Bionic eye
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There are two main approaches to prosthetic eyes - epiretinal and subretinal. Epiretinal implants are placed on top of the retina and stimulate retinal ganglion cell bodies and axons in the periphery. Subretinal implants are placed underneath the retina to allow for more natural signal processing but risk occluding the vasculature. Both aim to create visual percepts by electrically stimulating neural elements in patterns, but big challenges remain around understanding the neural code for perception. Progress is being made through diverse collaborations between scientists and clinicians to rehabilitate the millions of people worldwide who are blind.
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This document discusses bionic eyes as a treatment for vision loss. It begins with an introduction to bionic eyes and how they can replace dysfunctional parts of the eye. It then describes the structure and function of the human eye, and two common eye diseases - retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. The document outlines two methods for bionic eyes: the artificial silicon retina system and multiple unit artificial retina chip system. It discusses the potential for bionic eyes to help blind patients regain functions like facial recognition and navigation. The conclusion reiterates that bionic devices may not fully restore vision but can improve independence.
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2. The chip detects incoming light and transmits electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Early versions used silicon but now scientists are testing ceramic cells that are safer for the human body.
3. The surgery to implant the chip involves making small incisions to insert the chip and use fluid to lift the retina and seal it over the chip. The goal is to replace damaged photoreceptor cells and restore basic vision.
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This document discusses current research on bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by describing the structure and function of the human eye. It then outlines causes of blindness and eye diseases. The document introduces the concept of a bionic eye as a bioelectronic device that can replace or enhance eye functionality. It describes different regions where implants can be placed and discusses approaches like epiretinal and subretinal implantation. The rest of the document focuses on the artificial silicon retina and multiple unit artificial retina chipset system as examples of bionic eye technologies, outlining their design, advantages, and limitations. It concludes by noting the progress made in bionic devices and remaining challenges in providing power and brain interfaces.
Bionic eye a ray of hope
1) 25% of blindness cases are caused by unavoidable conditions like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that currently have no treatment.
2) Researchers have developed bionic eyes, also known as bioelectronic eyes, to help blind people regain some vision. The Argus II retinal prosthesis approved in 2013 is the first commercial bionic eye.
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The document discusses bionic eyes, which are electronic devices that can replace dysfunctional parts of the eye and restore vision. It describes two approaches for a bionic eye - an artificial silicon retina (ASR) which is a microchip implanted under the retina, and a multi-unit artificial retina chipset (MARC) which uses an external camera, transmitter and implanted chip and electrodes. Both aim to stimulate remaining healthy retinal cells and transmit signals to the brain to provide a limited form of artificial vision. However, challenges remain in developing a bionic eye with sufficient resolution and long-term durability.
Soumya Selvaraj (Bionic Eye)
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
Bionic eye
PPT about VISUAL PROSTHESIS, a vision for blind people, which I made for my college purpose. Gathered Information from its official sites.
Bionic eye
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The document discusses various methods for providing artificial vision to blind individuals, including digital artificial vision using a miniature camera, microchip, and electrode array implanted in the occipital lobe of the brain. The camera feeds images to a microcomputer for edge detection processing before electrical signals are sent to each electrode to simulate vision. The electrodes are implanted by piercing a platinum foil ground plate inserted into the skull. This allows blind individuals to perceive visual stimuli through artificial stimulation of the visual cortex.
Bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes and their technological components. It describes how a bionic eye works by having electrodes implanted on the retina that are connected to a camera, video processing unit, and wireless transmitter. The Argus II is highlighted as the most advanced retinal prosthesis currently. It summarizes the key components of a bionic eye like the camera sensor technology, video processing unit, wireless transmission, and microelectrode array. The document also outlines improvements in resolution, material biocompatibility, wireless efficiency, and decreasing costs and size over time as important future opportunities to enhance bionic eye technology.
