Biotechnology:Biomolecules
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Biomolecules-Carbon bonding,Types of BIOMOLECULES,Structure of CARBOHYDRATES,Derivatives Of Monosaccharides,Structural forms of CARBOHYDRATE
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Biomolecules carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Biomolecules
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides bonded together. The three most common disaccharides are maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Maltose contains two glucose molecules bonded with an alpha-1,4 linkage. Lactose contains glucose and galactose with a beta-1,4 linkage. Sucrose contains glucose and fructose with an alpha-1,2 linkage. These disaccharides differ in their monosaccharide components and bond linkages.
Carbohydrates - Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Structure, Occurence and Reactions of Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose. Qualitative tests for disaacharides. Importance of Glycosides and Amino Sugars. Occurence and Structures of Homopolysaccharides such as Starch and Cellulose. Occurence and Structures of Heteropolysaccharides such as Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulphates.
Lipids
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Chapter 1 intro biochem
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical reactions in living organisms and the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. The overall goal of biochemistry is to describe life's processes using the language of molecules. The key biomolecules are made of monomers that polymerize to form larger structures. Carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides, lipid monomers are fatty acids, protein monomers are amino acids, and nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides. The document discusses the basic components of cells, including organelles and biomolecules, and compares characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
biochemistry questions with answers
The complementary sequence for GATCAA is TTGATC. Non-covalent interactions include van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Hydrophobic interactions minimize interactions of non-polar components with aqueous solvent. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis based on charge, with proteins moving toward the positive electrode if pH is above their isoelectric point. Domains are fundamental functional and three-dimensional structural units of proteins.
Introduction of biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the study of chemical reactions in living tissue. It then outlines the topics that will be covered, including biochemical reactions, energetics, control of reactions, and organization of reactions within cells and organisms. The document discusses the relationship between biochemistry and organic chemistry, and introduces important concepts from cells, organic molecules, small molecules, macromolecules, and water that are foundational to biochemistry.
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Biomolecules carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Biomolecules
I have prepare this slide thinking that it will help students .I have collected different photos and videos from internet please comment and if you need any slides for a topics . i will prepare the slide .
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed from two monosaccharides bonded together. The three most common disaccharides are maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Maltose contains two glucose molecules bonded with an alpha-1,4 linkage. Lactose contains glucose and galactose with a beta-1,4 linkage. Sucrose contains glucose and fructose with an alpha-1,2 linkage. These disaccharides differ in their monosaccharide components and bond linkages.
Carbohydrates - Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Structure, Occurence and Reactions of Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose. Qualitative tests for disaacharides. Importance of Glycosides and Amino Sugars. Occurence and Structures of Homopolysaccharides such as Starch and Cellulose. Occurence and Structures of Heteropolysaccharides such as Hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulphates.
Lipids
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Chapter 1 intro biochem
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical reactions in living organisms and the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. The overall goal of biochemistry is to describe life's processes using the language of molecules. The key biomolecules are made of monomers that polymerize to form larger structures. Carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides, lipid monomers are fatty acids, protein monomers are amino acids, and nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides. The document discusses the basic components of cells, including organelles and biomolecules, and compares characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
biochemistry questions with answers
The complementary sequence for GATCAA is TTGATC. Non-covalent interactions include van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Hydrophobic interactions minimize interactions of non-polar components with aqueous solvent. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis based on charge, with proteins moving toward the positive electrode if pH is above their isoelectric point. Domains are fundamental functional and three-dimensional structural units of proteins.
Introduction of biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the study of chemical reactions in living tissue. It then outlines the topics that will be covered, including biochemical reactions, energetics, control of reactions, and organization of reactions within cells and organisms. The document discusses the relationship between biochemistry and organic chemistry, and introduces important concepts from cells, organic molecules, small molecules, macromolecules, and water that are foundational to biochemistry.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
Chemistry of amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids have a general structure that includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. They can be classified based on their structure, side chain properties, nutritional requirements, and metabolic fate. Common properties of amino acids include being crystalline solids, existing as zwitterions with an isoelectric point, and having chirality with L and D isomers. Amino acids undergo various reactions due to their amino, carboxyl, and side chain groups.
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Biomolecules
This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Saccharides (carbohydrates)
Carbohydrates are biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. The most important monosaccharides are pentoses like ribose and deoxyribose, and hexoses like glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose, which are long chains of glucose. Glycogen functions as energy storage in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates provide energy through glycolysis and are important structural components in cells.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The term “sugar” is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet to taste.
