This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight to blind individuals. It describes two main approaches: retinal implants like the artificial silicon retina that replace photoreceptors in the retina, and cortical implants that stimulate the visual cortex. The document outlines how these systems work, including capturing images with a camera and processing signals to stimulate the retina or brain. It also discusses the current limitations of artificial vision and ongoing research needed to improve image clarity and functionality for blind individuals.
This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight for the blind. It describes two key technologies: the artificial silicon retina and artificial retina component chip. The artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted in the eye that contains photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to stimulate the retina. The artificial retina component chip is similar and provides a 10x10 or 250x250 pixel visual field. The document explains how these devices work and the surgical process for implantation. It also outlines an artificial vision system using a camera, signal processor and brain implants to transmit images and provide a limited form of artificial sight.
The document discusses electronic eye technology for the blind. It describes how electronic eyes work by replacing damaged photoreceptors or simulating remaining retinal cells. Techniques discussed include the MIT-Harvard device, Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR), Multi-unit Artificial Retina Chipset System (MARC), and Argus II. MARC is highlighted as using a 6x6mm chip with diagnostic capabilities to stimulate the retina with less stress. While electronic eyes have advantages like size and function, challenges remain in powering them and interfacing with the brain.
This document discusses the development of artificial vision systems to cure blindness. It describes how artificial silicon retinas work to restore some vision by bypassing damaged retinal cells. The artificial silicon retina is a tiny microchip implanted in the eye that contains solar cells to convert light into electrical pulses, similar to the function of retinal rods and cones. It receives power from light entering the eye without needing external batteries or wires. Researchers are also developing other implantable microchips like the artificial retina component chip to restore partial vision for the blind.
The document describes the development of an "Electronic Eye" technology to help restore vision. Researchers are creating an artificial retina made of silicon microchips that can be implanted in the eye. The chips contain photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to bypass retinal cells damaged by conditions like macular degeneration. Early results show people able to see spots of light or basic shapes. The technology relies on a small camera, processor, and implants in the visual cortex to allow some sight. This could help the millions of people worldwide suffering from blindness.
This document summarizes an artificial silicon retina (ASR) seminar presentation. It describes how ASR technology works to restore vision by implanting a microchip retinal prosthesis that converts light into electrical signals. The ASR is small enough to fit in the eye and receives power from light, without needing batteries. It sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain, allowing some patients to perceive images. However, ASR technology remains highly experimental and can only provide basic vision currently. Much more research is still needed to develop it further.
This document discusses current research on bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by describing the structure and function of the human eye. It then outlines causes of blindness and eye diseases. The document introduces the concept of a bionic eye as a bioelectronic device that can replace or enhance eye functionality. It describes different regions where implants can be placed and discusses approaches like epiretinal and subretinal implantation. The rest of the document focuses on the artificial silicon retina and multiple unit artificial retina chipset system as examples of bionic eye technologies, outlining their design, advantages, and limitations. It concludes by noting the progress made in bionic devices and remaining challenges in providing power and brain interfaces.
The document discusses bionic eyes, which are electronic devices that can replace dysfunctional parts of the eye and restore vision. It describes two approaches for a bionic eye - an artificial silicon retina (ASR) which is a microchip implanted under the retina, and a multi-unit artificial retina chipset (MARC) which uses an external camera, transmitter and implanted chip and electrodes. Both aim to stimulate remaining healthy retinal cells and transmit signals to the brain to provide a limited form of artificial vision. However, challenges remain in developing a bionic eye with sufficient resolution and long-term durability.
This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight for the blind. It describes two key technologies: the artificial silicon retina and artificial retina component chip. The artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted in the eye that contains photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to stimulate the retina. The artificial retina component chip is similar and provides a 10x10 or 250x250 pixel visual field. The document explains how these devices work and the surgical process for implantation. It also outlines an artificial vision system using a camera, signal processor and brain implants to transmit images and provide a limited form of artificial sight.
The document discusses electronic eye technology for the blind. It describes how electronic eyes work by replacing damaged photoreceptors or simulating remaining retinal cells. Techniques discussed include the MIT-Harvard device, Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR), Multi-unit Artificial Retina Chipset System (MARC), and Argus II. MARC is highlighted as using a 6x6mm chip with diagnostic capabilities to stimulate the retina with less stress. While electronic eyes have advantages like size and function, challenges remain in powering them and interfacing with the brain.
This document discusses the development of artificial vision systems to cure blindness. It describes how artificial silicon retinas work to restore some vision by bypassing damaged retinal cells. The artificial silicon retina is a tiny microchip implanted in the eye that contains solar cells to convert light into electrical pulses, similar to the function of retinal rods and cones. It receives power from light entering the eye without needing external batteries or wires. Researchers are also developing other implantable microchips like the artificial retina component chip to restore partial vision for the blind.
The document describes the development of an "Electronic Eye" technology to help restore vision. Researchers are creating an artificial retina made of silicon microchips that can be implanted in the eye. The chips contain photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to bypass retinal cells damaged by conditions like macular degeneration. Early results show people able to see spots of light or basic shapes. The technology relies on a small camera, processor, and implants in the visual cortex to allow some sight. This could help the millions of people worldwide suffering from blindness.
