The document discusses concepts in biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. It explains that lithostratigraphic correlation allows construction of a composite stratigraphic column by matching continuous rock formations between different parks, while biostratigraphy uses index fossils to match rocks of the same age. Different types of biozones are described, including taxon range zones defined by the first and last appearances of species, and concurrent range zones defined by overlapping ranges.

1. Biostratigraphy
Geology 331
Paleontology

2. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
in Arizona

4. Lithostratigraphic
correlation
between Grand
Canyon, Zion, and
Bryce Canyon
national parks
allows
construction of a
composite
stratigraphic
column.

5. Lithostratigraphic
correlation Grand Canyon, Zion Canyon, Bryce Canyon
between Grand
Canyon, Zion, and
Bryce Canyon
Top of Navaho Ss.
national parks
allows
construction of a Top of Kaibab Ls.
composite
stratigraphic
column.

6. Zion Canyon National Park, Jurassic
Sedimentary Rocks

7. Jurassic Navaho Sandstone, Zion National
Park, wind-blown cross-bedding.

8. Bryce Canyon, Utah, Cretaceous sedimentary rocks

9. Correlation
• Determination of the equivalence of
bodies of rock at different locations.
There are two kinds of correlation:
• Lithostratigraphic - matching up
continuous formations.
• Chronostratigraphic - matching up
rocks of the same age. Usually done
with fossils using biostratigraphy.

10. Correlation
• Over short distances lithostratigraphic
correlation is the same as
chronostratigraphic correlation.
• Over medium distances they are not
the same.
• Over long distances only
chronostratigraphic correlation can be
used.

11. Original Lateral Continuity: permits
lithostratigraphic correlation – note the continuous
beds

12. Lithostratigraphic and
Chronostratigraphic
Relationships

13. Sedimentary facies, and their subsequent
rocks, are usually time-transgressive.
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331strat.html

14. Sedimentary Facies

15. Modern Barrier Island
Time Lines
Sedimentary Facies in the subsurface
Wire line logs
Time Lines

16. Modern Barrier Island
Sedimentary Facies in the subsurface
Wire line logs
Lewis Shale
Parkman Ss
Cody Shale

17. Simple
Lithostratigraphic
Correlation: Facies
Boundaries, not
Time Lines

18. Grand Canyon
Stratigraphy

19. Cambrian strata of the Grand Canyon: Tapeats Ss., Bright Angel Sh.,
and Muav Ls. Note the two time lines from biostratigraphy.

21. Correlated Bed contacts

22. Detailed lithostratigraphic correlation of the Cambrian strata of the
Grand Canyon. Note the facies interfingering. (Stanley, Fig. 6.5)
Interfingering of strata
due to shifting of facies
during deposition
Zone of middle
Cambrian trilobites
Zone of early
Cambrian trilobites

23. Cambrian strata of the Grand Canyon: Note the two time lines from
biostratigraphy. (Stanley, Fig. 6.6)
Interfingering of strata
due to shifting of facies
during deposition
Time lines established
by biostratigraphy

24. Depositional Model for the Cambrian strata of
the Grand Canyon: Tapeats Ss., Bright Angel
Sh., and Muav Ls. (Stanley, Fig. 6.6)

25. Transgression, regression, and stratigraphic cycles
1 4
2
3

26. Taxon Range Zone:
Between a FAD and a LAD for a given species
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331strat.html

27. Concurrent Range Zone:
FAD on Sp. D, LAD on Sp. B
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331strat.html

28. Interval Zone:
Between two successive FADs or LADs
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331strat.html

29. Hedberg and
Salvador, 1994
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
upload/bak/bio.htm

30. Hedberg and
Salvador, 1994
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
upload/bak/bio.htm
Ranges may or may
not be concurrent.

31. Hedberg and
Salvador, 1994
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
upload/bak/bio.htm
Not commonly used.
Can be diachronous.

32. Examples of Local Range Zones (connect the dots)
http://geoweb.princeton.edu/people/keller/deccan/large/Fig9_Gov_Q_biost_col.jpg

33. geoweb.princeton.edu/.../massex.html

34. Forams and Diatoms Ammonites
Cretaceous
Biozones based
on microfossils
and ammonites
http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2009
_A03/CG2009_A03_Fig_01.htm

35. Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephaplopoda, a
goniatitic ammonoid with a simple suture pattern

36. Phylum Mollusca,
Class Cephaplopoda,
a ceratitic ammonoid
with a more complex
suture

37. Phylum Mollusca, Class
Cephaplopoda, an
ammonitic ammonoid
with the most complex
suture

38. Trilobites are
the best index
fossils for the
Cambrian.

39. Conodont Taxon Range Zones in the
Mississippian. Conodonts range from
Ordovician to Triassic.
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/165_1/index.html

40. Examples of
conodonts, the
teeth of primitive
chordates

41. The conodont animal from the
Mississippian of Scotland
1 cm

42. Conodont
Biozones for
the Ordovician
http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Stratigraphic-
range-and-diversity-of-conodonts/

43. Conodont
Biozones for
the Ordovician
http://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Stratigraphic-
range-and-diversity-of-conodonts/

44. Examples of
Biozones
based on
Graptolites
and Conodonts
Graptolites
Journal of Paleontology; January
2003; v. 77; no. 1; p. 146-171

45. Putting Radiometric Dates on Biozones: Previous
Example from Radiometric Dating Lecture