Bipolar disorder
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Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings between periods of profound depression and extreme euphoria or mania, with normal mood periods in between. It involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times, typically with extreme highs and lows. The disorder is classified based on current mood episode and presence of psychotic symptoms. Both biological and psychosocial factors are thought to play a role in its etiology. Treatment involves medication and nursing management focuses on safety, stabilization of mood, and prevention of relapse.
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Ocd overview
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition where a person experiences neurological symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or seizures that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It occurs when psychological stressors are converted into physical symptoms affecting sensation, movement, or both. People with conversion disorder may experience weakness in the limbs, impaired coordination, or problems with senses like vision or hearing. It is diagnosed through medical history, exams, and tests to rule out other neurological or medical conditions. Treatment involves counseling therapies and sometimes medication to manage anxiety or depression. Prognosis is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed early and the patient engages with treatment recommendations.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things for at least six months. It is a common chronic disorder not focused on any single object or situation. Women are two to three times more likely than men to suffer from GAD, which typically develops between childhood and late adulthood, with median onset at age 31. Causes include genetics, abnormal brain chemistry, trauma, stressful life events, and environmental factors. Diagnosis requires excessive anxiety and worry for over six months that is difficult to control and associated with restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues, or difficulty concentrating. Treatment involves medication like benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as cognitive
Mood disorder
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood that are accompanied by related cognitive, physical, and interpersonal difficulties. They include conditions like bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression, while major depressive disorder involves recurrent episodes of depression without mania. Mood disorders have biological, genetic, neurological, and psychosocial causes. They are diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with medications, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy with the goal of managing mood disturbances and related issues. Nursing care focuses on safety, treatment adherence, symptom monitoring, and education.
BIPOLAR DISORDER.pptx
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies. It defines bipolar disorder as a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. There are several types of bipolar disorder that are distinguished by the severity and length of manic episodes. Potential causes include genetic and environmental factors that impact neurotransmitter levels and brain circuitry. Symptoms vary depending on the current mood state. Treatment strategies include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy using mood stabilizers and other medications, and brain stimulation techniques like ECT if needed.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Delusions
Delusions are beliefs that are firmly held but on inadequate grounds and are not affected by rational argument or evidence. They are not conventional beliefs for a person's cultural background and education level. Primary delusions occur suddenly without other abnormal mental events, while secondary delusions arise from previous abnormal ideas or experiences like hallucinations or mood disorders. Related phenomena include delusional moods, perceptions, and memories. Shared delusions between two people are called folie à deux. Common delusional themes include persecution, reference, grandeur, guilt, worthlessness, control of thoughts, and religious or sexual beliefs.
Bipolar Disorders I & II
This document discusses Bipolar Disorders I and II as defined by the DSM-5. Bipolar I Disorder requires at least one manic episode, along with potential hypomanic or depressive episodes. Diagnostic criteria for manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes are provided. Bipolar II Disorder involves at least one hypomanic and one depressive episode, without mania. It further defines hypomanic and depressive episode criteria and discusses the development, course, and age of onset for both disorders.
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Ocd overview
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to these thoughts. The obsessions or compulsions significantly interfere with daily life. OCD has been linked to imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine in the brain, as well as genetic and environmental factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other potential treatments under research include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy, but more studies are still needed to establish their efficacy for OCD.
Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition where a person experiences neurological symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or seizures that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. It occurs when psychological stressors are converted into physical symptoms affecting sensation, movement, or both. People with conversion disorder may experience weakness in the limbs, impaired coordination, or problems with senses like vision or hearing. It is diagnosed through medical history, exams, and tests to rule out other neurological or medical conditions. Treatment involves counseling therapies and sometimes medication to manage anxiety or depression. Prognosis is generally good, especially if the condition is diagnosed early and the patient engages with treatment recommendations.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday things for at least six months. It is a common chronic disorder not focused on any single object or situation. Women are two to three times more likely than men to suffer from GAD, which typically develops between childhood and late adulthood, with median onset at age 31. Causes include genetics, abnormal brain chemistry, trauma, stressful life events, and environmental factors. Diagnosis requires excessive anxiety and worry for over six months that is difficult to control and associated with restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues, or difficulty concentrating. Treatment involves medication like benzodiazepines or antidepressants as well as cognitive
Mood disorder
Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood that are accompanied by related cognitive, physical, and interpersonal difficulties. They include conditions like bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression, while major depressive disorder involves recurrent episodes of depression without mania. Mood disorders have biological, genetic, neurological, and psychosocial causes. They are diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with medications, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy with the goal of managing mood disturbances and related issues. Nursing care focuses on safety, treatment adherence, symptom monitoring, and education.