This document summarizes an artificial silicon retina (ASR) seminar presentation. It describes how ASR technology works to restore vision by implanting a microchip retinal prosthesis that converts light into electrical signals. The ASR is small enough to fit in the eye and receives power from light, without needing batteries. It sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain, allowing some patients to perceive images. However, ASR technology remains highly experimental and can only provide basic vision currently. Much more research is still needed to develop it further.
This document discusses current research on bionic eyes and their future prospects. It begins by describing the structure and function of the human eye. It then outlines causes of blindness and eye diseases. The document introduces the concept of a bionic eye as a bioelectronic device that can replace or enhance eye functionality. It describes different regions where implants can be placed and discusses approaches like epiretinal and subretinal implantation. The rest of the document focuses on the artificial silicon retina and multiple unit artificial retina chipset system as examples of bionic eye technologies, outlining their design, advantages, and limitations. It concludes by noting the progress made in bionic devices and remaining challenges in providing power and brain interfaces.
The document discusses bionic eyes, which are electronic devices that can replace dysfunctional parts of the eye and restore vision. It describes two approaches for a bionic eye - an artificial silicon retina (ASR) which is a microchip implanted under the retina, and a multi-unit artificial retina chipset (MARC) which uses an external camera, transmitter and implanted chip and electrodes. Both aim to stimulate remaining healthy retinal cells and transmit signals to the brain to provide a limited form of artificial vision. However, challenges remain in developing a bionic eye with sufficient resolution and long-term durability.
This document describes the development of an artificial vision system to cure blindness. It discusses how researchers are developing retinal implants that can process images from a camera into electrical signals that the optic nerve can interpret as vision. The system includes a miniature video camera, a processor to translate images into signals, and an infrared screen on goggles to stimulate a silicon chip implanted on the retina. This technology has potential to restore limited sight to those blinded by retinal degeneration, though it cannot currently provide high-resolution images.
This document describes the development of bionic eyes or artificial vision technology. It discusses how artificial retinas made of silicon or ceramic photocells could be implanted through microsurgery to detect light and stimulate the retina and optic nerve, restoring some vision. The artificial retina called the ASR contains over 3,500 photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Surgeons implant the microchip by making small incisions in the eye and inserting the chip under the retina without external wires or batteries. This technology holds promise for restoring sight to those blinded by retinal diseases.
The document discusses the development of artificial vision technology known as the Argus II retinal prosthesis system. It describes the components of the system, which includes a small implanted electronic device, an external video camera and processing unit. The camera captures images and sends signals to the implant, which stimulates neurons in the retina to allow individuals to perceive patterns of light and basic shapes. While providing an ability to perform some visual tasks, the technology remains limited and very expensive. Future developments aim to reduce costs and further miniaturize the devices using advanced technologies.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the data to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina with electrical pulses to allow signals to be sent to the brain. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted receiver/stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, full restoration of vision remains challenging due to the complexity of the human visual system.
1. Scientists are developing a bionic eye called an artificial retina that could restore vision. It works by using a small implanted chip with light-sensitive cells that transmit signals to the optic nerve and brain.
2. The chip detects incoming light and transmits electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Early versions used silicon but now scientists are testing ceramic cells that are safer for the human body.
3. The surgery to implant the chip involves making small incisions to insert the chip and use fluid to lift the retina and seal it over the chip. The goal is to replace damaged photoreceptor cells and restore basic vision.
The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
Bionic eyes are being developed to restore sight for those with blindness. Current bionic eye technology involves implanting a microchip retina that receives signals from an external camera. This allows individuals to perceive light and basic shapes. However, the technology is still limited compared to natural vision. Only one bionic eye system called Argus II is approved for use in the US, helping those blind from retinitis pigmentosa. Researchers hope to improve the technology by adding more electrodes to the retina implant and enabling color perception. Bionic eyes remain an expensive treatment option still in the early stages of development.
1) The document discusses artificial retina and bionic eye technologies that aim to restore vision. It describes how the human eye works and common eye diseases. 2) An artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted beneath the retina that detects light and sends signals to the optic nerve, allowing individuals to see spots of light or basic shapes. A bionic eye involves a camera, processor, and implant to translate images into electrical pulses for the optic nerve. 3) Both technologies have helped some blind individuals identify objects, but have limitations like image resolution and required surgery. Ongoing research seeks to improve artificial vision systems.
The document discusses various methods for providing artificial vision to blind individuals, including digital artificial vision using a miniature camera, microchip, and electrode array implanted in the occipital lobe of the brain. The camera feeds images to a microcomputer for edge detection processing before electrical signals are sent to each electrode to simulate vision. The electrodes are implanted by piercing a platinum foil ground plate inserted into the skull. This allows blind individuals to perceive visual stimuli through artificial stimulation of the visual cortex.
The document summarizes a seminar on artificial eyes presented by Jamvant Sonwane. It discusses how natural eyes work using rods and cones, common eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigmentosa. It then explains that an artificial eye uses a camera, microchip, and retinal implant to provide vision by stimulating the retina and optic nerve. The seminar describes the components and working of artificial eyes, comparing natural and artificial vision. It also outlines the limitations of current artificial eye technology.
The document discusses artificial eyes and how they work. It describes that artificial eyes consist of a camera, video processing unit, radio transmitter, radio receiver, and retinal implant. The camera captures images and sends them to the video processing unit which simplifies the images into light spots. The processed images are then sent to the retinal implant via the radio transmitter and receiver. The retinal implant stimulates the retina and optic nerve to send signals to the brain, allowing individuals with eye diseases to regain vision. The technology provides basic object and shape recognition but has limitations such as the need for surgery and the high cost. It represents an important development for restoring sight.