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate structure and metabolism. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose are described. The document also covers carbohydrate isomerism, glycosidic linkages in disaccharides and polysaccharides, and structural features of important polysaccharides like starch, glycogen and cellulose. Carbohydrate metabolism and roles in the body are also summarized.
Lipids
1. Lipids are greasy substances found in both plants and animals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.
2. Lipids serve as an energy store and structural component of cell membranes. Major sources include nuts, seeds, milk, eggs, liver, and fish oils.
3. Lipids can be categorized as simple lipids like fats and oils, or compound lipids that contain additional components like phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.
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This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and cell structure and function. It begins with defining biochemistry as the application of chemistry to biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. The main objectives are then outlined. Key points include that cells require a constant source of energy to maintain their highly organized state, and that biochemistry examines the complex molecules and chemical reactions in living systems. The major components of cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, are then described in detail. The four main classes of biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - are introduced along with their structure and functions. Common biochemical reactions and how cells obtain and use energy are also summarized.
Fatty acids and triglycerides
This document provides information about fatty acids and triglycerides. It discusses the structure, properties, and reactions of fatty acids, including their length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. Triglycerides are introduced as esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Their physical properties depend on the fatty acid components, and they undergo hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation reactions. The learning outcomes are to understand fatty acids and triglycerides, and distinguish between their physical and chemical properties.
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Proteins are made up of amino acids and perform essential functions in the body. They have a primary structure consisting of a sequence of amino acids. The amino acids then form secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure occurs when the polypeptide chain folds upon itself, stabilized by various bonds. Quaternary structure involves multiple protein subunits. There are two main types of proteins - fibrous proteins which are insoluble and provide structure, and globular proteins which are soluble and perform roles like enzyme catalysis. Proteins are essential for growth, cell structure, biochemical reactions, transport, immune function and more.
B.Sc. Biochem II Biomolecules I U 1 Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for most organisms and can be separated into simple and complex categories, with simple carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and complex carbohydrates including polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram and serve important structural and energy storage functions in plants and animals through molecules like glycogen, though some complex carbohydrates like cellulose cannot be digested. The basic units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides that can link together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and long chains in polysaccharides through dehydr
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and peptides. They contain non-polar, polar, and charged R groups. Peptides are formed through condensation reactions between amino acids, linking them through peptide bonds. There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices or beta sheets. The alpha helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between residues four places apart in the sequence. Tertiary structure describes the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.
Heteropolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides are polymers made from two or more types of monosaccharides. They include glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates, as well as glycoconjugates and mucilages. GAGs are long, unbranched polymers containing uronic acid and amino sugars that form gels and provide structural support to tissues. Common GAGs include hyaluronic acid in joints and vitreous humor, chondroitin sulfate in cartilage, and heparin which is an anticoagulant found in mast cells. Glycoconjugates contain GAGs attached to core proteins, like proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. M
Cell Membranes!
The cell membrane has a fluid mosaic structure, comprising a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipid tails face each other at the center of the bilayer to be protected from the watery environments inside and outside the cell, while the phosphate heads face outwards. Transmembrane and peripheral proteins embedded in the bilayer form channels to regulate what passes in and out of the cell. Cholesterol maintains the fluidity and stability of the membrane. The membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier and facilitates cell structure, communication, recognition, mobility, and chemical reactions.
Polysaccharides types and Structural Features
1. The document discusses types and structural features of polysaccharides. It describes homopolysaccharides like starch, dextrin, inulin, glycogen, and cellulose.
2. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin subunits linked by alpha-glucosidic bonds. Dextrin is formed from starch hydrolysis and has a similar structure to amylopectin.
3. Inulin is a polymer of fructose typically with a terminal glucose. Glycogen stores glucose in animals and has highly branched alpha-linked subunits. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is composed of beta-glucose units.
Amino acids and Protein chemistry by Dr. Anurag Yadav
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Biomolecules and carbohydrates
1) Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as the primary energy source for many organisms. They are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on their size.
2) Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Oligosaccharides consist of 2-9 monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
3) Carbohydrates play important biological roles like energy storage, structure, transport, and prevention of diseases. Glucose is a key energy source, while
Biomolecules carbohydrate
Biomolecules are organic and inorganic chemicals that occur in living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules. Biomolecules can be classified as either micromolecules, which are small and soluble, or macromolecules, which are large polymers formed from micromolecules. The four major types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins - differ in their composition and functions, which include energy storage, heredity, structure, and catalysis of biological processes.
Biological molecules
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in plants. They act as storehouses of chemical energy and components of supportive structures. There are four main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed from two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose are long chains of monosaccharide units and serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates undergo various reactions including formation of glycosides, esters, and reduction to alcohols.