BIPOLAR DISORDER.pptx
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies. It defines bipolar disorder as a mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. There are several types of bipolar disorder that are distinguished by the severity and length of manic episodes. Potential causes include genetic and environmental factors that impact neurotransmitter levels and brain circuitry. Symptoms vary depending on the current mood state. Treatment strategies include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy using mood stabilizers and other medications, and brain stimulation techniques like ECT if needed.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Delusions
Delusions are beliefs that are firmly held but on inadequate grounds and are not affected by rational argument or evidence. They are not conventional beliefs for a person's cultural background and education level. Primary delusions occur suddenly without other abnormal mental events, while secondary delusions arise from previous abnormal ideas or experiences like hallucinations or mood disorders. Related phenomena include delusional moods, perceptions, and memories. Shared delusions between two people are called folie à deux. Common delusional themes include persecution, reference, grandeur, guilt, worthlessness, control of thoughts, and religious or sexual beliefs.
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Organic mental disorder
This document provides an overview of organic mental disorders, focusing on delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as an acute, transient disturbance in attention, cognition and consciousness that is usually reversible. Dementia is described as a chronic or persistent decline in cognitive abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life. The document outlines the prevalence, causes, signs/symptoms and diagnostic criteria for delirium. It also discusses the types and characteristics of dementia. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches are summarized for delirium, including addressing underlying causes and maintaining behavioral control.
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Delusions
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Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns in how a person integrates their thoughts, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Common types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, trance/possession disorders, and conversion disorder. These disorders often develop as a result of trauma or abuse during childhood and involve defense mechanisms like repression and dissociation. People with dissociative disorders experience symptoms like memory loss, identity confusion, anesthesia or paralysis without physical cause, and lack of conscious control over their own behavior. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help people process the underlying traumatic experiences and integrate their sense of self.
Delirium Tremens
Alcohol withdrawal can cause delirium tremens in 3-5% of heavy drinkers undergoing alcohol withdrawal. Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves confusion, hallucinations, rapid heart rate and elevated blood pressure. Intravenous diazepam is the primary treatment for delirium tremens to safely manage withdrawal symptoms.
Depression
Mood disorders are characterized by episodes of depressed or manic mood. They are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors. Common types of mood disorders include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder, which involve emotional, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral symptoms. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as CBT, medication like SSRIs, or electroconvulsive therapy in severe cases. Mood disorders are highly prevalent and affect women more than men.
Bipolar mood disorder
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Acute and transient Psychotic Disorder
This document provides an overview of Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder (ATPD). It discusses the history and evolution of ATPD from early descriptions in the late 19th century to its inclusion as a diagnostic category in ICD-10 in 1992. The document outlines the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for ATPD and reviews several landmark studies that helped establish ATPD as a separate diagnostic category from schizophrenia and affective disorders. It also discusses cultural variants of brief psychotic episodes and debates around classifying certain culture-bound syndromes as ATPD.
Schizophrenia
Here is a nursing care plan for a schizophrenic patient:
Nursing Diagnosis: Disturbed thought processes related to hallucinations and delusions
Goals:
- Patient will demonstrate logical and reality-based thinking
- Reduce symptoms of psychosis
Interventions:
- Reorient patient frequently to time, place and situation
- Engage in therapeutic communication to assess thought processes
- Monitor for paranoid or dangerous thoughts and report immediately
- Encourage patient to verbalize thoughts and feelings to increase insight
- Provide distraction from auditory or visual hallucinations
Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for self-harm related to command hallucinations
Goals:
- Patient will remain
Delusion
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
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Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
Bipolar disorder
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. It has a significant public health impact due to high treatment costs and non-adherence to medication.
- Symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior. Symptoms of depression include low mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
- Causes are thought to involve genetic and biological factors like neurotransmitter levels. Stressful life events can also trigger episodes.