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
This document discusses an artificial vision system that could restore sight for those with retinal diseases. It describes the major components of the system: an artificial silicon retina implanted in the eye that converts light to electrical signals; a miniature video camera that captures images; a video processing unit that simplifies the images; and an infrared LCD screen on goggles that converts signals to light pulses for the retina. The system provides basic vision allowing users to identify objects, but has limitations in cost, resolution, and applicability to infants. Overall, it represents an important breakthrough for treating retinal degeneration and other vision-impairing diseases.
A bionic eye is an artificial device that replaces part or all of the eye's functionality. It works by stimulating the optic nerve with electrical impulses from a camera, allowing the brain to interpret images. Current models consist of a small implanted chip connected to an external camera. The Argus II system has an array of 60 electrodes on the implant that are stimulated by a processing unit to provide basic vision. While it does not fully restore sight, bionic eyes have helped many blind patients regain some ability to see and navigate independently. Researchers are working to improve the technology with higher resolution implants.
The Argus II is a retinal prosthesis system that provides a sense of sight to people who are blind from conditions like macular degeneration. It consists of a camera and video processing unit that captures images and converts them to electrical pulses, a transmitter that sends the pulses to an implanted retinal stimulator with electrodes, which substitutes for damaged photoreceptors. The implant stimulates the retina to allow the brain to interpret patterns of light and dark and form basic visual perceptions. Early testing shows recipients can detect shapes and motion, and the technology may eventually provide clearer vision like facial recognition.
The artificial retina technology known as the Argus II has been approved for use in the US. It consists of a camera mounted on glasses that transmits images wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on the retina. The array stimulates the retina to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision. The Argus II is intended for those aged 25+ who have lost light perception due to retinitis pigmentosa. It allows them to identify objects, read large letters, and navigate independently. While a breakthrough, the device is very expensive and remains inaccessible to many.
This document summarizes an artificial retina system (ARS) that aims to restore vision to blind individuals. It discusses the history of ARS development led by Dr. Mark Humayun beginning in 2002. The first ARS model, Argus I, contained 16 electrodes and allowed patients to distinguish light and dark and locate objects. Later models like Argus II contained more electrodes and were smaller and less invasive. The ARS works by implanting a chip containing electrodes that stimulate the retina. Technological challenges remain around biocompatibility, resolution, and cost, but advances are being made to improve the design. The overall goal is for ARS to help millions of blind individuals see well enough to navigate, read, and recognize faces
This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight to blind individuals. It describes two main approaches: retinal implants like the artificial silicon retina that replace photoreceptors in the retina, and cortical implants that stimulate the visual cortex. The document outlines how these systems work, including capturing images with a camera and processing signals to stimulate the retina or brain. It also discusses the current limitations of artificial vision and ongoing research needed to improve image clarity and functionality for blind individuals.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, an online tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
How to ethically steal your competitor's biggest facebook fansBryan Fleming
This document provides instructions for using Facebook ads to target the fans of a competitor's Facebook page in order to promote your own business. It recommends creating an ad campaign targeting a competitor's page by entering the page name in the "Interests" section. It also suggests using conversion tracking and creating a lookalike audience of visitors to your site to improve targeting. The overall goal is to "ethically steal" a competitor's existing Facebook fans by advertising your business to them.
This document describes the development of an artificial vision system to cure blindness. It discusses how researchers are developing retinal implants that can process images from a camera into electrical signals that the optic nerve can interpret as vision. The system includes a miniature video camera, a processor to translate images into signals, and an infrared screen on goggles to stimulate a silicon chip implanted on the retina. This technology has potential to restore limited sight to those blinded by retinal degeneration, though it cannot currently provide high-resolution images.
This document describes the development of bionic eyes or artificial vision technology. It discusses how artificial retinas made of silicon or ceramic photocells could be implanted through microsurgery to detect light and stimulate the retina and optic nerve, restoring some vision. The artificial retina called the ASR contains over 3,500 photodiodes that convert light into electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Surgeons implant the microchip by making small incisions in the eye and inserting the chip under the retina without external wires or batteries. This technology holds promise for restoring sight to those blinded by retinal diseases.
The document discusses the development of artificial vision technology known as the Argus II retinal prosthesis system. It describes the components of the system, which includes a small implanted electronic device, an external video camera and processing unit. The camera captures images and sends signals to the implant, which stimulates neurons in the retina to allow individuals to perceive patterns of light and basic shapes. While providing an ability to perform some visual tasks, the technology remains limited and very expensive. Future developments aim to reduce costs and further miniaturize the devices using advanced technologies.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the data to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina with electrical pulses to allow signals to be sent to the brain. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted receiver/stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, full restoration of vision remains challenging due to the complexity of the human visual system.
1. Scientists are developing a bionic eye called an artificial retina that could restore vision. It works by using a small implanted chip with light-sensitive cells that transmit signals to the optic nerve and brain.
2. The chip detects incoming light and transmits electrical signals to stimulate remaining retinal cells. Early versions used silicon but now scientists are testing ceramic cells that are safer for the human body.
