This document provides information on different biomes and climates around the world. It begins by describing hot climates, including equatorial rainforests, tropical rainforests, and savannas. It then discusses temperate climates such as Mediterranean scrublands, humid subtropical forests, and deciduous forests. Finally, it covers cold climates like tundra and alpine regions. For each biome, it provides details on characteristic vegetation, animals, and climate patterns. The document uses examples of cities and regions to illustrate the climatic data for various biomes.

1. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
IES “AL-QÁZERES”
Susana González Prado

2. INDEX:
1.Hot Climates: Natural landscapes.
Equatorial rainforest.
Tropical rainforest
Savanna
Hot desert
2.Temperate Climates: Natural Landscapes.
Mediterranean scrubland
Humid sub-tropical forest
Deciduous forest
Coniferous forest or taiga
3.Cold Climates: Natural Landscapes.
Tundra
Alpine
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3. HOT CLIMATES
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4. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
EQUATORIAL RAINFOREST
VEGETATION
Mahogany ( caoba)
cacao tree
Ebony, teak tree
Palm
Rubber tree
banana
The vegetation in the rainforest
forms four layers:
 Emergent,
 Canopy,
 Under-canopy and
 Shrub layer.
Animals
A huge numbers of animals live in
rainforests, including microscopic
animals, invertebrates (like insects
and worms), fish, reptiles, amphibi-
ans, birds, and mammals:
Apes, alligators
Parrots
Sloths
Jaguars
Pythons
An equatorial climate
A hot climate.
Equatorial rainforest are located in a narrow
band around the Equator..
A typical equatorial climate is hot, wet and
humid all year round.
It has no seasons.
Soil is nutrient-poor and acidic
Average Temperature: 25ºC
Total annual Rainfall: more than 1500mm

5. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD

6. Equatorial Rainforest climatic data.
UAUPÉS, AMAZONAS. Height: 90 meters Latitude: 6º S Longitude: 67º W
Another example:
Singapore, (Malaysia): 1º 22’ N 103º 45’E Total annual rainfall: 2415mm Average temperatura 26º C
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC total
ÁC 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 24
2886mm 277 241 261 276 309 260 243 200 172 171 198 280

7. Equatorial Rainforest climatic data.
Pay attention to these data, they belong to an equatorial climate, but they are altered by height.
QUITO-OBSERVATORIO- Altitude: 2.850 mt . 0.22°S 78.50°W
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 13.6 13.4 13.6 13.5 13.8 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.2 13.1 13.4 13.5
mm 89.5 134.8 148.0 165.4 109.9 49.3 28.7 34.6 83.7 134.7 99.2 93.9 1172.
3

8. Vegetation
Less variaty of vegetation than in the
equatorial rainforest.
Trees are not so tall or close together.
There are species of tropical trees and
plants : ferns, laurels, mixed with others
from temperate zones, such as oaks and
palms.
Monsoon forest: Teak.
Tropical Rainforest
These areas are located to the north and
south of the Equator, but further away
than the equatorial rainforest.
Closest to the Equator, there is a period of
intense rain. Further away, there are two
rainy season adn two dry seasons.
Monsoon Climate– Monsoon forest: It is a
variety of tropical climate, and also of
tropical rainforest. Monsoon is a seasonally
wind full of rain, that occurs near the
tropics. This climate have a very rainy
season and a dry one.
Average temeperature over 20º.
Annual total rainfall les than 1500mm
Monsoon climate has torrential rainfall
from June to September.
Fauna
Monkeys,
Anteater (oso hormiguero)
Lizard:(lĭz′ərd)
Puma
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9. Tropical Rainforest climatic data.
BANGKOK is at about 13.73°N 100.50°E. Height about 2m / 6 feet above sea level.
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 25.9 27.6 29.2 30.1 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.4 28.1 27.7 26.8 25.5 28.1
mm 10.6 28.2 30.7 71.8 189.4 151.7 158.2 187.0 319.9 230.8 57.3 9.4 1466.9

10. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
SAVANNA
Vegetation
A savanna is hot, seasonally dry grassland
with scattered trees.
There are not so many trees because
trees need a lot of water. The trees that
grow here have adapted to survive
drought: acacia tree, baobab tree.
Bushes have thorns instead of leaves, to
prevent water loss and protect them
from animals.
The grass grows fast in wet season.
A tropical climate. A hot climate
Areas with this type of climate are located in the
centre of continents approximately between 5º
and 15º either side of the equator.
This climate has two distinct seasons: a very
warm, dry season where temperatures are
similar to those found in desert regions and a
hot, wet season where temperatures are similar
to equatorial areas.
Soil is not nutrient rich
Average temperature: 18º/20º C
Total annual rainfall: 1000mm
Animals
Many animals live in savannas,
from invertebrates (like grass-
hoppers, termites, and beetles)
to large mammals (like lions
and leopards):
Elephants, antelopes, buffalo,
giraffe, gnu, impala , hyena,
zebra, rhinoceros, hippopota-
mus, crocodile ,lion.

11. Humid Tropical Climate .Savanna climatic data.
Serengeti, Tanzania,2º 25’ S, 34º 41’E
Have a look to this city too: Darwin, (Australia):12Á23’S 130Á 44’E
Total annual rainfall: 1492mm Average temperature: 26ºC
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
P 94 99 136 137 64 27 12 25 31 42 96 111 874
mm
T 27 27 27 26 25 25 25 25 27 27 26 26 26Á

12. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
DESERT
A hot climate.
They are located between 15º and 30º either side
of the equator.
These areas remain hot and dry for most of the
year.
Many people think there is no rain in deserts. Rain
does occur, however, but not very frequently.
When it does rain, it is usually very heavy and for
only a short period of time.
The soils are characterised by the general lack of
organic content.
Average temperature: 20ºC
Total annual rainfall: less than 250mm
Vegetation
Desert plants have two
main adaptations:
Ability to collect and store
water.
Features that reduce water
loss.
Cactus,
Aloe
Yuca
Dragon tree
Animals
camels
Small mammals:
Fat sand rat, jerboa
Birds of prey: vultures
Carnivores: dingo, fennec fox
Reptiles:
Desert horned viper, Sidewinder

13. Hot Desert climatic data.
LAS VEGAS , CLARK COUNTY , EEUU, is at about 36.08°N 115.16°W. Height about 659m / 2162 feet above sea level.
Another example: Ain Salah , (Algeria):27º 13’N2º 28’E Total annual rainfall: 144 mm Average temperatura 21ºC
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 7.5 10.6 13.5 17.8 23.3 29.3 32.8 31.5 26.9 20.1 12.7 7.6 19.5
mm 9.3 10.4 14.9 8.6 6.0 4.3 11.1 13.9 10.1 6.6 8.6 8.8 113.2
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14. TEMPERATE CLIMATES
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15. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
vegetation
Vegetation ,generally has small, dark
leaves, covered with a waxy outer
layer to retain moisture in the dry
summer month Evergreen trees,
Dehesa
Corn oak
Holm oak
Fig tree
Olive tree
Pine, Bush, shrub
Rosemary, Basil
Lavander, heather
MEDITERRANEAN FOREST
A temperate climate.
These areas are mainly located between 30º
and 40º either side of the equator and, like
Savanna areas, they have two distinct seasons: hot,
dry summers, and warm, wet winters.
Mediterranean regions have poor soils, so they are
vulnerable to degradation by human activities.
Average Temperature:10º/20º
Total annual Rainfall:800mm
Fauna
Invertebrates, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, and mammals.
Fox, rabbits, hare, lynx, wolf, deer
Stork, black stork, vulture, black vul-
ture, Spanish Imperial Eagle, wild
boar, wild goat

16. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Vegetation
Bush, shrub: arbustos
Rosemary, romero
Basil: albahaca
Lavander: lavanda
Heather: brezo
MEDITERRANEAN FOREST

17.  BADAJOZ/ TALAVERA LA REAL is at about 38.88°N 6.80°W. Height about 185m / 606 feet above sea level.
 ATHENS(HELLINIKON) is at about 37.90°N 23.70°E. Height about 28m / 91 feet above sea level.
Another example:Seville:37º 29’ N 05º 59’W
Total annual rainfall: 534 mm Average temperature: 18.6º C
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 8.8 10.1 12.2 14.5 18.1 22.3 25.5 25.1 22.6 17.5 12.4 9.1 16.5
mm 54.7 54.1 52.6 46.9 38.9 20.1 4.1 5.2 25.9 52.6 59.5 56.2 474.
4
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 10.2 10.8 12.3 16.1 20.6 25.1 27.9 27.8 24.3 19.3 15.3 12.0 18.5
mm 48.0 41.0 41.2 23.4 17.9 7.4 5.0 7.6 9.8 53.0 55.3 61.8 371.
4

18. Vegetation
There are typical species from both
tropical: bamboo, and temperate latitudes:
oak, pine.
Humid Sub-tropical
Forest
The humid subtropical climate is found on
the east coast of continents between
20o
and 40o
N and S latitude. The humid
subtropical climate can be found in the
southeastern United States,
southeastern South America; coastal
southeast South Africa; eastern Australia;
eastern Asia from northern India through
south China to Japan.
Forest are leafier and denser because of
the hot, humid summers.
Average temeperature between 10 º and
20º.
Annual total rainfall over 1000 mm, rain
specially in summer.
Monsoon climate has torrential rainfall
from June to September.
Fauna
 Deer
 foxes
 Larks ( alondras)
 Giant panda
 Red panda
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19. Humid sub-tropical forest climatic data.
BEIJING , China, is at about 39.93°N 116.20°E.
TOKYO is at about 35.68°N 139.69°E. Height about 5m / 16 feet above sea level.
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C -4.6 -1.8 4.7 13.6 20.0 24.4 26.0 24.7 19.8 12.6 3.9 -2.6 11.8
mm 3.9 4.7 8.2 18.4 33.0 78.1 224.3 170.0 58.4 18.0 9.3 2.7 635.3
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C 3.6 4.3 7.4 13.0 17.3 20.8 24.7 26.1 22.4 16.5 11.1 6.1 14.5
mm 49.9 71.5 106.4 129.2 144.0 176.0 135.6 148.5 216.4 194.1 95.6 54.4 1523.
1

20. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
DECIDUOUS FOREST
A temperate climate.
Temperate deciduous forests are found in the middle
latitudes around the globe, 40º and 60º either side of
the equator and have four distinct seasons: Spring,
Summer, autumn, and Winter
Most of these areas have cool summers, mild winters
and approximately even distribution of rainfall
throughout the year.
The soil in the deciduous forests is quite fertile, since
it is often enriched with falling leaves, twigs, logs, and
dead organisms.
Average temperature: 10º/15º
Total annual rainfall: 800mm
Animals
squirrels,
rabbits,
skunks,
Racoon: mapache
birds :bald eagle goshawk, tur-
key
deer,
mountain lion,
bobcat,
wolf,
fox, and black bear
Vegetation
Deciduous means “the trees lose
their leaves” in winter.
Elm , Maple
Walnuts
Willow,
Beech, ( beechwood)
Oak, Chestnut
Cherry tree
Blackberry, blueberry, raspberry ,
gooseberry and
spring-flowering herbs

21. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
DECIDUOUS FOREST
Twigs: ramitas
Logs: troncos
Animals
Skunks: mofeta
Beaver: castor
Otter: nutria
Groundhog: marmota
Racoon: mapache
birds :bald eagle
goshawk,: azor
mountain lion,
Lynx: lince,
black bear: oso pardo
Vegetation
Elm: olmo
Maple: [ (mā′pəl) arce
Walnuts: nogal
Willow: sauce
Beech, : haya( beechwood)
Oak: roble
Chestnut: castaño
Cherry tree: cerezo
Blackberry:mora
Blueberry: arándano
raspberry: frambuesa
Gooseberry: grosella