- Treatment involves medication
Management of violent patient in emergency
This document provides guidance on managing violent patients in the emergency department. It discusses causes of violence including medical, psychiatric and social factors. Signs of escalating violence are outlined in three phases from anxiety to physical aggression. Recommendations are given for containment, assessment, de-escalation, restraint and seclusion. Medications that can be used for rapid tranquilization are also outlined along with their dosages and adverse effects. The document stresses safety, a team approach and avoiding floor restraints when possible. It seeks to balance controlling behavior with risks of sedation masking underlying illness.
Psychosis
Delusional disorders and acute & transient psychosis are types of non-organic psychosis. Delusional disorders involve long-standing non-bizarre delusions for at least 3 months in disorders like somatic, persecutory, grandiose, jealous, and erotomanic types. Acute & transient psychotic disorders have an abrupt onset of symptoms within 2 weeks, and include disorders with polymorphic symptoms, schizophrenia-like symptoms, or predominantly delusional features. Both conditions are treated primarily with antipsychotics and psychotherapy, with good prognosis in many cases of acute & transient psychosis but a chronic course in some delusional disorders.
Manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disease)
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by periods of depression alternating with periods of mania or hypomania. During manic episodes, patients experience elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, and increased goal-directed activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Treatment involves medication such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants as well as psychotherapy. The causes of bipolar disorder are thought to involve genetic, neurological, environmental, and psychosocial factors.
mood disorders
ppt on mood disorders that will give brief idea of differences betweeen unipolar and bipolar mood disorders
psychotic diosorder mood disorder.pptx
Mood disorders involve disturbances of mood accompanied by related cognitive, psychomotor, physiological and interpersonal difficulties. They are characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania or depression that are not due to other medical conditions. The main types of mood disorders are bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder. The disorders involve abnormalities in neurotransmitters like serotonin and catecholamines as well as genetic and environmental/psychosocial factors. Symptoms vary between disorders but can include changes in mood, thought patterns, speech, activity levels, appetite and sleep alongside possible psychotic features. Careful diagnosis involves evaluating the severity and duration of symptom episodes.
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Alcohol use disorder
This document discusses substance use disorder and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, dependence, and psychoactive substances. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, psychiatric disorders, and complications of alcohol dependence. It discusses the properties of alcohol, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment including detoxification, disulfiram, and the nursing role in management.
Management suicide
This document discusses self-destructive behaviors including direct suicidal behaviors and indirect harmful behaviors. It provides data on global suicide rates and describes different types of suicidal behaviors ranging from threats to attempts to completion. Risk factors for suicide are examined including demographics, psychiatric disorders, physical illness, and psychosocial factors. Methods for assessing suicide risk such as the SAD PERSONS scale are presented. Interventions for managing individuals at different levels of risk like contract making and observation are outlined.
Classification of Psychiatric disorders
In brief the ppt covers the different ways in which disorders are classified in Psychiatry. Describes basics of ICD & DSM also.
Delusions
Normal thinking involves goal-directed progression of ideas and associations leading to rational conclusions. Thought disorders involve errors in this process and can be categorized as disorders of form, progression, content, or possession. Delusions are a type of thought content disorder characterized by false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence. Conrad proposed a 5-stage model of delusion development including mood changes, search for meaning, heightening of psychosis, formation of a new worldview, and eventual isolation. Delusions are classified based on origin, theme, mood congruence, reality value, and complexity. Common delusional themes include persecution, guilt, infidelity, grandeur, poverty, and somatic or religious beliefs. Case studies demonstrate delusional
Pathophysiology of Mental Illness
This document provides information on various topics related to mental health, including defining psychological disorders, characteristics of good and poor mental health, mental illnesses, causes of mental illness, the DSM diagnostic system, psychological assessment and testing, common mental health disorders in children and adults, therapies and treatments. It discusses disorders like autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia and personality disorders. It also outlines various pharmacological treatments for mental illnesses including antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety medications and stimulants.
