Obsessive compulsive neurosis is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to obsessions. Common obsessions include contamination, harm, doubts, and hypochondriacal concerns. Compulsions such as washing, checking, or counting are aimed at neutralizing anxiety from obsessions. Treatment involves antidepressants, exposure therapy, and in severe cases ECT or surgery. The disorder typically has a chronic course with periods of exacerbation and remission.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
This slide contains information regarding Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Anxiety, defined as dread or apprehension, is not considered pathologic, is seen across the life span, and can be adaptive (e.g. the anxiety one might feel during an automobile crash).
Anxiety becomes disabling.
Interfering with social interactions, development.
Achievement of goals or quality of life.
Can lead to slow self esteem, social withdrawal.
Academic underachievement.
The average age of onset of anxiety disorder is 11 years.
This is the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood.
Occurs in 5-18% of all children and adolescents.
Prevalence rate is comparable to physical disorders such as asthma and diabetes.
One of the most common childhood anxiety disorder.
Prevalence- 3.5-5.4%
Girls ˃ boys
Common in prepubertal children. Average age of onset 7.5 yrs.
It is developmentally normal when it begins about 10 month of age and tapers off by 18 month.
By 3 years of age, most children can accept the temporary absence of their mother or primary caregiver.
SAD is characterised by unrealistic and persistent worries about separation from home or a major attachment figure.
Self-HarmSelf-Injurious Behaviour The deliberate .docxbagotjesusa
Self-Harm/Self-Injurious
Behaviour
� “The deliberate alteration or destruction of body
tissue without conscious suicidal intent.” (Favazza,
1993, p. 134)
� Most common forms
� Cutting (arms, legs, torso)
� Burning
� Most common sites of injury
� Arms, legs
Essential Features of Self-Harm
in Adolescents
� Not a suicide attempt
� Sense of relief from intolerable negative feelings
and mounting tension
� Tend to be depressed, sensitive to interpersonal
rejection, and irritable
� Common precipitants are situations leading to
feelings of rejection, helplessness, anger, or guilt
� Considered to be an expression of emotional pain
� In other words, it can be considered a coping strategy
Essential Features (cont’d)
� Addictive qualities
� Significant feelings of shame, guilt, and
embarrassment accompanied
� Not a unique symptom of BPD
� Can be highly repetitive
� Often accompanied by suicidal ideation
� Simply put, self-harm is a sign of an adolescent
who is experiencing significant distress
Self-Harm in Adolescence
� Typically begins in early-mid adolescence (12-15
years)
� Estimates of prevalence range from14-39%
� Prevalence in adolescent psychiatric inpatient
populations has been reported to be as high as 61%
� No sex differences (girls start earlier though)
� In comparison, estimated to occur in 4% of the
general adult population and 21% of the adult
psychiatric inpatient population
� Prevalence in adolescents on the rise
Functions of Self-Harm
� Cope with feelings of depression, anxiety/fear
� Release unbearable tension
� Express frustration and anger
� Feel pain in one particular area
� To feel something at all/something physical
� Distraction from unpleasant memories
� Punish self
� Stop suicidal ideation
� Relieve feelings of numbness/emptiness
Factors Associated with
Self-Injury
� Having friends who had recently self-injured
(contagion effect)
� A history of self-injury in the family
� Drug use
� Low self-esteem
� Attachment disruptions
� Interpersonal loss/conflict/rejection
� Inhibited emotional expression
How do you treat self-injury?
� Talk about it openly and without judgment
� No cold turkey
� Enhancing self-worth
� Addressing underlying distress
� Self-injury is a sign of distress
� Distress tolerance techniques
� The ‘slash your stuffy’ talk
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
� In the last year, the individual has, on 5 or more days,
engaged in intentional self-inflicted damage to the
surface of his or her body of a sort likely to induce
bleeding, bruising, or pain (e.g., cutting, burning,
stabbing, hitting, excessive rubbing), with the
expectation that the injury will lead to only minor or
moderate physical harm (i.e., there is no suicidal
intent).
� Note: The absence of suicidal inte.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Obsessions & Compulsions
Obsessions are recurrent (and persistent)
contents of consciousness (words, ideas,
beliefs, thoughts, images, impulses), which are
intrusive and are recognized as senseless.
Compulsions are obsession changed to action
(repetitive, purposeful and intentional
behaviours that are carried out according to
certain rules or in a stereotyped way.
3. Epidemiology
• A very rare disorder.
• Prevalence rates are around 0.05% of overt
disorder though
• Unrecognized milder forms may be more common.