Chemistry of amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids have a general structure that includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. They can be classified based on their structure, side chain properties, nutritional requirements, and metabolic fate. Common properties of amino acids include being crystalline solids, existing as zwitterions with an isoelectric point, and having chirality with L and D isomers. Amino acids undergo various reactions due to their amino, carboxyl, and side chain groups.
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This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Saccharides (carbohydrates)
Carbohydrates are biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. The most important monosaccharides are pentoses like ribose and deoxyribose, and hexoses like glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose, which are long chains of glucose. Glycogen functions as energy storage in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates provide energy through glycolysis and are important structural components in cells.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates have the general formula C(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Carbohydrates are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The term “sugar” is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in water and sweet to taste.
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate structure and metabolism. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose are described. The document also covers carbohydrate isomerism, glycosidic linkages in disaccharides and polysaccharides, and structural features of important polysaccharides like starch, glycogen and cellulose. Carbohydrate metabolism and roles in the body are also summarized.
Lipids
1. Lipids are greasy substances found in both plants and animals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.
2. Lipids serve as an energy store and structural component of cell membranes. Major sources include nuts, seeds, milk, eggs, liver, and fish oils.
3. Lipids can be categorized as simple lipids like fats and oils, or compound lipids that contain additional components like phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.
Introduction to biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and cell structure and function. It begins with defining biochemistry as the application of chemistry to biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. The main objectives are then outlined. Key points include that cells require a constant source of energy to maintain their highly organized state, and that biochemistry examines the complex molecules and chemical reactions in living systems. The major components of cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, are then described in detail. The four main classes of biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - are introduced along with their structure and functions. Common biochemical reactions and how cells obtain and use energy are also summarized.
Fatty acids and triglycerides
This document provides information about fatty acids and triglycerides. It discusses the structure, properties, and reactions of fatty acids, including their length, degree of saturation, and location of double bonds. Triglycerides are introduced as esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Their physical properties depend on the fatty acid components, and they undergo hydrolysis, saponification, and hydrogenation reactions. The learning outcomes are to understand fatty acids and triglycerides, and distinguish between their physical and chemical properties.
protien slideshare
Proteins are made up of amino acids and perform essential functions in the body. They have a primary structure consisting of a sequence of amino acids. The amino acids then form secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary structure occurs when the polypeptide chain folds upon itself, stabilized by various bonds. Quaternary structure involves multiple protein subunits. There are two main types of proteins - fibrous proteins which are insoluble and provide structure, and globular proteins which are soluble and perform roles like enzyme catalysis. Proteins are essential for growth, cell structure, biochemical reactions, transport, immune function and more.
B.Sc. Biochem II Biomolecules I U 1 Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for most organisms and can be separated into simple and complex categories, with simple carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and complex carbohydrates including polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram and serve important structural and energy storage functions in plants and animals through molecules like glycogen, though some complex carbohydrates like cellulose cannot be digested. The basic units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides that can link together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and long chains in polysaccharides through dehydr
Chemistry of Amino Acids (Protein Chemistry - I)
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33 lec aminoacid peptide biological importance
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and peptides. They contain non-polar, polar, and charged R groups. Peptides are formed through condensation reactions between amino acids, linking them through peptide bonds. There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices or beta sheets. The alpha helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between residues four places apart in the sequence. Tertiary structure describes the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.
Heteropolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides are polymers made from two or more types of monosaccharides. They include glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates, as well as glycoconjugates and mucilages. GAGs are long, unbranched polymers containing uronic acid and amino sugars that form gels and provide structural support to tissues. Common GAGs include hyaluronic acid in joints and vitreous humor, chondroitin sulfate in cartilage, and heparin which is an anticoagulant found in mast cells. Glycoconjugates contain GAGs attached to core proteins, like proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. M
Cell Membranes!
The cell membrane has a fluid mosaic structure, comprising a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipid tails face each other at the center of the bilayer to be protected from the watery environments inside and outside the cell, while the phosphate heads face outwards. Transmembrane and peripheral proteins embedded in the bilayer form channels to regulate what passes in and out of the cell. Cholesterol maintains the fluidity and stability of the membrane. The membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier and facilitates cell structure, communication, recognition, mobility, and chemical reactions.
Polysaccharides types and Structural Features
1. The document discusses types and structural features of polysaccharides. It describes homopolysaccharides like starch, dextrin, inulin, glycogen, and cellulose.
2. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin subunits linked by alpha-glucosidic bonds. Dextrin is formed from starch hydrolysis and has a similar structure to amylopectin.
3. Inulin is a polymer of fructose typically with a terminal glucose. Glycogen stores glucose in animals and has highly branched alpha-linked subunits. Cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, is composed of beta-glucose units.