Depressive disorder
Depression
Stress/ Anxiety/Fear
Mental illness
Psychological Problems
Mentally Disturb
Psychiatric Nursing
Dissociative disorders & conversion disorders
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns in how a person integrates their thoughts, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Common types include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, trance/possession disorders, and conversion disorder. These disorders often develop as a result of trauma or abuse during childhood and involve defense mechanisms like repression and dissociation. People with dissociative disorders experience symptoms like memory loss, identity confusion, anesthesia or paralysis without physical cause, and lack of conscious control over their own behavior. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help people process the underlying traumatic experiences and integrate their sense of self.
Delirium Tremens
Alcohol withdrawal can cause delirium tremens in 3-5% of heavy drinkers undergoing alcohol withdrawal. Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves confusion, hallucinations, rapid heart rate and elevated blood pressure. Intravenous diazepam is the primary treatment for delirium tremens to safely manage withdrawal symptoms.
Depression
Mood disorders are characterized by episodes of depressed or manic mood. They are caused by biological, psychological, and social factors. Common types of mood disorders include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder, which involve emotional, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral symptoms. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as CBT, medication like SSRIs, or electroconvulsive therapy in severe cases. Mood disorders are highly prevalent and affect women more than men.
Bipolar mood disorder
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Acute and transient Psychotic Disorder
This document provides an overview of Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder (ATPD). It discusses the history and evolution of ATPD from early descriptions in the late 19th century to its inclusion as a diagnostic category in ICD-10 in 1992. The document outlines the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for ATPD and reviews several landmark studies that helped establish ATPD as a separate diagnostic category from schizophrenia and affective disorders. It also discusses cultural variants of brief psychotic episodes and debates around classifying certain culture-bound syndromes as ATPD.
Schizophrenia
Here is a nursing care plan for a schizophrenic patient:
Nursing Diagnosis: Disturbed thought processes related to hallucinations and delusions
Goals:
- Patient will demonstrate logical and reality-based thinking
- Reduce symptoms of psychosis
Interventions:
- Reorient patient frequently to time, place and situation
- Engage in therapeutic communication to assess thought processes
- Monitor for paranoid or dangerous thoughts and report immediately
- Encourage patient to verbalize thoughts and feelings to increase insight
- Provide distraction from auditory or visual hallucinations
Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for self-harm related to command hallucinations
Goals:
- Patient will remain
Delusion
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
Impulse control disorder
THERE ARE LOTS OF DISORDERS IN MENTAL HEALTH DISEASES.THIS PRESENTATION IS ABOUT DETAILS OF IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER AND ITS MANAGEMENT.
Dissociative disorders cnt premnath 22 january
Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
Bipolar disorder
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. It has a significant public health impact due to high treatment costs and non-adherence to medication.
- Symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior. Symptoms of depression include low mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
- Causes are thought to involve genetic and biological factors like neurotransmitter levels. Stressful life events can also trigger episodes.
- Treatment involves medication
Management of violent patient in emergency
This document provides guidance on managing violent patients in the emergency department. It discusses causes of violence including medical, psychiatric and social factors. Signs of escalating violence are outlined in three phases from anxiety to physical aggression. Recommendations are given for containment, assessment, de-escalation, restraint and seclusion. Medications that can be used for rapid tranquilization are also outlined along with their dosages and adverse effects. The document stresses safety, a team approach and avoiding floor restraints when possible. It seeks to balance controlling behavior with risks of sedation masking underlying illness.
Psychosis
Delusional disorders and acute & transient psychosis are types of non-organic psychosis. Delusional disorders involve long-standing non-bizarre delusions for at least 3 months in disorders like somatic, persecutory, grandiose, jealous, and erotomanic types. Acute & transient psychotic disorders have an abrupt onset of symptoms within 2 weeks, and include disorders with polymorphic symptoms, schizophrenia-like symptoms, or predominantly delusional features. Both conditions are treated primarily with antipsychotics and psychotherapy, with good prognosis in many cases of acute & transient psychosis but a chronic course in some delusional disorders.
Manic depressive psychosis (bipolar disease)
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by periods of depression alternating with periods of mania or hypomania. During manic episodes, patients experience elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, and increased goal-directed activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Treatment involves medication such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants as well as psychotherapy. The causes of bipolar disorder are thought to involve genetic, neurological, environmental, and psychosocial factors.