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The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
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artificial eye
The artificial retina technology known as the Argus II has been approved for use in the US. It consists of a camera mounted on glasses that transmits images wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on the retina. The array stimulates the retina to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision. The Argus II is intended for those aged 25+ who have lost light perception due to retinitis pigmentosa. It allows them to identify objects, read large letters, and navigate independently. While a breakthrough, the device is very expensive and remains inaccessible to many.
bionic eye
The document describes the healthy vision process and reasons for developing a bionic eye, specifically for conditions like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa that cause vision loss. It then explains the structure and working of the bionic eye, which uses a camera to capture light intensity that powers a stimulator chip connected to electrodes implanted near the retina to electrically stimulate remaining retinal cells and enable sight. The bionic eye aims to replace lost eye functionality with few disadvantages and advantages like a simple design requiring minimal power and surgery.
Artificial Implants and the Field of Visual Prosthesis
This document outlines a presentation on visual prostheses and a study testing the Alpha-IMS subretinal prosthesis. The presentation covers retinal anatomy, diseases like AMD and RP, and different types of prostheses. The study tested the Alpha-IMS device in 9 patients, finding it restored some visual function like light perception and motion detection. Patients reported recognizing faces, objects, and letters. While results were promising, long-term testing is still needed to evaluate stability and recognition abilities over time. Visual prostheses show potential to treat retinal diseases but continued research and development is required.
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The bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes and their development. It begins by defining a bionic eye as an electronic device that replaces some or all of the eye's functionality. It then covers the anatomy and biology of the normal eye, common causes of blindness, and several technologies that have been applied to create bionic eyes, including the MIT-Harvard device, artificial silicon retina (ASR), Argus II, and holographic technology. A key technology discussed is MARC (Multiple Unit of Artificial Retinal Chipset System), which uses a chip implanted behind the retina to simulate remaining retinal cells. The document concludes by noting the challenges of powering implants and connecting them to the brain, but the promise of bionic devices
BIONIC EYE GIVE HOPE TO BLIND PEOPLS
in this presentation we have worked in the theme of bio MEMS in the midical staffs specially in bionic eye
this technologie help blind peopls to get there vision back
thanks to Pr.brandly in 1960 how invented the first device which colled bionic eye
rapportfinale-170504223205.pptx
This document summarizes research on bionic eye technologies, including the Argus II and Alpha IMS retinal prosthesis devices. It provides background on common eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Clinical trials show that both devices allowed some patients to detect light, movement, and basic shapes. However, limitations remain in fully restoring vision. Ongoing research aims to improve resolution and processing power while addressing engineering challenges of biocompatibility and interfacing with the brain.
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Bionic eyes are artificial electronic devices that can replace some or all of the functions of the eye. They consist of a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina. There are two main types: MARC uses multiple retinal chips while ASR uses an artificial silicon retina. Bionic eyes are compact, compatible with diagnostics, and reduce stress on the retina. However, they are costly, damage to a single chip could render the technique useless, and providing power and connections to the brain poses challenges. Overall, bionic eyes aim to restore vision for conditions like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.
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1. Scientists are developing a bionic eye called an artificial retina that could restore vision. It works by using a small implanted chip with light-sensitive cells that transmit signals to the optic nerve and brain.
2. The chip detects incoming light and transmits electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Early versions used silicon but now scientists are testing ceramic cells that are safer for the human body.
3. The surgery to implant the chip involves making small incisions to insert the chip and use fluid to lift the retina and seal it over the chip. The goal is to replace damaged photoreceptor cells and restore basic vision.
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This document discusses current research on bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by describing the structure and function of the human eye. It then outlines causes of blindness and eye diseases. The document introduces the concept of a bionic eye as a bioelectronic device that can replace or enhance eye functionality. It describes different regions where implants can be placed and discusses approaches like epiretinal and subretinal implantation. The rest of the document focuses on the artificial silicon retina and multiple unit artificial retina chipset system as examples of bionic eye technologies, outlining their design, advantages, and limitations. It concludes by noting the progress made in bionic devices and remaining challenges in providing power and brain interfaces.