Amino acids and Protein chemistry by Dr. Anurag Yadav
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Protein chemistry
Amino acid & Protein structure, organisation, properties and classification
for MBBS, BDS, MSc, BSc, BPT, Nursing
Youtube: https://youtu.be/CP_PL21mqOc
Biomolecules and carbohydrates
1) Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecules that serve as the primary energy source for many organisms. They are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on their size.
2) Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Oligosaccharides consist of 2-9 monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose and maltose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
3) Carbohydrates play important biological roles like energy storage, structure, transport, and prevention of diseases. Glucose is a key energy source, while
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Amino acids and Protein chemistry by Dr. Anurag Yadav
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Similar to Biotechnology:Biomolecules
Biomolecules carbohydrate
Biomolecules are organic and inorganic chemicals that occur in living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules. Biomolecules can be classified as either micromolecules, which are small and soluble, or macromolecules, which are large polymers formed from micromolecules. The four major types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins - differ in their composition and functions, which include energy storage, heredity, structure, and catalysis of biological processes.
Biological molecules
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins with an introduction to biomolecules, which are organic compounds that are essential for life. Biomolecules are then classified as either macromolecules or micromolecules. The document focuses on carbohydrates, discussing their classification into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key aspects of carbohydrates covered include their chemical structure, isomerism, and common reactions. Finally, the biological roles of carbohydrates in the body are summarized.
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The document provides information on the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It discusses the monomers, functional groups, and polymers of each macromolecule type. For each type, it describes examples, structures including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels for proteins, and key functions in the body.
BIOMOLECULES.pdf
This ppt covers the major classes of biological molecules that are important for all living organisms
I don't want to give a title on this one but slideshare force me to write so
I don't want to give a title on this one but slideshare force me to write so, fyi I don't own this one just sharing
Biomolecules
Here are the key points about lipids:
- Lipids are organic compounds that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important structural and energy storage functions.
- The main types of lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats and oils. They are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. They are the main form of energy storage in animals.
- Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. They have a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and
Macromolecules
- Carbon atoms can form chains and complex structures, allowing for the creation of macromolecules in living things. The four main types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
- Carbohydrates and lipids are used to store energy, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information in the forms of RNA and DNA. Proteins have a variety of functions including catalyzing reactions, forming structures, and transporting materials.
- All macromolecules are polymers formed via polymerization reactions that link smaller monomer units together. They provide structure, energy storage, heredity, and catalysis essential for life.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates : carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (CH2O)n. Simple carbohydrates are also known as "Sugars" or "Saccharides".
Depending upon the composition and complexity, carbohydrates are divided into four groups:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Oligosaccharides
4. Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: are simplest sugars, or the compounds which possess a free aldehyde (CHO) or ketone (C=O) group and two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. They are simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed further into smaller units. Examples of monosaccharides include:
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Disaccharides: Those sugars which yield two molecules of the same or different molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called Disaccharides. Three most common disaccharides of biological importance are:
1. Maltose
2. Lactose
3. Sucrose
Oligosaccharides: are compound sugars that yield more than two and less than ten molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. Depending upon the number of monosaccharides units present in them oligosaccharides can be classified as Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides, Pentasaccharides and so on.
Polysaccharides: polysaccharides are polymers containing ten or more monosaccharides units attached together. Polysaccharides are also known as Glycans. Polysaccharides are further classified into:
1. Homopolysaccharides: are also known as homoglycans. Homopolysaccharides are polymer of same monosaccharide units. Example includes:
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Inulin
5. Dextrin
6. Dextran
7. Chitin
Heteropolysaccharides: heteropolysaccharides are polysaccharides that contains different types of monosaccharides. Heteropolysaccharides can be classified as: GAG, AGAR, AGAROSE, PECTIN.
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2. Carbon is a versatile building block due to its ability to form four covalent bonds (tetravalency). This allows it to link to other carbon atoms to form chains, branches, and rings.
3. Organic molecules contain functional groups that influence their chemical properties. Common functional groups include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.
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This biology course covers topics like biochemistry, metabolism, genetics, homeostasis, and ecology. It examines the structure and functions of living matter at the molecular level, including biomolecules like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Key concepts covered are the levels of protein structure, structures and functions of animal, plant and prokaryotic cells, pH and buffering, and chemical reactions in living systems like oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and condensation.
2 Biochemical molecules
This document describes the structure and functions of proteins. It explains that proteins are made up of amino acids, which join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Proteins then have four levels of structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary. The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids, while secondary structure involves coiling or folding due to hydrogen bonds. Tertiary structure results from further coiling or folding from interactions between amino acid side chains. Quaternary structure applies to proteins made of multiple polypeptide chains. The document emphasizes that a protein's unique 3D structure determines its specific function in the body.