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Mood disorders involve disturbances of mood accompanied by related cognitive, psychomotor, physiological and interpersonal difficulties. They are characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania or depression that are not due to other medical conditions. The main types of mood disorders are bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder. The disorders involve abnormalities in neurotransmitters like serotonin and catecholamines as well as genetic and environmental/psychosocial factors. Symptoms vary between disorders but can include changes in mood, thought patterns, speech, activity levels, appetite and sleep alongside possible psychotic features. Careful diagnosis involves evaluating the severity and duration of symptom episodes.
Depression psychiatry
Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, and poor concentration. There are several types of depression including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Symptoms include feelings of sadness, changes in appetite and sleep, fatigue, anxiety, and thoughts of death or suicide. Depression is caused by genetic, environmental, biochemical and physiological factors and can be effectively treated with antidepressant medication, psychotherapy like CBT or IPT, and lifestyle changes to reduce stress and improve sleep and social support.
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This document provides an overview of bipolar affective disorder, including:
1) Definitions of bipolar disorder according to the ICD-10 and DSM-V, which characterize it as involving alternating episodes of mania/hypomania and depression.
2) A brief historical background noting its description by various physicians and psychiatrists over the 19th-20th centuries.
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The document serves as a presentation on bipolar affective disorder, summarizing its key aspects in under 3 sentences for conciseness.
Mood disorders
This document discusses various mood disorders including bipolar disorder, depression, mania, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. It covers the definitions, classifications, symptoms, causes, treatment and nursing management of each disorder. The key points are:
1. Mood disorders involve sustained emotional responses that color one's whole mental life, and include conditions like bipolar disorder, depression, mania, dysthymia and cyclothymia.
2. Bipolar disorder involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It has a lifetime prevalence of around 3-4% and often has a genetic component.
3. Depression episodes can range from mild to severe and involve feelings of sadness, fatigue,
MOOD DISORDERS
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are mood disorders characterized by disturbances in mood and behavior ranging from depression to mania. Major depressive disorder involves at least two weeks of depressed mood or lack of interest in activities along with other symptoms. Bipolar disorder involves extreme mood swings between episodes of mania and depression. Both have genetic and biological factors and are treated with medication and psychotherapy. Accurate assessment and monitoring of symptoms is important for nursing care.
Major Affective Disorder
Major affective disorders are characterized by disordered feelings or emotions and include bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder involves extreme shifts between manic and depressive states, while unipolar disorder only involves periods of depression without manic episodes. Both conditions require long-term treatment including medication and therapy to control symptoms and prevent new episodes. Biological and genetic factors may contribute to the development of major affective disorders.
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This document discusses mood disorders and provides classifications and descriptions. It covers:
1. The classification of mood disorders includes categories like mania, hypomania, depressive disorders, bipolar mood disorders, and persistent mood disorders.
2. Hypomania is described as involving a persistent mild elevation of mood and other symptoms for at least 4 days.
3. Bipolar disorders involve recurrent episodes of mania and depression, which can occur in any sequence.
4. Differential diagnoses, management including pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, and prognosis are also addressed.
Depression
The document provides an overview of depression, including:
1. Defining depression and outlining the diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-IV, including symptoms such as persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep.
2. Describing different types of depression such as major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and discussing their symptoms.
3. Explaining various factors that can contribute to the development of depression including genetics, life stressors, medical conditions, and changes in the brain.
4. Outlining treatment approaches including antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and the nursing care role in monitoring safety, providing support, and promoting wellness
BIPOLAR DISORDER.pptx
Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder characterized by periods of mania and depression. During mania, an individual experiences elevated or irritable mood, decreased need for sleep, risky behavior, and fast speech. Depression causes sadness, loss of interest, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness. The exact cause is unknown but biological and genetic factors may play a role. Treatment involves psychotherapy, medications like lithium and antidepressants, and sometimes hospitalization for severe cases.
Mania
This document summarizes mood disorders including mania. It defines mania as a syndrome characterized by overactivity, mood change, and feelings of self-importance. Mood disorders are classified and specific types like bipolar disorder and depressive episodes are described. Factors that may contribute to mood disorders like genetics and biochemistry are discussed. The characteristics of different types of manic episodes such as hypomania, acute mania, and delusional mania are outlined. Nursing diagnoses and treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are also summarized.
mooddisorders-170721030958 (1).pptx
The document summarizes mood disorders and their classification. It describes the main features of manic episodes, depressive episodes, bipolar mood disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated mood and increased psychomotor activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, and feelings of worthlessness. Bipolar disorder involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Treatment involves medications like antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotics as well as psychosocial therapies.