Bionic eye a ray of hope
1) 25% of blindness cases are caused by unavoidable conditions like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that currently have no treatment.
2) Researchers have developed bionic eyes, also known as bioelectronic eyes, to help blind people regain some vision. The Argus II retinal prosthesis approved in 2013 is the first commercial bionic eye.
3) The Argus II system uses a camera mounted on glasses to capture images which are processed and wirelessly transmitted to an implant on the retina. Electrodes in the implant stimulate the optic nerve and allow patients to perceive patterns of light and dark pixels and see basic shapes.
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There are millions of blind people who are hoping that medical technology would enable them to see the world one day. Well, the day is not far when the use of a bionic eye would be a routine medical procedure, which gives near perfect vision. Blind people would ultimately be able to recognize faces with the device. U.S and German scientists have designed a bionic eye to allow blind people to see again. The word “bionic” is derived from BIo+electrONIC.A bionic eye or visual prosthesis is a form of neural prosthesis intended to partially restore lost vision or amplify existing vision. It usually takes the form of an externally-worn camera that is attached to a stimulator on the retina, optic nerve, or in the visual cortex, in order to produce perceptions in the visual cortex. In simple words we say that itis an eye that works by itself, our brain controls it just like a real eye.Mr. Gregg Suaning created the design of bionic eye.A new artificial retina, an array of electrodes implanted on the back of the eye, has participants who had the implant for at least three months, 10 of the patients subsequently tested were able to identify the direction of moving objects.
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This document discusses the development of bionic eye technologies to help restore vision for blind individuals. It provides background on the human eye and common causes of blindness. The bionic eye glass is described as using a camera, processors, and a retinal chip to convert images to electrical signals and stimulate remaining retinal cells. Key technologies discussed include the artificial silicon retina, multi-unit artificial retina chipset, and Argus II and III implants. The document concludes that while resolution is still low and challenges remain, bionic eyes have the potential to significantly improve quality of life for many blind individuals.
Bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes, which are electronic devices that can replace dysfunctional parts of the eye and restore vision. It describes two approaches for a bionic eye - an artificial silicon retina (ASR) which is a microchip implanted under the retina, and a multi-unit artificial retina chipset (MARC) which uses an external camera, transmitter and implanted chip and electrodes. Both aim to stimulate remaining healthy retinal cells and transmit signals to the brain to provide a limited form of artificial vision. However, challenges remain in developing a bionic eye with sufficient resolution and long-term durability.
Soumya Selvaraj (Bionic Eye)
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
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PPT about VISUAL PROSTHESIS, a vision for blind people, which I made for my college purpose. Gathered Information from its official sites.
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Bionic eyes are being developed to restore sight for those with blindness. Current bionic eye technology involves implanting a microchip retina that receives signals from an external camera. This allows individuals to perceive light and basic shapes. However, the technology is still limited compared to natural vision. Only one bionic eye system called Argus II is approved for use in the US, helping those blind from retinitis pigmentosa. Researchers hope to improve the technology by adding more electrodes to the retina implant and enabling color perception. Bionic eyes remain an expensive treatment option still in the early stages of development.
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The document discusses various methods for providing artificial vision to blind individuals, including digital artificial vision using a miniature camera, microchip, and electrode array implanted in the occipital lobe of the brain. The camera feeds images to a microcomputer for edge detection processing before electrical signals are sent to each electrode to simulate vision. The electrodes are implanted by piercing a platinum foil ground plate inserted into the skull. This allows blind individuals to perceive visual stimuli through artificial stimulation of the visual cortex.
Bionic eye
The document discusses bionic eyes and their technological components. It describes how a bionic eye works by having electrodes implanted on the retina that are connected to a camera, video processing unit, and wireless transmitter. The Argus II is highlighted as the most advanced retinal prosthesis currently. It summarizes the key components of a bionic eye like the camera sensor technology, video processing unit, wireless transmission, and microelectrode array. The document also outlines improvements in resolution, material biocompatibility, wireless efficiency, and decreasing costs and size over time as important future opportunities to enhance bionic eye technology.