3. The surgery to implant the chip involves making small incisions to insert the chip and use fluid to lift the retina and seal it over the chip. The goal is to replace damaged photoreceptor cells and restore basic vision.
The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.
Bionic eyes are being developed to restore sight for those with blindness. Current bionic eye technology involves implanting a microchip retina that receives signals from an external camera. This allows individuals to perceive light and basic shapes. However, the technology is still limited compared to natural vision. Only one bionic eye system called Argus II is approved for use in the US, helping those blind from retinitis pigmentosa. Researchers hope to improve the technology by adding more electrodes to the retina implant and enabling color perception. Bionic eyes remain an expensive treatment option still in the early stages of development.
1) The document discusses artificial retina and bionic eye technologies that aim to restore vision. It describes how the human eye works and common eye diseases. 2) An artificial silicon retina is a microchip implanted beneath the retina that detects light and sends signals to the optic nerve, allowing individuals to see spots of light or basic shapes. A bionic eye involves a camera, processor, and implant to translate images into electrical pulses for the optic nerve. 3) Both technologies have helped some blind individuals identify objects, but have limitations like image resolution and required surgery. Ongoing research seeks to improve artificial vision systems.
The document discusses various methods for providing artificial vision to blind individuals, including digital artificial vision using a miniature camera, microchip, and electrode array implanted in the occipital lobe of the brain. The camera feeds images to a microcomputer for edge detection processing before electrical signals are sent to each electrode to simulate vision. The electrodes are implanted by piercing a platinum foil ground plate inserted into the skull. This allows blind individuals to perceive visual stimuli through artificial stimulation of the visual cortex.
The document summarizes a seminar on artificial eyes presented by Jamvant Sonwane. It discusses how natural eyes work using rods and cones, common eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration and retinal pigmentosa. It then explains that an artificial eye uses a camera, microchip, and retinal implant to provide vision by stimulating the retina and optic nerve. The seminar describes the components and working of artificial eyes, comparing natural and artificial vision. It also outlines the limitations of current artificial eye technology.
The document discusses artificial eyes and how they work. It describes that artificial eyes consist of a camera, video processing unit, radio transmitter, radio receiver, and retinal implant. The camera captures images and sends them to the video processing unit which simplifies the images into light spots. The processed images are then sent to the retinal implant via the radio transmitter and receiver. The retinal implant stimulates the retina and optic nerve to send signals to the brain, allowing individuals with eye diseases to regain vision. The technology provides basic object and shape recognition but has limitations such as the need for surgery and the high cost. It represents an important development for restoring sight.
Bionic eye is a device that can provide sight-detection of light.
Researches working for the Boston Retinal Implant Project have been developing Bionic eye implant that could restore the eye sight of people who suffer from age related blindness.
It is based on a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina, at the back of the eye ball.
Ultra thin wires strengthens the damaged optic nerve.
The user should wear special eye glasses battery powered camera and a transmitter.
This document discusses an artificial vision system that could restore sight for those with retinal diseases. It describes the major components of the system: an artificial silicon retina implanted in the eye that converts light to electrical signals; a miniature video camera that captures images; a video processing unit that simplifies the images; and an infrared LCD screen on goggles that converts signals to light pulses for the retina. The system provides basic vision allowing users to identify objects, but has limitations in cost, resolution, and applicability to infants. Overall, it represents an important breakthrough for treating retinal degeneration and other vision-impairing diseases.
A bionic eye is an artificial device that replaces part or all of the eye's functionality. It works by stimulating the optic nerve with electrical impulses from a camera, allowing the brain to interpret images. Current models consist of a small implanted chip connected to an external camera. The Argus II system has an array of 60 electrodes on the implant that are stimulated by a processing unit to provide basic vision. While it does not fully restore sight, bionic eyes have helped many blind patients regain some ability to see and navigate independently. Researchers are working to improve the technology with higher resolution implants.
The Argus II is a retinal prosthesis system that provides a sense of sight to people who are blind from conditions like macular degeneration. It consists of a camera and video processing unit that captures images and converts them to electrical pulses, a transmitter that sends the pulses to an implanted retinal stimulator with electrodes, which substitutes for damaged photoreceptors. The implant stimulates the retina to allow the brain to interpret patterns of light and dark and form basic visual perceptions. Early testing shows recipients can detect shapes and motion, and the technology may eventually provide clearer vision like facial recognition.
The artificial retina technology known as the Argus II has been approved for use in the US. It consists of a camera mounted on glasses that transmits images wirelessly to a microelectrode array implanted on the retina. The array stimulates the retina to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision. The Argus II is intended for those aged 25+ who have lost light perception due to retinitis pigmentosa. It allows them to identify objects, read large letters, and navigate independently. While a breakthrough, the device is very expensive and remains inaccessible to many.