MOOD DISORDERS
The document summarizes mood disorders and their classification. It describes the main features of manic episodes, depressive episodes, bipolar mood disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated mood and increased psychomotor activity. Depressive episodes involve depressed mood, loss of interest, and feelings of worthlessness. Bipolar disorder involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Treatment involves medications like antidepressants, lithium, antipsychotics as well as psychosocial therapies.
Depression and other Affective disorders
- Affective disorders include persistent mood disorders like depression that cause socio-occupational dysfunction. Depression is the most common mental disorder.
- The document outlines depression and bipolar affective disorder, their diagnostic criteria, clinical features, management, and when to refer patients. Depression is a leading cause of disability and its early identification and treatment improves outcomes. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania or hypomania with or without depression.
Bipolar disorder management
Bipolar disorder causes extreme shifts in mood from mania to depression. It is a chronic illness often diagnosed in adolescence that has high rates of suicide. While the causes are unknown, genetic and environmental factors likely contribute. Diagnosis involves meeting DSM-5 criteria for manic or hypomanic episodes. Treatment includes medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Lithium and anticonvulsants are commonly used to stabilize moods, while antidepressants may be used for depression but carry risk for inducing mania. Long-term management focuses on preventing recurrences through medication adherence and monitoring for risky behaviors.
Depression
The document discusses mood disorders such as depression. It defines depressive disorders as syndromes involving depressed mood, pessimistic thinking, lack of enjoyment and reduced energy. It classifies depressive disorders and lists their prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and nursing management considerations.
Mood disorders
Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. They are characterized by changes in mood that last for an extended period of time and impair functioning. The document discusses the history, definitions, types, epidemiology, and etiology of mood disorders. It covers biological factors like neurotransmitter disturbances, hormonal regulation, sleep, immunology, and brain imaging findings. Psychosocial factors like life events, personality, and psychodynamic theories are also reviewed.
Bipolar Mood Di-WPS Office.pptx
Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder characterized by unusual shifts in mood and ability to function. It is classified by the current mood state which can include mania, hypomania, mild or moderate depression, or severe depression, with or without psychotic features. The causes are thought to include neurochemical imbalances, genetic factors, and sleep disturbances. Symptoms include changes in appetite, energy, thoughts, and behavior. Treatment involves pharmacological interventions like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants as well as non-pharmacological therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and family therapy. Nursing care focuses on safety, monitoring for symptoms, providing education, and supporting treatment adherence.
Mood disorders
Mood disorders are characterized by a sense of loss of control over one's mood and subjective distress. They include conditions like bipolar disorder and recurrent depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of mania and depression, while recurrent depressive disorder involves two or more episodes of major depression. Core features of mania include elevated or irritable mood, increased speech, decreased need for sleep, and increased psychomotor activity, while depression is marked by depressed mood, anhedonia, and loss of energy. Treatment involves mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, or electroconvulsive therapy. Prognosis depends on factors like age of onset, duration of episodes, and presence of psych
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Defense mechanism
The document defines and provides examples of different types of defense mechanisms, which are unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety from unacceptable thoughts or impulses. It discusses primitive defense mechanisms like denial, acting out, and projection. Less primitive and more mature defenses include repression, displacement, intellectualization, rationalization, undoing, sublimation, compensation, and assertiveness.
Adhd
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It often begins before age 4 and is more common in boys than girls. While the exact causes are unknown, ADHD is thought to involve genetic and biochemical factors. Symptoms include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, acting without thinking, and learning problems. Treatment involves stimulant medications, behavioral therapy, and family support to help manage symptoms.
Somatoform disorders
Somatiform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be explained physically. They result from psychological factors and cause significant impairment. The disorders include somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, somatoform autonomic dysfunction, and persistent somatoform pain disorder. Treatment involves ruling out physical causes, evaluating psychological stressors, and using antidepressants, psychotherapy, and alternative therapies to help patients develop more effective coping strategies.