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The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
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This document discusses an artificial vision system that could restore sight for those with retinal diseases. It describes the major components of the system: an artificial silicon retina implanted in the eye that converts light to electrical signals; a miniature video camera that captures images; a video processing unit that simplifies the images; and an infrared LCD screen on goggles that converts signals to light pulses for the retina. The system provides basic vision allowing users to identify objects, but has limitations in cost, resolution, and applicability to infants. Overall, it represents an important breakthrough for treating retinal degeneration and other vision-impairing diseases.
artificial eye
The artificial retina technology known as the Argus II has been approved for use in the US. It consists of a camera mounted on glasses that transmits images wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on the retina. The array stimulates the retina to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision. The Argus II is intended for those aged 25+ who have lost light perception due to retinitis pigmentosa. It allows them to identify objects, read large letters, and navigate independently. While a breakthrough, the device is very expensive and remains inaccessible to many.
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The document describes the healthy vision process and reasons for developing a bionic eye, specifically for conditions like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa that cause vision loss. It then explains the structure and working of the bionic eye, which uses a camera to capture light intensity that powers a stimulator chip connected to electrodes implanted near the retina to electrically stimulate remaining retinal cells and enable sight. The bionic eye aims to replace lost eye functionality with few disadvantages and advantages like a simple design requiring minimal power and surgery.
Artificial Implants and the Field of Visual Prosthesis
This document outlines a presentation on visual prostheses and a study testing the Alpha-IMS subretinal prosthesis. The presentation covers retinal anatomy, diseases like AMD and RP, and different types of prostheses. The study tested the Alpha-IMS device in 9 patients, finding it restored some visual function like light perception and motion detection. Patients reported recognizing faces, objects, and letters. While results were promising, long-term testing is still needed to evaluate stability and recognition abilities over time. Visual prostheses show potential to treat retinal diseases but continued research and development is required.
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This document summarizes an artificial silicon retina (ASR) seminar presentation. It describes how ASR technology works to restore vision by implanting a microchip retinal prosthesis that converts light into electrical signals. The ASR is small enough to fit in the eye and receives power from light, without needing batteries. It sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain, allowing some patients to perceive images. However, ASR technology remains highly experimental and can only provide basic vision currently. Much more research is still needed to develop it further.
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The document discusses bionic eyes and their development. It begins by defining a bionic eye as an electronic device that replaces some or all of the eye's functionality. It then covers the anatomy and biology of the normal eye, common causes of blindness, and several technologies that have been applied to create bionic eyes, including the MIT-Harvard device, artificial silicon retina (ASR), Argus II, and holographic technology. A key technology discussed is MARC (Multiple Unit of Artificial Retinal Chipset System), which uses a chip implanted behind the retina to simulate remaining retinal cells. The document concludes by noting the challenges of powering implants and connecting them to the brain, but the promise of bionic devices
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BIONIC EYE GIVE HOPE TO BLIND PEOPLS
in this presentation we have worked in the theme of bio MEMS in the midical staffs specially in bionic eye
this technologie help blind peopls to get there vision back
thanks to Pr.brandly in 1960 how invented the first device which colled bionic eye
rapportfinale-170504223205.pptx
This document summarizes research on bionic eye technologies, including the Argus II and Alpha IMS retinal prosthesis devices. It provides background on common eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Clinical trials show that both devices allowed some patients to detect light, movement, and basic shapes. However, limitations remain in fully restoring vision. Ongoing research aims to improve resolution and processing power while addressing engineering challenges of biocompatibility and interfacing with the brain.
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The Artificial Technology from its introduction to its future perspective. if you need report send me mail, would gladly share.