• Obsessional symptoms are much more prevalent
(14%), particularly children (eg. rituals )
• Sex distribution is equal
• Onset in adolescence or young adults;
presentation delayed (7yrs).
• Higher social class, intelligence and educational
attainment.
4. Aetiology- Genetic
• up to 1/3 of relations have obsessional traits
• Predisposition. - Obsessive (or Anankastic)
personality: excessive cleanliness and order,
conscientious, strict ethical code, rules, rigid,
methodological, punctual, indecisive or doubts.
Pedantic, thorough, consistent, attention to
detail, perfectionist; dislikes half done tasks or
interruptions; inflexible, non-adaptable, likes
predictable & secure world; intolerant. Devoted
to work instead of pleasure (advantageous in
certain professions and occupations).
5. Aetiology-Environmental
• Psychoanalytic - According to Freud
regression to anal stage.
• Parental over-concern with toilet training,
cleanliness, and order; strict discipline & control
of sexual & aggressive impulses. Reared in
atmosphere where approval depends on
conformity, model behaviour, academic
performance rather than love and affection.
• Obsessional orderliness may be a defensive
mechanic to hope with stress, loss of control or
deterioration in cognitive capacity due to organic
brain disease or injury.
6. CLINICAL PICTURE- Obsession
• Obsessional symptoms- Thoughts, ideas, beliefs, ruminations,
images, impulses that repeatedly intrude into consciousness
against the patients will. Though (s)he recognizes them as
his/her own (viz. schizophrenia thought insertion), (s)he regards
them as senseless or silly (good insight, reality sense); and
tries to resist their occurrence.
• The common obsessional contents or themes are to do with:
– Contamination - dirt, germs, poison, toxins, catching an illness.
– Harm - accidental or deliberate impulse, such RTA or stabbing a child,
committing suicide (may take precaution or avoidance behaviour).
– Doubt - repetitive, inconclusive, and circular arguments and counter
arguments (to do or not to do); ponders endlessly about decisions,
ruminates and worries.
– Hypochondriacal - disease or illness: repeated checking for signs (e.g.
lump in breast)
– Other - ideas, phrases, music, images of violent or sexual torture, death,
decay, insects, snakes, obscenities or blasphemy (religous); which
causes distress.
7. CLINICAL PICTURE- Compulsion
• Compulsions are repetitive acts or rituals based on
obsessional thoughts. Their performance may transiently
relieve some tension and anxiety (which builds up if the
action is resisted) and is never pleasurable.
– The action usually has a symbolic value in undoing, preventing,
neutralizing or dispelling an obsessional fear or thought (e.g. hand
washing to clean contamination); may be magical thinking
(Superstition) (e.g. rituals such as counting to a certain number will
prevent an accident)
– Rituals may consist of repeating, checking, cleaning, avoiding or
striving for perfection. (e.g. hand washing rituals, personal hygiene,
dressing, checking doors and windows, counting)
– Recognized as senseless, silly, absurd; tries to resist but anxiety and
tension builds up (severe struggle); gives into action but relief of
anxiety only transient. Causes considerable distress, are time-
consuming (hours) and significantly interfere with daily life or
relationships. Incapacitating.
8. Differential Diagnosis
• Depression - secondary to obsessional illness,
coincidental or primary (with obsessional
symptoms)?
• Anxiety - underlies OCD (Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder).
• Schizophrenia -Thought insertion, bizarre
rituals and obsessions (insight in OCD).
• Other compulsive activities - eating disorders,
pathological gambling, alcohol and drug abuse,
certain sexual activities. These are pleasurable
but not OCD.
• Organic illness -post encephalitic state, brain
injury, dementia-"Organic orderliness".
9. Treatment
• Physical -
– Drugs – Antidepressants, particularly if depression
present
• Pure 5-HT uptake blockers have specific action in obsessional
disorders (i.e. serotonergic system may be involved in obsession
e.g. Clomipramine, SSRI. )
– ECT - specially when depression is present.
• Behaviour therapy
– Thought stopping technique
– Response prevention (Apotrepic therapy )
– Modelling / Flooding-exposure (in imagination, vivo) to
feared object e.g. dirt.
– Rubber band
– Paradoxical intention
• Surgery - stereotactic limbic Leucotomy
10. Course & Prognosis
• Usually continuous course with
fluctuations.
• Exacerbations with stress or
depression.
• May decrease with age.
• Believed to be poor prognosis but 40%
become symptom free
• 10-15% deteriorate (give up
resistance)