Sexual disorders
The document discusses various sexual disorders classified in ICD-10. It describes gender identity disorders like gender dysphoria and transsexualism. It also discusses psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual development including homosexuality and paraphilias. Finally, it covers sexual dysfunctions such as frigidity, impotence and premature ejaculation. The document provides etiology and treatment approaches for these various sexual disorders.
Post traumatic stress
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder caused by memories of past danger or trauma. Symptoms must last over a month and include re-experiencing trauma through dreams or flashbacks, avoidance of trauma reminders, and hyperarousal. Risk factors include experiencing or witnessing life-threatening events like combat, assault, accidents, or death of a loved one. Treatment involves managing comorbid issues, encouraging discussion of trauma, and exposure therapy to reduce distressing memories and beliefs. Medications like antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines may also help reduce PTSD symptoms.
Phobias
There are three main types of phobias: specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia. Specific phobias involve an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, like heights or insects. Social phobias involve a fear of social situations where one may be judged. Agoraphobia is a fear of being in places away from the safety of home or where escape may be difficult, like crowds. Phobias are treated with therapy and medication to help reduce anxiety and change irrational thoughts that cause the fears.
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Bipolar disorder
- 2. BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings from profound depression to extreme euphoria(mania) with intervening period of normalcy
- 3. DEFINITION • BPAD is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times .Typically the patient experiences extreme heights (mania/hypomania) alternating with extreme lows (depression), Interspersed between the heights and lows are the periods of normal mood.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION • F31.0- BPAD, current episode mania • F31.1- BPAD, current episode mania without psychotic symptoms • 31.2- BPAD, current episode mania with psychotic symptoms • F31.3- BPAD, current episode mild or moderate depression • F31.4- BPAD, current episode severe depression without psychotic symptoms • F31.5- BPAD, current episode severe depression with psychotic symptoms • F31.6- BPAD, current episode mixed.
- 5. ETIOLOGY • Etiology of Bipolar depression – Biological theories • Genetics • Biochemical influences • Neuro endocrine disturbances • Physiological influences
- 6. Etiology of Bipolar depression • Psychosocial theories – Psychoanalytic Theory – Behavioral theory – Sociological theory – Cognitive theory
- 7. ETIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR MANIA • Biological theories • Psychosocial theories
- 8. BIPOLAR DISORDER MIXED • symptom presentation includes rapidly alternating moods - sadness , irritability , euphoria, accompanied by symptoms associated with depression and mania. • This disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social and occupational functioning .Require hospitalization • Psychotic features present .
- 9. BIPOLAR 1 DISORDER • Manic and depressive episodes
- 10. BIPOLAR 2 DISORDER • Hypo manic and depressed
- 11. CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER • Characterized by short periods of mild depression alternating with short periods of hypomania; between the manic and depressive episode there will be brief periods of normal mood occur. • Manic and depressive episode is short and less severe than those in bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 disorder.
- 12. CLINICAL FEATURES • BIPOLAR MANIA Elevated mood : 4 stages Expansive mood: unceasing and unselective Irritable mood Psychomotor activity Speech and thought Attention
- 13. CLINICAL FEATURES • BIPOLAR DEPRESSION – DEPRESSED MOOD – DEPRESSIVE COGNITIONS • Hopelessness • Helplessness • Worthlessness • Unreasonable guilty feeling • Self blame
- 14. BIPOLAR DEPRESSION • SUICIDAL THOUGHTS: • PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY: – Psychomotor retardation – Thinks, walks and acts slowly – Monotonous – Delay in answering questions
- 15. BIPOLAR DEPRESSION • Somatic symptoms – Significant decrease in appetite or weight – Early morning awakening – Pervasive lack of interest and lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli – Posture is stooped – Reddened eyes from crying – Persons look 10 years older than their chronological age. – Constipation and anorexia – dry mouth, headache, sleep disturbance, fatigue and lowered libido
- 16. DIAGNOSIS • ICD 10 diagnostic criteria • Based on signs and symptoms
- 17. COURSE OF ILLNESS • Average manic episode lasts for 3-4 months and a depressive episode lasts for 4-9 months.
- 18. TREATMENT
- 20. ASSESSMENT
- 21. NURSING DIAGNOSIS • DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
- 22. • MANIC EPISODE
- 23. THANK YOU