be rebranded, the document argues that France in particular has shaped and reshaped its identity through revolutionary changes in government and ideology.
Newspapers have played a vital role in American history since the first publication in 1690. Over time, newspapers grew from small weekly publications serving local communities to mass circulations of over a million by the late 19th century, driven by technological advances in printing and lower costs. Newspapers influenced public opinion and the course of events, and the founding of the United States ensured the freedom of the press.
American journalism has its origins in the Colonial period with Benjamin Harris' one-issue newspaper in 1690. The first continuously published newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, began in 1704. Early newspapers contained mostly foreign news and listings of local events. Peter Zenger's acquittal in 1735 for libeling the colonial government established the precedent of a free press. Benjamin Day's penny press model in the 1830s made newspapers affordable and appealing to the masses through sensationalized content and advertising. The telegraph in the late 1800s allowed for faster news dissemination. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst popularized "yellow journalism" in the 1890s through exaggerated stories intended to increase circulation. Modern newspapers face competition from other
American journalism has its origins in the Colonial period with Benjamin Harris' one-issue newspaper in 1690. The first continuously published newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, began in 1704. Early newspapers contained mostly foreign news and listings of local events. Peter Zenger's acquittal in 1735 for libeling the colonial government established the precedent for a free press. Benjamin Day's penny press model in the 1830s made newspapers affordable and accessible to the masses through lower costs and sensationalized content. The telegraph in the late 1800s allowed for faster news transmission. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst popularized "yellow journalism" in the 1890s through sensational stories and images to increase circulation. Modern newspapers face competition
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
The document discusses the origins and key events of World War I. It describes the alliances and tensions between European powers like Germany, Britain, France, and Russia that led to the war. It also discusses how new military technologies and tactics like tanks, planes, and chemical weapons changed the nature of modern warfare. Additionally, it examines America's role in the war through policies like cash and carry and debates over intervention while maintaining economic ties to both sides of the conflict.
Austin j. app the 'holocaust' put in perspective - journal of historical re...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a revisionist perspective on World War II and the Holocaust. It argues that Allied propaganda vilified Germans to justify entering both World Wars against Germany. It claims that American intervention in both wars was driven more by catering to Zionist interests than by American interests. It criticizes the harsh treatment of Germany after WWII, including the Morgenthau Plan which aimed to destroy Germany's ability to wage war by de-industrializing the country and starving millions of Germans. The document promotes a revisionist view that seeks to re-examine the causes and outcomes of the World Wars.
The Spanish-American War was sparked by the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor and fueled by yellow journalism. American forces defeated Spain and gained control of Cuba and the Philippines. This marked the beginning of the United States as an imperial power and increased political debates between imperialists who saw opportunities for resources and markets versus anti-imperialists who felt it contradicted American values.
Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist and author who played a major role in the American Revolution and French Revolution. He authored influential pamphlets that inspired revolutionary thought, including Common Sense in 1776, which argued for American independence from Britain. He also wrote The Crisis papers from 1776-1783 to bolster American morale during the Revolutionary War. Paine lived an eventful life, serving in the Continental Army, receiving honorary degrees, and aiding in drafting declarations of rights in both America and France. He died in 1809 in New York.
1) The Scientific Revolution of the 16th-17th centuries saw a shift from the Ptolemaic view of Earth as the center of the universe to the Copernican model that placed the Sun at the center. Scientists like Galileo Galilei used new tools like the telescope to make careful observations.
2) The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that promoted reason and the scientific method over tradition and faith. Philosophers like John Locke argued people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. In France, philosophes like Voltaire advocated for tolerance and freedom of expression.
3) Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe in the 1700s. Monarchs like Frederick the Great and Joseph
This summarizes a document analyzing different perspectives on the 1791 massacre at the Champ de Mars during the French Revolution. It discusses David Andress arguing the crowd was portrayed as led by foreign subversives to deny social conflict. It also discusses George Rudé arguing the crowd formation was encouraged by the democratic party to gain support for a republic. Finally, it discusses Colin Lucas critiquing these perspectives based on his research on typical crowd behavior before and after the revolution.