22. Vigo, Spain. 42ÁN,8Á43’ W
Another example: London , (United Kigdom):51º 30’ N0º 07’ E
Total annual rainfall:584mm—Average temperatura:11ºC
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Mes Temperatura Precipitaciones
Enero 8,3 255
Febrero 9,3 219
Marzo 10,9 145
Abril 11,9 148
Mayo 14,0 141
Junio 17,3 73
Julio 19,4 43
Agosto 20,5 40
Septiembre 18,0 113
Octubre 14,6 215
Noviembre 11,3 228
Diciembre 9,2 229
Total 13,7Á 1849mm

23. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Coniferuous Forest: Taiga
A temperate climate.
Conifers can survive very cold winter tempera-
tures thanks to the shape of their leaves ( like
needles), and their crowns, which are similar to
a cone and allow snow to fall off.
The soil is poor in nutrients because leaves de-
compose very slowly. The soil is acidic due to the
falling pine needles, the forest floor has only
lichens and some mosses growing on it.
Average temperature: 0º/10º
Total annual rainfall: Between 300 and
1000 mm
Animals
squirrels,
rabbits,
skunks, (mofeta)
birds :bald eagle goshawk,
deer,
wolf,
fox, and black bear
Vegetation
Larch (alerce)
Fir /fɜː(r)/ , (abeto)
Pine
There also some
broadleaves trees, like
birch ( abedul),
aspen ( chopo),
willow (sauce).
We can also find lots
of berries,
(bayas):

24. MOSKVA is at about 55.75°N 37.50°E
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
°C -10.3 -9.1 -4.1 4.4 12.2 16.3 18.5 16.7 10.9 4.2 -2.0 -7.5 4.1
mm 34.4 29.0 32.7 38.2 51.0 65.6 81.5 71.8 57.7 50.4 44.1 42.4 600.6

25. COLD CLIMATES
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26. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
TUNDRA
Cold climates
Polar climate
Polar climates are found above 60º in both the
northern and southern hemisphere.
Rainfall in these areas is usually low because the air
is so cold. Temperatures reach a summer maximum,
which allows some of the frozen land to thaw.
The freezing climate of the Arctic produces a layer of
permanently frozen soil, called permafrost.
Average temperature: always below 0ºC.
Total annual rainfall: Less than 250mm
Vegetation
Below a thin layer of tundra soil is
permafrost, a permanently frozen
layer of ground. During the brief
summers, the top section of the
soil may thaw just long enough to
allow plants, and microorganisms
to grow and reproduce.
Lichens: They are composed of a
fungus and an algae living and
growing together
Moss, Small shrubs, small herbs,
low shrubs.
Animals
seals
Birds: snowy owl
Mammals:
Artic hare
Artic fox,
Caribou, reindeer
Moose: alce
Norway lemming,
Polar bear,
Sled dogs

27. BIOMES OF THE W0RLD
Alpine landscapes
Cold climates
In alpine landscapes, the vegetation is in tiers
(capas)
The higher you go, the poorer the vegetation;
forest is replaced by bushes, grassland, and in
the highest regions, moss.
After a certain altitude, the vegetation disap-
pears.
Winters are cold and summers cool
Average temperature and rainfall depends on
the region where the mountain is located.
Vegetation
Low grass
Shrubs
Flowering plants
edelwiess
Animals
Ibex
Llama
Variety of birds
condor

28. Verkhoyansk, (Russia)
67º 33’N
133º 22’E
Total annual rainfall: 150mm
Average winter temperature:-40ºC
Average summer temperature:8ºC
BIOMES OF THE W0RLD