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Timira with special reference to cataract and its prevention & ayurvedic mang...Dr.Visakh.M.D (BAMS,MS)
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
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- Treatment involves surgically removing the opaque lens, with techniques including intracapsular extraction, extracapsular extraction, manual small incision surgery, and phacoemulsification.Blind people
This document describes the development of an artificial vision system to cure blindness. It discusses how researchers are developing retinal implants that can process images from a camera into electrical signals that the optic nerve can interpret as vision. The system includes a miniature video camera, a processor to translate images into signals, and an infrared screen on goggles to stimulate a silicon chip implanted on the retina. This technology has potential to restore limited sight to those blinded by retinal degeneration, though it cannot currently provide high-resolution images.
Glaucoma Screening Using Novel Evaluated CNN Architecture: An Automated Appro...
The document proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to detect glaucoma from fundus images. It involves preprocessing images using techniques like resizing, grayscale conversion, and CLAHE. The images are then segmented using Canny edge detection. An 8-layer CNN is trained on labeled images to classify images as normal or glaucoma based on extracted features. The proposed method achieves high classification accuracy, demonstrating its reliability for early glaucoma detection through automated analysis of fundus images.
Artificial retina
Artifical retina
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Bionic eye.pptx
The document discusses a presentation about bionic eyes. It begins with an introduction to bionic eyes and their purpose to restore vision for blind individuals. It then explains that bionic eyes work by using a camera and microchip implants to convert images into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as vision. The presentation covers advantages like restored visual tasks for patients, disadvantages like high costs and risks, and a conclusion that bionic devices may not fully restore vision but can help blind people lead more independent lives.
Ocular drug delivery current understanding and future perspectives
This document summarizes ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the leading causes of vision impairment globally and various conventional and novel drug delivery systems for treating ocular diseases, including eyedrops, intravitreal implants and injections, and topical formulations using nanoparticles and microparticles. It also reviews several investigational and FDA-approved intraocular implants and injectables, as well as other delivery methods currently in clinical trials, highlighting advances in developing sustained release therapies for both anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.
Basic overview of an artificial eye
basic definition of artificial eye and bionic eye. components involved in making of an artificial eye. their advantages and disadvantages.
Artificial silicon retina main
This document discusses the development of artificial vision systems to cure blindness. It describes how artificial silicon retinas work to restore some vision by bypassing damaged retinal cells. The artificial silicon retina is a tiny microchip implanted in the eye that contains solar cells to convert light into electrical pulses, similar to the function of retinal rods and cones. It receives power from light entering the eye without needing external batteries or wires. Researchers are also developing other implantable microchips like the artificial retina component chip to restore partial vision for the blind.
Development of novel BMIP algorithms for human eyes affected with glaucoma an...
Glaucoma is one of the second driving eye maladies on the planet, if not treated legitimately may prompt lasting visual impairment. There are no particular side effects when the glaucoma disease is considered, especially for this type of eye disease, the effect of which is the vision loss in the human eyes. Because of measuring, the container zone increments, which will result in the vision impairment in the human eyes. Normally exceptionally prepared opthalmogists physically review eye pictures as tedious way. In this unique circumstance, we are attempting to build up some novel calculations for programmed recognition of eyes influenced with glaucoma utilizing picture preparing separating and change strategies and actualize the same on equipment utilizing micro-controller framework. The product that will be created by us could be implanted on the equipment to test the sound and undesirable fundus pictures for the recognition of glaucoma. The calculations that could be created can be actualized wrt the eye pictures in HDL language utilizing Xilinx ISE, MATLAB and MODELSIM, TI based unit or NI based pack (any one) is the equipment apparatus that is considered for execution purposes.
Novel biometer first 30 eyes
earSight Innovations is developing new technologies that allow accurate measurement of the eye with the ability to move cataract surgery outcomes to a new level. Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the world with over 20 million surgeries conducted annually.
Retinal prosthesis
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Non-viral ocular delivery
Dr. Mehrdad Rafat developed PEG-PLA microparticles for encapsulating and delivering Tat-EGFP to retinal cells. The microparticles provided an initial rapid release within 24 hours followed by sustained release. They were injected subretinally into rabbit eyes and showed uptake in retinal cells without toxicity. Dr. Rafat's future goals include replacing Tat-EGFP with XIAP to treat retinal diseases and conducting more animal tests before human trials.