This document summarizes an artificial retina system (ARS) that aims to restore vision to blind individuals. It discusses the history of ARS development led by Dr. Mark Humayun beginning in 2002. The first ARS model, Argus I, contained 16 electrodes and allowed patients to distinguish light and dark and locate objects. Later models like Argus II contained more electrodes and were smaller and less invasive. The ARS works by implanting a chip containing electrodes that stimulate the retina. Technological challenges remain around biocompatibility, resolution, and cost, but advances are being made to improve the design. The overall goal is for ARS to help millions of blind individuals see well enough to navigate, read, and recognize faces
This document summarizes research on developing artificial vision systems to restore sight to blind individuals. It describes two main approaches: retinal implants like the artificial silicon retina that replace photoreceptors in the retina, and cortical implants that stimulate the visual cortex. The document outlines how these systems work, including capturing images with a camera and processing signals to stimulate the retina or brain. It also discusses the current limitations of artificial vision and ongoing research needed to improve image clarity and functionality for blind individuals.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, an online tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
How to ethically steal your competitor's biggest facebook fansBryan Fleming
This document provides instructions for using Facebook ads to target the fans of a competitor's Facebook page in order to promote your own business. It recommends creating an ad campaign targeting a competitor's page by entering the page name in the "Interests" section. It also suggests using conversion tracking and creating a lookalike audience of visitors to your site to improve targeting. The overall goal is to "ethically steal" a competitor's existing Facebook fans by advertising your business to them.
http://www.buildingsocialproof.com - How Does Facebook Retargeting work? In this presentation I show you exactly how Facebook Remarketing works. You will learn why you need and HOW to set it up correctly. Facebook Retargeting is actually the FIRST thing you should when setting up your Facebook Ads Campaign.
El relato cuenta la historia de Elmer, un elefante diferente al resto del rebaño porque era de colores. Cansado de ser diferente, Elmer decide pintarse de color gris para parecerse a los demás elefantes, pero al final los elefantes descubren a Elmer y deciden celebrar una fiesta anual donde todos se pintan de colores y Elmer se pinta de gris para festejar su singularidad.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal prosthetics for restoring vision. It describes how a bionic eye works by using a miniature camera to capture images and transmit the signals to a microchip implanted behind the retina. The chip then stimulates the retina to send signals to the brain that can be interpreted as vision. Several technologies are discussed, including an artificial silicon retina containing photodiodes, the MARC system using an external camera and implanted stimulator, and ceramic photocells being developed to detect light and repair eyes. While promising, bionic eyes still only provide basic vision and developing the technology to replicate the full capabilities of the human eye remains challenging.
This seminar document discusses the bionic eye, which aims to restore vision. It begins by explaining how the natural retina works and eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration that damage the retina. An artificial silicon retina is presented as a visual prosthesis that detects light and converts it to electrical signals for the brain. The bionic eye builds upon this by adding a camera, visual processing unit, and microelectrode array implanted near the optic nerve to stimulate it wirelessly. While promising to help the blind see light and basic shapes, challenges remain in the bionic eye's repair ability, cost, and ability to match natural vision.
The document discusses bionic eyes and retinal implants. It begins with an introduction to bionic eyes and their potential to restore vision for the blind. It then provides details on the anatomy and function of the eye and retina. It discusses two major causes of retinal degeneration - retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. The document outlines the need for bionic eyes to restore lost vision. It describes the basic components and working of a bionic eye system like the Argus II, which uses a camera and transmitter to stimulate a retinal implant. The goal is to increase the resolution of implants to allow reading and facial recognition.
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) provides a new communication channel between the human brain and the computer. The 100 billion neurons communicate via minute electrochemical impulses, shifting patterns sparking like fireflies on a summer evening, that produce movement, expression, words. Mental activity leads to changes of electrophysiological signals.
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by N. Shyam Kumar to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at SVS Institute of Technology. The report discusses brain-computer interfaces, including their working architecture and types. It covers invasive BCIs implanted in the brain, partially invasive BCIs implanted in the skull, and non-invasive BCIs using EEG. It also discusses early animal research with BCIs implanted in monkeys and rats.
Retinal recognition uses the unique pattern of blood vessels in the retina to identify individuals. It is considered the most reliable biometric since the retina develops randomly and is difficult to alter. However, retinal scanners are invasive, expensive, and not widely accepted. They work by capturing an image of the retina using infrared light and extracting over 400 data points to create a template for identification. Factors like eye movement, distance from the lens, or a dirty lens can cause errors in scanning.
This document provides an overview of bionic eyes, including how they work and their development. It discusses how Dr. Mark Humayun's research in the late 1990s demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the optic nerve could allow blind individuals to see light. This led to efforts to create a retinal prosthesis that could translate images into electrical pulses. The Argus II is described as the first approved bionic eye, consisting of an externally worn camera and processor that transmit data and power to an implanted retinal chip. The document outlines the components of the Argus II and how it provides a basic form of artificial vision. It notes ongoing research aims to improve resolution and develop third generation devices. Limitations include the invasive surgery required and current high
Tiny solar-panel-like cells implanted under the retina are part of a new retinal prosthesis being developed by researchers at Stanford University to restore sight to blind patients. The system uses a camera-equipped goggles to capture visual data, processes the images, and beams the pictures via laser pulses to the silicon chip implant, generating electric currents in the retina and allowing signals to reach the brain. If successful, the solar-powered implant would bypass degenerated retinal cells and enable vision by converting light directly into neural signals.
The document discusses bionics, which combines biology and electronics. It describes how bionic devices can replace organs like ears, arms, and eyes. Examples provided include a bionic arm that can rotate 360 degrees and artificial muscles made of materials that contract and expand like human muscles in response to electricity. The document also discusses developments in bionic eyes like an implantable artificial retina and bionic ears. It concludes by questioning whether future generations will be led by humans, robots, or bionic humans.