Harry elmer barnes revisionism and the promotion of peace - journal of hist...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the history and goals of revisionism in analyzing historical events like wars. It discusses how revisionism has been applied to reexamine the causes and myths around several American wars like the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican-American War, as well as the US entry into World War I. The document uses specific examples to show how revisionist studies have debunked myths used to justify these wars by providing a more objective analysis of the facts and replacing emotional propaganda with calm investigation of the evidence.
The United States became a world power after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War of 1898. This war represented the resurgence of Manifest Destiny and American imperialism as European nations colonized Africa. As a result of the war, the US gained control of islands from the Caribbean to the Pacific. President Theodore Roosevelt then flexed American military might through interventions in Latin America and Asia to establish US influence abroad during this new era of American imperialism at the turn of the 20th century.
Leon degrelle epic - the story of the waffen ss - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides background on Leon Degrelle, a Belgian politician and soldier who fought for Nazi Germany as a member of the Waffen SS. It discusses Degrelle's early life and political career in Belgium before World War 2. It then describes how he joined the Waffen SS and fought bravely on the Eastern Front, becoming one of the most decorated Waffen SS soldiers. After the war, Degrelle escaped to Spain and has lived in exile there, becoming a prominent witness and defender of the Waffen SS. The document sets up Degrelle as a key figure to provide insight into the little known phenomenon of the Waffen SS during his upcoming lecture.
The french revolution and the enlightenment 2shanandros
The document discusses key concepts of the Enlightenment, including reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. It provides definitions for these concepts, such as viewing nature as good and reasonable. It also discusses important Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft and some of their key ideas around natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of thought, equality, and women's rights. Finally, it poses discussion questions about whether the philosophes would be satisfied with modern governments and which of their statements are most important today.
Carlo mattogno the myth of the extermination of the jews - part ii - journa...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes the birth and development of Holocaust revisionism. It lists numerous revisionist works published since the 1960s that question or deny the mainstream understanding of the Holocaust. It describes how revisionism grew from the work of early skeptics like Paul Rassinier in challenging the Nuremberg trials. It outlines the establishment of revisionist organizations like the Institute for Historical Review and journals that helped spread revisionist theses to a wider audience. The document portrays revisionism as an growing intellectual movement that is producing more defenders and literature over time.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
This document contains Adolf Hitler's thoughts on the political situation in early 1945 as recorded by Martin Bormann. Hitler criticizes Churchill for refusing peace negotiations and instead following the directives of Roosevelt and the Jews. He argues that Britain should have allowed the unification of Europe under German leadership for the balance of power. Hitler believes Britain's obstinacy in continuing the war will lead to the end of the British Empire, while Germany's resistance is justified given it was forced into war against its will.
This document provides an overview of American literature from the 17th century to the 20th century. It discusses early works like A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The Bay Psalm Book (1640). Major authors from the 18th century like Benjamin Franklin and the influence of the American Revolution are mentioned. The 19th century section covers writers like Irving, Poe, Cooper, Hawthorne, Whitman, Dickinson and Frost. The 20th century highlights experimentation with form and themes of alienation and transformation in modern American literature.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
- The document discusses Holocaust revisionism and questions the mainstream historical account of the Holocaust. It argues that revisionist historians challenge the claim that Nazi Germany pursued a systematic policy to exterminate Europe's Jews.
- Revisionists have faced suppression and legal sanctions for their research, but they aim to establish accurate historical facts rather than defend Nazism. They examine evidence like survivor testimony, population statistics, and German records.
- The author argues that the Holocaust narrative has been exploited by various political forces and now faces little critical examination. Revisionism seeks to bring history into line with facts and establish proper context for Jewish suffering during World War II.
branding the nation the historical contextwiwi isnaini
1) The document discusses the historical context of branding nations, noting that almost every nation has reinvented itself as regimes and circumstances have changed.
2) It uses France as a detailed example of how a nation has been rebranded multiple times, with different political and cultural incarnations over the centuries, from the Kingdom under Louis XIV to the various republics and empires that followed.
3) Despite claims that a nation cannot be rebranded, the document argues that France in particular has shaped and reshaped its identity through revolutionary changes in government and ideology.