Carbohydrate chemistry 15
The document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry from a lecture. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the monosaccharide glucose in depth, including its structure, properties, biological functions as an important energy source, and relationship to disorders like diabetes. Additionally, it covers other major monosaccharides like fructose and galactose, along with derivatives and important reactions of monosaccharides.
life’s molecules
The document discusses the key macromolecules found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes their basic chemical composition and roles. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose and are used for energy storage and structure. Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen and fatty acids, and are used for energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins are made of amino acids and have diverse functions like cell structure and transport. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and some help with energy transfer.
Molecules of life
The document provides an overview of important biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses the composition and functions of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers that serve as energy sources. Lipids such as fats and oils provide energy storage and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform structural and functional roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid cellular functions. The document emphasizes the significance of these molecules for life.
Water and life substances
The document discusses the importance of water and its properties. Water is a polar molecule with unequal charge distribution, allowing it to dissolve many ionic and polar compounds. Water molecules are also attracted to each other through hydrogen bonding. This property allows water to absorb large amounts of heat, maintaining stable conditions for organisms. The document also summarizes the key biomolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic monomers, polymers, and functions of each biomolecule.
Biomolecules
Biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose that join to form disaccharides like sucrose or polysaccharides like starch for storage. Lipids are insoluble in water, made of fatty acid esters, and serve as energy stores. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform important functions like catalysis and transport.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have basic nutritional requirements including a source of energy, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, minerals, and water. The sources of these nutritional requirements define an organism. Many bacteria can synthesize molecules from basic minerals, while others require preformed organic molecules. Bacterial cells are composed primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and other minor elements. These elements are obtained from various sources and serve important functions in bacterial cells.
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Biotechnology:Biomolecules
- 1. Biomolecules Sreesaila N P Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology St. Mary’s College Thrissur
- 2. BIOMOLECULES Chemicals or molecules present in living organisms Biomolecules are compounds of carbon with a variety of functional groups. Chemicals of living organisms organized around carbon Carbon bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., Cellular pool – different biomolecules, compounds, ions Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 3. Carbon bonding Free rotation around each single bond. Rotation restricted to large/highly charged groups Double bond is shorter and rigid Covalently linked carbon atoms can form linear, branched chain or cyclic structures in biomolecules. Bonding versatility - molecular mechanism during origin and evolution No other chemical element can form such varieties of compounds like CARBON. Most biomolecules are derivatives of hydrocarbons Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 4. Types of BIOMOLECULES Micro molecules • 18 – 800 dalton •Acid soluble •Minerals, gases, water, sugars, amino acids. Macromolecules •10000 dalton •Acid insoluble pool •Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 5. Types of BIOMOLECULES Inorganic : • Minerals • Water • Gases Organic : • Carbohydrates • Nucleic acids • Proteins • Amino acids • Lipids • Enzymes • Vitamins Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 6. Biomolecules are made up of sub units Each are having their own characteristics and structures Eg: Protein is made up of amino acid sub units. Protein functions as enzymes, structure, transport pigment etc., Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 7. Carbohydrates C, H, O ratio 1:2:1 Monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and poly saccharide. Energy source. Brain functioning Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 8. Structure of CARBOHYDRATES Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 9. DERIVATIVES OF MONOSACCHARIDES • 1. Deoxy sugars – DNA • 2. Amino sugars – Glucosamine( forms chitin, hyaluronic acid) • 3. Sugar acid – Ascorbic acid • 4. Sugar alcohols – Glycerol, Mannitol Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 10. Structural forms of CARBOHYDRATE Monosaccharides – monomer of carbohydrates Eg; GLUCOSE Disaccharides – two monosaccharides Eg; MALTOSE ( GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE) Polysaccharides – many monomers Eg; STARCH, GLYCOGEN, CELLULOSE (energy storage form in plants, in animals and plant cell wall component respectively) Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 11. Cells use them for energy and growth. Make up the walls of the plant cell (glycoprotein and glycolipids). Animals store the glucose to glycogen. Animals store glycogen in liver cells. Exoskeleton of some insects Endergonic reactions. Precursers of many organic compounds Uses of CARBOHYDRATES Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college
- 12. REFERENCE 1. Lehninger’s Principles of biochemistry, sixth edition, 2009. 2. “ The Role of carbohydrates in nutrition” Carbohydrates in human nutrition. FAO food and nutrition paper-66. Food and agriculture organization of the United states Biomolecules, Sreesaila N P, St Mary’s college