Blindness is a serious condition that is feared by many. Researchers are working on developing artificial vision technologies to help restore sight for the blind. One such technology is a bionic eye, which uses a camera and implant to stimulate the retina and optic nerve to generate images in the brain. The retina plays a key role in vision, containing rods, cones and ganglion cells that transmit light signals to the brain. Retinal diseases can lead to blindness by damaging these cells. Researchers are working to bypass damaged areas and provide artificial stimulation to restore some level of sight.
This presentation lists some brain-computer interface technologies that exist today and that could be attainable in future. At the end, philosophical comments about this kind of technology and transhumanism are purposed, in order to reveal the key difference between a humain brain and artificial intelligence.
Neuroprosthetics involves using brain signals acquired from neurons for various purposes like restoring movement in paralyzed patients. Nanotechnology like nano multi-electrode arrays can be used to receive and transmit brain signals more effectively by increasing electrode conduction and reducing incorrect connections with neurons. Neuroprosthetics has applications in both in vivo and in vitro contexts and can help improve functions like movement, speech, and understanding of drug effects on animal behavior and emotions.
Artificial Implants and the Field of Visual Prosthesis Research PaperBrittney Pfeifer
This document summarizes artificial implants and the field of visual prosthesis. It discusses how retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa cause blindness but leave the visual pathway intact, opening possibilities for visual prostheses. The history of the field is outlined from early electrical stimulation experiments in the brain and retina to establishing cortical, optic nerve, and retinal prostheses. Examples of current epiretinal prostheses like Argus II and subretinal prostheses like Alpha-IMS are provided, along with their advantages and disadvantages.
visual prosthesis replicates the natural vision of the eye and are one of the newer innovations in the field of ophthalmology. Helps in degenerative disease like Age related macular degeneration , retinitis pigmentosa etc.
An artificial retina is proposed that uses thin-film transistors fabricated on transparent and flexible substrates. The artificial retina would be implanted on the inside surface of the living retina in the back of the eye. Electronic photo devices and circuits integrated onto the artificial retina would substitute for deteriorated photoreceptor cells. A wireless power supply would drive the artificial retina to eliminate connection wires and realize a completely internal artificial organ.
The document describes the bionic eye and how it aims to restore vision for the blind. It discusses how a bionic eye works using a camera and microchip to convert images into electrical pulses that stimulate the retina. Specific projects are mentioned, like the artificial silicon retina which is a microchip implanted in the eye containing photodiodes. The Argus II is highlighted as the first approved bionic eye system, which transmits wireless signals from eyeglass cameras to a retinal implant in order to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision.
ARTIFICIAL RETINA USING THIN FILM TRANSISTORS DRIVEN BY WIRELESS POWER SUPPLYManiroop Badam
Artificial retinas have been ardently desired to recover the sight sense for sight-handicapped people. We have verified that an artificial retina using poly-Si TFTs can be driven by wireless power supply. It is confirmed that the irradiated light distribution can be reproduced as the output voltage distribution owing to the parameter optimization of the wireless power supply system.
The document discusses the development of an artificial eye called the Argus II, which aims to restore functional vision. It consists of a camera that attaches to glasses and captures images, a processing unit that converts images to electrical signals, and an implant with electrodes that stimulates the retina to produce phosphenes resembling dots of light. Several patients have been able to perform basic visual tasks like detecting objects and reading large text after receiving the implant. While promising, the technology is still limited and very expensive, but ongoing research seeks to improve artificial vision systems.
1. A Presentation on
Presented
by
SWATHI REDDY RADHA
(3rd B.Tech,I.T) (3rd B.Tech,I.T)
Bobbaswathi.reddy@gmail.com gondralaradha33@gmail.com
ARTIFICIAL VISION
TOWARDS CREATING THE JOYS OF SEEING FOR THE
BLIND
Made possible by micro medical electronics
2. ABSTRACT:
Blindness is more feared by the public than any other ailment. Artificial vision for
the blind was once the stuff of science fiction. But now, a limited form of artificial vision
is a reality .Now we are at the beginning of the end of blindness with this type of
technology. In an effort to illuminate the perpetually dark world of the blind, researchers
are turning to technology. They are investigating several electronic-based strategies
designed to bypass various defects or missing links along the brain's image processing
pathway and provide some form of artificial sight.
This paper is about curing blindness. Linking electronics and biotechnology, the
scientists has made the commitment to the development of technology that will provide
or restore vision for the visually impaired around the world. This paper describes the
development of artificial vision system, which cures blindness to some extent. This
paper explains the process involved in it and explains the concepts of artificial silicon
retina, cortical implants etc. The roadblocks that are created are also elucidated clearly.
Finally the advancements made in this system and scope of this in the future is also
presented clearly.
INTRODUCTION:
Artificial-vision researchers take inspiration from another device, the cochlear
implant, which has successfully restored hearing to thousands of deaf people. But the
human vision system is far more complicated than that of hearing. The eye is one of the
most amazing organs in the body. Before we understand how artificial vision is created,
it's important to know about the important role that the retina plays in how we see. Here
is a simple explanation of what happens when we look at an object:
• Scattered light from the object enters through the cornea.
• The light is projected onto the retina.
• The retina sends messages to the brain through the optic nerve.
• The brain interprets what the object is.