Newspapers have played a vital role in American history since the first publication in 1690. Over time, newspapers grew from small weekly publications serving local communities to mass circulations of over a million by the late 19th century, driven by technological advances in printing and lower costs. Newspapers influenced public opinion and the course of events, and the founding of the United States ensured the freedom of the press.
American journalism has its origins in the Colonial period with Benjamin Harris' one-issue newspaper in 1690. The first continuously published newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, began in 1704. Early newspapers contained mostly foreign news and listings of local events. Peter Zenger's acquittal in 1735 for libeling the colonial government established the precedent of a free press. Benjamin Day's penny press model in the 1830s made newspapers affordable and appealing to the masses through sensationalized content and advertising. The telegraph in the late 1800s allowed for faster news dissemination. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst popularized "yellow journalism" in the 1890s through exaggerated stories intended to increase circulation. Modern newspapers face competition from other
American journalism has its origins in the Colonial period with Benjamin Harris' one-issue newspaper in 1690. The first continuously published newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, began in 1704. Early newspapers contained mostly foreign news and listings of local events. Peter Zenger's acquittal in 1735 for libeling the colonial government established the precedent for a free press. Benjamin Day's penny press model in the 1830s made newspapers affordable and accessible to the masses through lower costs and sensationalized content. The telegraph in the late 1800s allowed for faster news transmission. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst popularized "yellow journalism" in the 1890s through sensational stories and images to increase circulation. Modern newspapers face competition
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
- Journalism has existed as long as humans have communicated through oral storytelling, but writing stories down helped ensure their accuracy. The first recurring publications emerged in the late 16th/early 17th century in Europe.
- Developments like the printing press, telegraph, photography, and wire services in the 19th century increased the speed at which news could be reported and distributed. This led to the rise of mass-circulation newspapers and intense competition between publishers.
- Events like the Civil War established modern conventions for objective reporting and the "inverted pyramid" structure. Technological changes and growing urban populations fueled the growth of newspaper empires in the late 19th/early 20
The document provides a history of media legislation in Britain and the United States from the 17th century to the early 20th century. It discusses the early licensing acts in Britain that required printing presses to be licensed. The licensing act expired in 1694. The 18th century saw growth of press freedom and the emergence of influential journalists. The 19th century witnessed the development of newspaper chains and daily newspapers appearing in cities outside London. In the US, the first newspaper was established in 1704. The late 19th century saw the rise of sensational "yellow journalism" under publishers like Pulitzer, and the emergence of tabloid newspapers and magazines in the early 20th century.
The document discusses key developments in early American journalism history. It describes two Revolutionary War printers, Isaiah Thomas and Thomas Paine, who helped establish freedom of the press. It then discusses the penny press of the 1830s, which made newspapers more affordable and accessible to the masses. This led newspapers to focus more on local news and human interest stories. The document also summarizes the invention of the telegraph in 1844, which allowed for long-distance transmission of news and stimulated growth of small town newspapers. It concludes by discussing the founding of the Associated Press in 1848 to facilitate the sharing of news among newspapers.
This presentation expresses my belief of newspapers being the heart of journalism. Focusing on trends and growth, the presentation shows us how newspapers developed the art of being a journalist
This document provides an overview of the influences of the Revolutionary Era on literature from 1750-1800. It discusses how increased feelings of liberty and the development of new technology led to more antislavery literature. It also describes how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation government inspired literature on better forms of government. The document outlines the influences of scientific discoveries, acts of protest, and key events in the American Revolution on literature of the time period. It also briefly discusses the effects of the Revolutionary Era on women in literature and provides examples of colonial art styles and major authors from this period.
American Literature in the 18th century.pptxSirajudheenSRJ
The document discusses American literature in the 18th century. It notes that the most memorable writing of the time was done by the Founding Fathers through political pamphlets as they led the American Revolution and wrote the Constitution. It also discusses how writers like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine contributed works reflecting Enlightenment ideals and promoting independence from Britain through pamphlets and essays. Thomas Jefferson is also mentioned as a prominent writer and Founding Father.
