This document discusses biomass as an energy source. It begins by defining biomass and describing how energy can be extracted from it through combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. It then discusses topics like the potential of biomass to meet energy needs, technical impediments to its use, environmental impacts, laws and regulations, and debates around its sustainability. While biomass is a renewable resource, there are challenges with its development, transportation and carbon emissions that limit its viability as a large-scale energy alternative to fossil fuels.

1. BIOMASS

2. OBJECTIVES
• Learn about the pros and cons of biomass
energy and it sustainability
• Learn about the production and
implementation of biomass energy
• Learn about technical aspects of biomass
and how they can be overcome
• Learn about the regulations impacting
biomass use
• Develop an educated opinion about the
sustainability of biomass as an alternative
energy

3. OVERVIEW
•Biomass is a renewable energy source that is
derived from living or recently living
organisms.
•Biomass includes biological material, not
organic material like coal.
•Energy derived from biomass is mostly used
to generate electricity or to produce heat.
•Thermal energy is extracted by means of
combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis, and
gasification.
•Biomass can be chemically and biochemically
treated to convert it to a energy-rich fuel.

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5. http://www.renegy.com/images/BiomassCycleChart_001.gif

6. Torrefaction is a thermal
process to convert biomass into
a coal-like material, which has
better fuel characteristics than
the original biomass. Torrefied
biomass is more brittle, making
grinding easier and less energy
intensive.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical
decomposition of organic
material at elevated
temperatures in the absence of
oxygen (or any halogen). It
involves the simultaneous
change of chemical
composition and physical
phase, and is irreversible. The
word is coined from the Greek-
derived elements pyro "fire" and
lysis "separating".

7. • Gasification is a process that converts
organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous
materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by
reacting the material at high temperatures
(>700 °C), without combustion, with a
controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam

8. Potential Energy Source?
• California produces more than 60 million bone dry
tons of biomass each year.
• 5 million bone dry tons are now burned to make
electricity
• If it were all used, the 60 million tons could make
close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity
• Would give enough energy to power 2 million
homes
• About 6% of Canada’s energy needs are met by
biomass, but that could be greatly increased

9. Potential Energy Source?
• In the United States, they already get 45 billion
kilowatt-hours of electricity from biomass, about 1.2
percent of their nation's total electric sales
• Estimates of the ultimate potential for biomass energy
vary, depending on agricultural forecasts, waste
reduction by industry, and paper recycling
• The Department of Energy believes that we could
produce four percent of our transportation fuels from
biomass by 2010, and as much as 20 percent by 2030
• For electricity, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
estimates that energy crops and crop residues alone
could supply as much as much as 14 percent of our
power needs.

10. Projected Nonhydroelectric Renewable
Electricity Energy Generation by Energy
Source, 2010 and 2020 (billion KWH)
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration

11. DISAGREEMENTS
• Biomass has a
smaller energy
content for its bulk
than fossil fuels
• Costs of labor,
transportation, and
storage would then
be higher

12. ENVIRONMENTAL
ADVANTAGES
• Renewable resource
• Reduces landfills
• Protects clean water supplies
• Reduces acid rain and smog
• Reduces greenhouse gases
– Carbon dioxide
– Methane

13. BIOMASS AND CARBON
EMMISIONS
• Biomass emits carbon dioxide when it
naturally decays and when it is used as an
energy source
• Living biomass in plants and trees absorbs
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
through photosynthesis
• Biomass causes a closed cycle with no net
emissions of greenhouse gases

14. GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
• Comes from the
forest
• Can also come
from plant and
animal waste
• Wood and waste
can be found
virtually anywhere
• Transportation
costs

15. ENHANCEMENT
• Wood is the
largest resource
• Expand by
using other
plants,
residues, or
waste
• Finding different
materials to use
as fuel

16. DEVELOPMENT
• Many areas could be
used
• Potentially supply more
than 20% of US energy
supply
• Bioenergy crops will be
• More important in future
• Come closer to area
that
• Need energy

17. TECHNICAL IMPEDIMENTS
• Trees and other biomass is hard to
gather
• There is a low output of 34% energy
gain
• Development of cheap and reliable
combustion techniques that will not
release pollutants
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_1112_en.htm

18. TECHNICAL IMPEDIMENTS
• Development of gasification techniques
that incorporate hydrogen to create
syngas
• Biomass contains less energy per pound
than fossil fuels
• Cost-inefficient to transport more than 50
miles before it is converted to fuel
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt/nn_rt_bm/article_1112_en.htm

19. SOLUTION
• The solution is to have decentralized
processing plants
• This means less transport of biomass
• This is more cost-efficient
• More reliable, regular, and better quality
• Less competition between companies
http://www.desipower.com/why/advntg_biomass.htm

20. ENVIRONMENTAL
DISADVANTAGES
•Crop and forest residues often contain high
concentrations of important nutrients
•If the residue is harvested as energy, the
nutrients can be lost to the surrounding
environment.
•Other synthetic chemical nutrients or fertilizers
can later be added
•More plants and trees must be planted,
because they will be used in a higher quantity

21. LAWS AND REGULATIONS
 A number of federal laws and regulation apply
to biomass energy deployment activities. For
the most part, state laws and regulations do not
apply to biomass energy development on tribal
lands. Federal legal requirements apply to
specific activities associated with biomass
energy development.
 The impacts of a specific project will be
determined by factors such as the type and size
of the biomass facility, the amount of land
disturbed by construction activities, the amount
of land in use by facilities long term, the location
of the site with respect to other resources.

22. GOVERNMENTAL
INITIATIVE
 California produces more than 60 million bone
dry tons of biomass each year. Of this total,
five million bone dry tons is now burned to
make electricity.
 Many states promote biomass if cost, location
and resources are to their benefit

23. SUSTAINIBILITY
 Biomass is sustainable but there is an
expense in producing and converting
biomass into fuels and electricity.
 Collecting biomass turned out to be very
different than harvesting, as loggers
gained more experience the process
became much more efficient.
 While biomass is one of the best forms of
renewable energy, it is not a great fuel.

24. SUSTAINIBILITY
 Removing too much biomass can use up
nutrients from the soil and possibly
increase erosion.
 Biomass supplies about 15 times as
much energy then solar and wind in the
United States, and has the potential to
supply much more.

25. CONCLUSION
•Biomass is a potential alternative to
fossil fuels but it is not very viable.
•There are many problems in the
development and transportation of it and
carbon is a byproduct of processing of
biomass, just like it is a byproduct of
fossil fuels.
•There are better alternative energies.

26. Thanks