3. Figures (1, 2): the anatomy of
the eye and its path view
The retina is complex in itself. This thin membrane at the
back of the eye is a vital part of our ability to see. Its main
function is to receive and transmit images to the brain. These
are the three main types of cells in the eye that help perform this function: Rods, Cones
and Ganglion Cells. The information received by the rods and cones are transmitted to
the nearly 1 million ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells interpret the
messages from the rods and cones and send the information on to the brain by way of the
optic nerve. There are a number of retinal diseases that attack these cells, which can lead
to blindness. The most notable of these diseases are retinitis pigmentosa and age-
related macular degeneration. Both of these diseases attack the retina, rendering the
rods and cones inoperative, causing either loss of peripheral vision or total blindness.
However, it's been found that neither of these retinal diseases affects the ganglion cells or
the optic nerve.
4. This means that if scientists can develop artificial cones and rods, information could
still be sent to the brain for interpretation. This concept laid the foundation for the
invention of the ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM technology.
HOW TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL VISION?
The current path that scientists are taking to create artificial vision received a jolt in
1988, when Dr. Mark Humayun demonstrated that a blind person could be made to see
light by stimulating the nerve ganglia behind the retina with an electrical current. This
test proved that the nerves behind the retina still functioned even when the retina had
degenerated. Based on this information, scientists set out to create a device that could
translate images and electrical pulses that could restore vision. Today, such a device is
very close to be available to the millions of people who have lost their vision to retinal
disease. In fact, there are at least two silicon microchip devices that are being developed.
The concept for both devices is similar, with each being:
• Small enough to be implanted in the eye
• Supplied with a continuous source of power
• Biocompatible with the surrounding eye tissue
Figures (3, 4) the dot above the date on this
penny is the full size of the Artificial Silicon Retina.
Perhaps the more promising of these two silicon devices is the ARTIFICIAL SILICON
RETINA (ASR). The ASR is an extremely tiny device. It has a diameter of just 2 mm (.078
inch) and is thinner than a human hair. In order for an artificial retina to work it has to be
small enough so that doctors can transplant it in the eye without damaging the other
structures within the eye. Groups of researchers have found that blind people can see spots
5. of light when electrical currents stimulate cells, following the experimental insertion of
an electrode device near or into their retina. Some patients even saw crude shapes in the
form of these light spots. This indicates that despite damage to cells in the retina,
electronic techniques can transmit signals to the next step in the pathway and provide
some form of visual sensation. Researchers are currently developing more sophisticated
computer chips with the hope that they will be able to transmit more meaningful images
to the brain.
How ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA does works?
The ASR contains about 3,500 microscopic solar cells that are able to convert
light into electrical pulses, mimicking the function of cones and rods. To implant this
device into the eye, surgeons make three tiny incisions no larger than the diameter of a
needle in the white part of the eye. Through these incisions, the surgeons introduce a
miniature cutting and vacuuming device that removes the gel in the middle of the eye and
replaces it with saline. Next, a pinpoint opening is made in the retina through which they
inject fluid to lift up a portion of the retina from the back of the eye, which creates a
small pocket in the sub retinal space for the device to fit in. The retina is then resealed
over the ASR.
.Figure 5: Here you can see where
the ASR is placed between the outer and inner retinal layers.
6. For any microchip to work it needs power and the amazing thing about the ASR is
that it receives all of its needed power from the light entering the eye. This means that
with the ASR implant in place behind the retina, it receives all of the light entering the
eye. This solar energy eliminates the need for any wires, batteries or other secondary
devices to supply power.
Another microchip device that would restore partial vision is currently in
development called the artificial retina component chip (ARCC), this device is quite
similar to the ASR. Both are made of silicon and both are powered by solar energy. The
ARCC is also a very small device measuring 2 mm square and a thickness of .02
millimeters (.00078 inch). There are significant differences between the devices,
however. According to researchers, the ARCC will give blind patients the ability to see
10 by 10 pixel images, which is about the size of a single letter on this page. However,
researchers have said that they could eventually develop a version of the chip that would
allow 250 by 250 pixel array, which would allow those who were once blind to read a
newspaper.
WORKING OF ARTIFICIAL VISION SYSTEM:
The main parts of this system are miniature video camera, a signal processor, and the
brain implants. The tiny pinhole camera, mounted on a pair of eyeglasses, captures the
scene in front of the wearer and sends it to a small computer on the patient's belt. The
processor translates the image into a series of signals that the brain can understand, and
then sends the information to the brain implant that is placed in patient’s visual cortex.
7. And, if everything goes according to plan, the brain will "see" the image.
Figures (6, 7) illustrating the AV SYSTEM.
Light enters the camera, which then sends the image to a wireless wallet-sized
computer for processing. The computer transmits this information to an infrared LED
screen on the goggles. The goggles reflect an infrared image into the eye and on to the
retinal chip, stimulating photodiodes on the chip. The photodiodes mimic the retinal cells
by converting light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted by cells in the inner
8. retina via nerve pulses to the brain. The goggles are transparent so if the user still has
some vision, they can match that with the new information - the device would cover
about 10° of the wearer’s field of vision.
The patient should wear sunglasses with a tiny pinhole camera mounted on one
lens and an ultrasonic range finder on the other. Both devices communicate with a small
computer carried on his hip, which highlights the edges between light and dark areas in
the camera image. It then tells an adjacent computer to send appropriate signals to an
array of small electrodes on the surface of patient’s brain, through wires entering his
skull. The electrodes stimulate certain brain cells, making the person perceive the specks
of light. The shifting patterns as scans across a scene tells him where light areas meet
dark ones, letting him find the black cap on the white wall, for example. The device
provides a sort of tunnel vision, reading an area about the size of a card 2 inches wide and
8 inches tall, held at arm's length.