Bjmc i, dcm,unit-ii, print jounalism-the beginningRai University
Print journalism began with bulletins in ancient Rome but developed more fully in Europe during the 16th century with the emergence of news pamphlets and broadsides. Early newspapers in Britain faced censorship and restrictions on domestic news coverage. The first daily newspaper was published in 1702, and circulation grew dramatically over the 18th century despite heavy taxes on newspapers. Conflict arose between newspapers and the state as publications pushed for greater press freedom and the ability to criticize authorities. Newspaper taxes were eventually reduced and abolished in the mid-19th century, allowing for massive growth in newspaper readership.
The document discusses early American literature from the colonial period through the early 19th century. It highlights key figures like Benjamin Franklin, who promoted Enlightenment ideals through works like Poor Richard's Almanac. It also discusses Revolutionary pamphleteers like Thomas Paine and the development of American gothic fiction with authors like Brockden Brown. The early literature explored political and social themes while establishing uniquely American subjects, genres, and perspectives.
The document provides a history of print and broadcast media. It discusses the earliest forms of print media including clay tablets in Mesopotamia and papyrus in Egypt. The printing press was invented in the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg, rapidly spreading across Europe. Newspapers emerged in the early 17th century. Penny papers launched in the 1830s by selling for one cent. Radio was developed in the late 19th century through the work of scientists like Hertz and Marconi. Television was invented in the early 20th century by Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin.
The penny press era of the mid-1800s saw the rise of mass communication in the US, with citizens reading multiple newspapers daily. Competition between newspapers intensified in the late 1800s, leading to the yellow journalism era where sensationalized stories were used to sell more papers. In the early 1900s, the tabloid journalism era emphasized sex, violence and celebrity affairs. By the 1960s, radio and television news reduced newspaper readership.
The history of journalism in Mexico dates back to the 16th century when preachers would share news in public spaces under colonial authorities' supervision. The first newspaper, "The American Wake", published from 1810-1811 during the war for independence. Modern journalism developed further in the late 19th century as newspapers like The Guardian adopted a more modern format and sections from U.S. papers. Journalism continued growing and influential papers like El Universal and Excelsior were founded in the early 20th century.
The chapter provides a history of journalism in the United States from its earliest days. It discusses the first newspaper published in 1690, the important Zenger trial in 1735 which strengthened freedom of the press, and the emergence of penny papers in the 1830s which expanded news access. It also covers the rise of yellow journalism in the late 1800s under publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer, and the development of radio and television which changed the news media landscape in the 20th century.
1. Print journalism began in Britain in the early 17th century with the first newspapers printing only foreign news until 1641 when they began including domestic news.
2. The Times was first published in 1785 as the Daily Universal Register and became one of Britain's most influential newspapers, known for its tradition of accuracy and impartiality.
3. Throughout the 19th century, newspapers became more common and widespread due to the abolition of stamp duty in 1855 and use of the telegraph for faster news delivery.
Chapter 2 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
The document outlines the history and evolution of newspapers in the United States from the colonial era to modern times. It discusses how the first newspapers established press freedom and independence. It also describes how newspapers were used to champion social causes and issues like racism. The era of "yellow journalism" in the late 19th century led to sensationalist reporting and tabloid styles. More recently, newspapers have moved online and struggled with declining circulation, forcing new business models.
Similar to Bjmc i, met, unit-i,, origins of the newspaper (20)
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A product is an item offered for sale that can be physical or virtual. It has a life cycle and may need to be adapted over time to remain relevant. A product needs to serve a purpose, function well, and be effectively communicated to users. It also requires a name to help it stand out.
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Products go through a life cycle with stages of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Marketing strategies must adapt to each stage such as heavy promotion and price changes in introduction and maturity.
This document discusses barriers between marketing researchers and managerial decision makers. It identifies three types of barriers: behavioral, process, and organizational. Specific behavioral barriers discussed include confirmatory bias, the difficulty balancing creativity and data, and the newcomer syndrome. Process barriers include unsuccessful problem definition and research rigidity. Organizational barriers include misuse of information asymmetries. The document also discusses ethical issues in marketing research such as deceptive practices, invasion of privacy, and breaches of confidentiality.