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Bionic eye
- 1. BIONIC EYE 1
- 2. 2 Provided By Mehrdad Izadi April 2015 Gmail:Izadimehrdad4@gmail.com
- 3. 3 IN THE NAME OF GOD THE MERCIFUL
- 4. 4 Outline Eye Anatomy Two Approaches Prosthetic Eye Prosthetic & Orthotic
- 5. 5 Orthotic
- 6. 6 Prosthetic
- 8. 8 Iris
- 9. Retina 9
- 10. 10
- 13. 13 Video About Macula & fovea
- 14. History, an Unmet Demand, and State of the Art Our fascination with building a bionic human mirrors the technological advances that ubiquitously characterize the modern era. 14
- 16. According to the World Health Organization, there are 314 million visually impaired individuals worldwide (2009). While an astonishingly large number, it is worthy to note that that only a minority of individuals (approximately 45 million) areactually considered profoundly blind and have some degree of residual visual function. 16
- 17. As presently conceived, visual prosthetic devices have been designed for individuals with profound vision loss and who have had normal visual development (as opposed to congenital causes of blindness). 17
- 18. 18 Furthermore, as these devices are designed to interface with viable neuronal tissue, the site of damage and nature of pathology will largely dictate whether a prosthetic device can be feasibly implemented.
- 19. 19
- 20. 20 What Is Optical Coherence Tomography? Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non- invasive imaging test that uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of your retina, the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye.
- 21. 21 With OCT, each of the retina’s distinctive layers can be seen, allowing your ophthalmologist (Eye M.D.) to map and measure their thickness. These measurements help with early detection, diagnosis and treatment guidance for retinal diseases and conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and, diabetic eye disease, among others.
- 22. uses infrared light frequencies, Prepare of cross- sectional images of the retina layers with thickness provided it is used. 22
- 23. Retinal layers with high resolution reveals 23
- 24. 24 Measure the structure of Retina
- 26. 26 Summary diagram illustrating various neuroprosthesis approaches to restore vision.
- 27. Vision Rehabilitation Center, The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA. While a variety of approaches and designs are being pursued, they all share a common principle of creating visual percepts through the stimulation of visual neural elements using appropriate patterns of electrical stimulation. 27
- 28. 28 Amongst the biggest challenges of prosthetic vision is the puzzle of the neural code for perception.
- 29. 29 AMD & RP Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- 32. 32 What Is an Electrode? Suction electrodes
- 33. 33
- 35. 35 Two retinal-based approaches are being pursued that are largely differentiated by their location of implantation with respect to the retina.
- 37. 1.Doesn't occlude the choroidal vasculature. 2. Opthalmoscopically monitored. 1.Unstable positioning. 2. Stimulates the RGC cell bodies and passing axons of Periphery. Disadvantages Advantages 37
- 38. 2.Sub-retinal 38
- 39. Advantages 1.Lower stimulation thresholds 2.Uses natural signal Processing. Disadvantages 1.Rigid structures. 2. Occludes the vasculature. 39
- 40. 40
- 41. Conclusion 41 The loss of sight can have a devastatingly negative impact on the quality of life of an individual. The goal of restoring functional vision to blind, while certainly valiant, still faces formidable challenges before it will ever become a tractable reality. However, there aregrounds to be cautiously optimistic and there is every reason to believe we are on the path to achieve this goal. It is also important to realize that the rehabilitation of the blind is a very complex problem, requiring extraordinarily diverse, lengthy and intimate collaborations among basic scientists, engineers, clinicians, educators and rehabilitative experts.
- 42. References www.eye-chip.com www.bostonretialimplant.org www.eyesight.org Guyton physiology special senses Richard S. Clinical anatomy of the eye. Snell Chapter 7 42
- 43. 43