ADVANCEMENTS IN CREATING ARTIFICIAL VISION:
Ceramic optical detectors based on the photo-ferroelectrics effect are being
developed for direct implantation into the eyes of patients with retinal dystrophies. In
retinal dystrophies where the optic nerve and retinal ganglia are intact (such as Retinitis
Pigmentosa), direct retinal implant of an optical detector to stimulate retinal ganglia
could allow patients to regain some sight. In such cases additional wiring to the brain
cortex is not required, and for biologically inert detectors, surgical implantation can be
quite direct. The detector currently being developed for this application is a thin film
ferroelectric detector, which under optical illumination can generate a local photocurrent
and photo voltage. The local electric current generated by this miniature detector excites
the retinal neural circuit resulting in a signal at the optic nerve that may be translated by
the cortex of the brain as "seeing light". Detectors based on PbLaZrTiO3 (PLZT) and
BiVMnO3 (BVMO) films exhibit a strong photo response in visible range overlapping
eye response from 380 nm to 650 nm. The thin film detector heterostructures have been
implanted into the eyes of rabbits for biocompatibility test, and have shown no biological
incompatibilities.
The bionic devices tested so far include both those attached to the back of the eye
9. itself and those implanted directly in the brain. Patients with both types of implants
describe seeing multiple points of light and, in some cases, crude outlines of objects.
Placing electrodes in the eye has proved easier. During the past decade, work on these
retinal implants has attracted growing government funding and commercial interest. Such
implants zap electrical signals to nerves on the back of the eye, which then carry them to
the brain. However, since these devices take advantage of surviving parts of the eye they
will help only the subset of blind people whose blindness is due to retinal disease, by
some estimates about 30% of the blind. Moreover, scientists don't believe any implant
could help those blind since birth, because their brains never have learned to recognize
vision.
What blind patients would not be able to use this device?
We believe the device will be applicable to virtually all patients who are blind or
who have very low vision. The only ones contraindicated would be a few blinded by
serious brain damage, or who have chronic infections, etc. that preclude surgical
implants. Patients who have a small amount of vision are not contraindicated. Visual
cortex stimulation seems to work the same in both sighted and blind patients.
BOTTLENECKS RAISED BY THIS TECHNOLOGY:
1. The first and foremost thing is the cost .The miniaturization of equipment and more
powerful computers have made this artificial vision possible, but it's not cheap: The
operation, equipment and necessary training cost $70,000 per patient. And also may be
much higher depending upon the context and severity.
2. It may not work for people blinded as children or as infants, because the visual cortex
do not develop normally. But it will work for the vast majority of the blind -- 98 to 99
percent.
3. Researchers caution, however, that artificial vision devices are still highly
experimental and practical systems are many years away. Even after they are refined, the
10. first wave will most likely provide only crude images, such as the outline of a kitchen
doorway. It does not function as well as the real eye, and does not have crystal-clear
vision (as it is only a camera).The device is a very limited navigational aid, and it's a far
cry from the visual experience normal people enjoy.
OTHER REASONS CAUSING BLINDNESS AND THEIR REMEDIES:
The main aim of Artificial Vision is to restore some degree of sight to the
profoundly blind. Since blindness can result from defects at many different points along
the visual pathway, there are accordingly a wide variety of proposed models for an
"Artificial Eye".
The earliest stage of visual processing is the transudation of light into electrical
signals by the photoreceptors. If this is the only process that is interrupted in a blind
individual, he or she may benefit from a Sub-Retinal Prosthesis, a device that is
designed to replace only the photoreceptors in the retina. However, if the Optic Nerve
itself is damaged, the only possibility for restoring sight is to directly stimulate the visual
cortex. Cortical prosthesis is designed specifically for this task. Although the categories
presented account for most of the research in Artificial Vision, there are a few more
exotic techniques being developed. One of these is the BioHybrid Implant a device that
incorporates living cells with man-made elements. Regardless of the specific design, all
of these devices are working towards the same goal-- a permanent replacement for part of
the human visual system.
CONCLUSION:
The electronic eye is the latest in high-tech gadgets aimed at helping millions of
blind and visually impaired people. Although the images produced by the artificial eye
were far from perfect, they could be clear enough to allow someone who is otherwise
blind to recognize faces. The first useful artificial eye is now helping a blind man walk
safely around and read large letters. Several efforts are now underway to create vision in
otherwise blind eyes. While technically exciting, much more work in this area needs to be
completed before anything is available to the majority of patients. Research is ongoing in
11. two areas: cortical implants and retinal implants. There is still an enormous amount of
work to be done in developing artificial retinas. In recent years, progress is being made
towards sensory distribution devices for the blind. In the long run, there could be the
possibility of brain implants. A brain implant or cortical implant provides visual input
from a camera directly to the brain via electrodes in contact with the visual cortex at the
backside of the head.
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
BOOKS:
1. Humayun MS, de Juan E Jr., Dagnelie G, et al. Visual perception elicited by
electrical stimulation of retina in blind humans. Archives of Ophthalmology;
vol 114.
2. “Artificial Vision for the Blind by Connecting a Television
Camera to the Brain" ASAIO Journal 2000