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This document discusses marketing research and its key steps and methods. Marketing research involves collecting, analyzing and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. There are 5 key steps in marketing research: 1) define the problem, 2) collect data, 3) analyze and interpret data, 4) reach a conclusion, 5) implement the research. Common data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observations, and experiments. The data is then analyzed using statistical techniques like frequency, percentages, and means to interpret the findings and their implications for marketing decisions.
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Dyeing is a method of imparting color to textiles by applying dyes. There are two major types of dyes - natural dyes extracted from plants/animals/minerals and synthetic dyes made in a laboratory. Dyes can be applied at different stages of textile production from fibers to yarns to fabrics to finished garments. Common dyeing methods include stock dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece dyeing, and garment dyeing. Proper dye and method selection are needed for good colorfastness.
Bsc agri 2 pae u-4.4 publicrevenue-presentation-130208082149-phpapp02Rai University
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Bsc agri 2 pae u-3.2 introduction to macro economicsRai University
This document provides an introduction to macroeconomics. It defines macroeconomics as the study of national economies and the policies that governments use to affect economic performance. It discusses key issues macroeconomists address such as economic growth, business cycles, unemployment, inflation, international trade, and macroeconomic policies. It also outlines different macroeconomic theories including classical, Keynesian, and unified approaches.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Bjmc i, met, unit-i,, origins of the newspaper
1. Origins of the Newspaper
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government
without newspapers, or newspapers without a
government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the
latter. -Thomas Jefferson, 1787.
For my part I entertain a high idea of the utility of periodical
publications; insomuch as I could heartily desire, copies of ...
magazines, as well as common Gazettes, might be spread
through every city, town, and village in the United States. I
consider such vehicles of knowledge more happily calculated
than any other to preserve the liberty, stimulate the industry,
and ameliorate the morals of a free and enlightened people.-
George Washington, 1788.
Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech
or of the press... -Article One, Bill of Rights of the United
States Constitution, 1789.
Here is the living disproof of the old adage that nothing is as
dead as yesterday’s newspaper... This is what really happened,
reported by a free press to a free people. It is the raw material of
history; it is the story of our own times. -Henry Steel
Commager, preface to a history of the New York Times, 1951
The Origins of Newspapers
The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the
human experience going back some five centuries. In Renaissance
Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately
among merchants, passing along information about everything
from wars and economic conditions to social customs and
“human interest” features. The first printed forerunners of the
newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400’s in the form
of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized
in content. Some of the most famous of these report the
atrocities against Germans in Transylvania perpetrated by a
sadistic veovod named Vlad Tsepes Drakul, who became the
Count Dracula of later folklore.
In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the
newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only
when some event worthy of notice occurred. The first successively
published title was The Weekly Newes of 1622. It was
followed in the 1640’s and 1650’s by a plethora of different
titles in the similar newsbook format. The first true newspaper in
English was the London Gazette of 1666. For a generation it was
the only officially sanctioned newspaper, though many periodical
titles were in print by the century’s end.
Beginnings in America
In America the first newspaper appeared in Boston in 1690,
entitled Publick Occurrences. Published without authority, it was
immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies
were destroyed. Indeed, it remained forgotten until 1845 when
the only known surviving example was discovered in the British
Library. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-
Letter, begun by postmaster John Campbell in 1704. Although
it was heavily subsidized by the colonial government the
experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation. Two
more papers made their appearance in the 1720’s, in Philadelphia
2. and New York, and the Fourth Estate slowly became
established on the new continent. By the eve of the Revolutionary
War, some two dozen papers were issued at all the colonies,
although Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania would
remain the centers of American printing for many years. Articles
in colonial papers, brilliantly conceived by revolutionary
propagandists, were a major force that influenced public
opinion in America from reconciliation with England to full
political independence.
At war’s end in 1783 there were forty-three newspapers in print.
The press played a vital role in the affairs of the new nation;
many more newspapers were started, representing all shades of
political opinion. The no holds barred style of early journalism,
much of it libelous by modern standards, reflected the rough
and tumble political life of the republic as rival factions jostled
for power. The ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 at last
guaranteed of freedom of the press, and America’s newspapers
began to take on a central role in national affairs. Growth
continued in every state. By 1814 there were 346 newspapers. In
the Jacksonian populist 1830’s, advances in printing and
papermaking technology led to an explosion of newspaper
growth, the emergence of the “Penny Press”; it was now
possible to produce a newspaper that could be sold for just a
cent a copy. Previously, newspapers were the province of the
wealthy, literate minority. The price of a year’s subscription,
usually over a full week’s pay for a laborer, had to be paid in full
and “invariably in advance.” This sudden availability of cheap,
interesting reading material was a significant stimulus to the
achievement of the nearly universal literacy now taken for
granted in America.
The Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution, as it transformed all aspects of
American life and society, dramatically affected newspapers. Both
the numbers of papers and their paid circulations continued to
rise. The 1850 census catalogued 2,526 titles. In the 1850’s
powerful, giant presses appeared, able to print ten thousand
complete papers per hour. At this time the first “pictorial”
weekly newspapers emerged; they featured for the first time
extensive illustrations of events in the news, as woodcut
engravings made from correspondents’ sketches or taken from
that new invention, the photograph. During the Civil War the
unprecedented demand for timely, accurate news reporting
transformed American journalism into a dynamic, hardhitting
force in the national life. Reporters, called “specials,” became the
darlings of the public and the idols of youngsters everywhere.
Many accounts of battles turned in by these intrepid adventurers
stand today as the definitive histories of their subjects.
Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years.
An astounding 11,314 different papers were recorded in the
1880 census. By the 1890’s the first circulation figures of a
million copies per issue were recorded (ironically, these newspapers
are now quite rare due to the atrocious quality of cheap
paper then in use, and to great losses in World War II era paper
drives) At this period appeared the features of the modern
3. newspaper, bold “banner” headlines, extensive use of illustrations,
“funny pages,” plus expanded coverage of organized
sporting events. The rise of “yellow journalism” also marks
this era. Hearst could truthfully boast that his newspapers
manufactured the public clamor for war on Spain in 1898. This
is also the age of media consolidation, as many independent
newspapers were swallowed up into powerful “chains”; with
regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible
press, many were reduced to vehicles for the distribution of the
particular views of their owners, and so remained, without
competing papers to challenge their viewpoints. By the 1910’s,
all the essential features of the recognizably modern newspaper
had emerged. In our time, radio and television have gradually
supplanted newspapers as the nation’s primary information
sources, so it may be difficult initially to appreciate the role that
newspapers have played in our history.
Thomas Paine was born on the twenty-nineth of January 1737
at Thetford, Norfolk in England, as a son of a Quaker. After a
short basic education, he started to work, at first for his father,
later as an officer of the excise. During this occupation Thomas
Paine was an unsuccesfull man, and was twice dismissed from
his post. In 1774, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who
advised him to emigrate to America, giving him letters of
recommandation.
Paine landed at Philadelphia on November 30, 1774. Starting
over as a publicist, he first published his African Slavery in
America, in the spring of 1775, criticizing slavery in America as
being unjust and inhumaine. At this time he also had become
co-editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine On arriving in Philadelphia,
Paine had sensed the rise of tension, and the spirit of
rebellion, that had steadily mounted in the Colonies after the
Boston Teaparty and when the fightings had started, in April
1775, with the battles of Lexington and Concord. In Paine’s
view the Colonies had all the right to revolt against a government
that imposed taxes on them but which did not give them
the right of representation in the Parliament at Westminster.
But he went even further: for him there was no reason for the
Colonies to stay dependent on England. On January 10, 1776
Paine formulated his ideas on american independence in his
pamphlet Common Sense.
In his Common Sense, Paine states that sooner or later
independence from England must come, because America had
lost touch with the mother country. In his words, all the
arguments for separation of England are based on nothing
more than simple facts, plain arguments and common sense.
Government was necessary evil that could only become safe
when it was representative and altered by frequent elections. The
function of government in society ought to be only regulating
and therefore as simple as possible. Not suprisingly, but
nevertheless remarkable was his call for a declaration of
independence. Due to the many copies sold (500.000) Paine’s
influence on the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776 is
eminent. Another sign of his great influence is the number of
loyalist reactions to Common Sense.
During the War of Independence Paine volunteered in the
4. Continental Army and started with the writing of his highly
influencial sixteen American Crisis papers, which he published
between 1776 and 1783. In 1777 he became Secretary of the
Committee of Foreign Affairs in Congress, but already in 1779
he was forced to resign because he had disclosed secret information.
In the following nine years he worked as a clerck at the
Pennsylvania Assembly and published several of his writings.
In 1787 Thomas Paine left for England, innitialy to raise funds
for the building of a bridge he had designed, but after the
outbreak of the French Revolution he became deeply involved
in it. Between March 1791 and February 1792 he published
numerous editions of his Rights of Man, in which he defended
the French Revolution against the attacks by Edmund Burke, in
his Reflections on the Revolution in France. But it was more
then a defence of the French Revolution: An analysis of the
roots of the discontent in Europe, which he laid in arbitrary
government, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and war. The
book being banned in England because it opposed to monarchy,
Paine failed to be arrested because he was already on his way
to France, having been ellected in the National Convention.
Though a true republicanist, he was imprisoned in 1793 under
Robespierre, because he had voted against the execution of the
dethroned king Louis XVI. During his imprisonment the
publication of his Age of Reason started. Age of Reason was
written in praise of the achievements of the Age of
Enlightment, and it was om this book that he was acussed of
being an atheist.
After his release he stayed in France until 1802, when he sailed
back to America, after an invitation by Thomas Jefferson who
had met him before when he was minister in Paris and who
admirred him. Back in the United States he learned that he was
seen as a great infidel, or simply forgotten for what he had done
for America. He continued his critical writings, for instance
against the Federalists and on religious superstition.
After his death in New York City on June 8, 1809 the newspapers
read: He had lived long, did some good and much harm,
which time judged to be an unworthy epitaph.
The Press in India (Media History Second Lecture)
Though media and reporting were practised during Mughal
times in India the press in the modern sense came into
existence in the early part of the 19th Century. The first newspapers
were bulletins brought out by officials of the East India
Company mainly as a means of exchanging gossip and to air
grievances. The Bengal Harkuru and Benga(Hickey’s) Gazette were
examples. (show copies). The Company authorities did try to
curb this but it was essentially an exchange of ideas between its
British employees and management.
In the second and third decades of the 19th century Indian
nationalism began to grow as a concept. Ram Mohun Roy, one
of the men responsible for the infusion of new ideas in the
country, also started the first nationalist newspaper. It was calledthe Mirat-ul-akhbar. Later papers like Indian Mirror
represented
this reformist trend.
Divisions within Indian society was the major problem facing
anyone who had embarked on the road to building and uniting
5. a nation. Common factors had to be emphasised.
Rationalism rather than superstition or the diktat of the clergy
were other important developments all over the world during
the 18th and 19th centuries.
That is why the initial tone of the nationalist newspapers in
India was reformist – evils like sati were identified. Campaigns
were run against them. A sympathetic British administration
run by Company officials were persuaded to pass legislation to
check these evil practices.
Caste was seen as a major obstacle to unity among members of
the newly emerging India. The urgent need for social and
religious reform thus formed the content of most of the early
newspapers.
The First Indian war of independence or the Sepoy Mutiny (as
the British called it) in 1857 was a turning point. Subsequent to
this event the British government took full control over Indian
administration.
The 1857 event signalled the diminishing power of the middle
feudal classes like zamindars and the rise of the new middle
classes belonging to the professions who had received the new
western style education. As administration became serious
business for the British authorities, the new Indian middle
classes started clamouring for a share in power. The Indian
National Congress was formed. To give expression to their
views and aspirations papers like the Amrit Bazar Patrika were
founded. If you look at their contents you’ll find more stuff
on why Indians should be given a greater share in power rather
than the focusing on obstacles to nation-building. But most of
the papers were predominantly political in nature.
Activity
Find a past newspaper or magazine (as old as you can) and list
the differences that you notice that have occurred in newspaper
presentation and style since then. Also point out why you think
these changes happened.
References-
1. Baran and Davis; Mass Communication Theory; (2000); Thomas-Wadsworth
2. Fiske; Introduction to Communication Studies; (1982)
3. Infante, Rance and Womack; Building Communication Theory, 2nd edition; (1993);
4. Berger; Media Analysis Techniques