Dharmananda Haripal completed a biology project for their Class XII exams. They thank their biology teacher and school principal for guidance. They also thank the lab attendant, librarian, and friends for support. DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1985 by Alec Jeffreys. It involves analyzing variations in DNA sequences to identify individuals, except for identical twins. Short tandem repeats at specific DNA sites are analyzed. DNA fingerprinting can be used to solve crimes and identify remains, resolve parental disputes, and authenticate seeds. It provides near 100% identification accuracy. DNA fingerprinting extracts DNA from samples, cuts it into fragments using enzymes, separates the fragments by length, and analyzes the pattern to identify matches between samples

1. DHARMANANDA HARIPAL
Roll No-
Class-XII (Science)

2. This is certify that Dharmananda Haripal has
Satisfactory completed the project in biology
Prescribed by CBSE course in the lab
Of this vidyalaya in the year 2017-18
Date Teacher in
charge
Submitted for the Practical Examination in
Held on
Teacher Examiner

3. I am thankful to S.K.Mohanta (PGT BIOLOGY),JNV NARLA for
providing necessary usefull guideness and suggestions in the selection
for the project works and its completion.
I must be thanksful to Mr. GVS Babu (Principal of JNV Narla) for
his useful suggestion from time to time.
I extend my thanks to Mr. Bhoi Lab. Attendant JNV NARLA for
providing the essential material for the project.
I could get the materials and guidelines from the Library of JNV
NARLA. So I am thanking to Mr.R.Sika, Librarian, JNV Narla
who provided me the facilities.
I am also Highly grateful to my deep friends for their encouraging
support for the completion of this Project Work.
Guided by- Dharmananda Haripal
S .Mohanta Class XII(science)
(PGT Biology)

4. The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec
Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985. He was
knighted in 1994.
DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling, any of several
similar techniques for analyzing and comparing DNA from
separate sources, used especially in law enforcement to
identify suspects from hair, blood, semen, or other
biological materials found at the scene of a violent crime.
It depends on the fact that no two people, save identical
twins, have exactly the same DNA sequence, and that
although only limited segments of a person's DNA are
scrutinized in the procedure, those segments will be
statistically unique.

5. History of DNA Fingerprinting
Up to 1984, the only method of establishing and
authenticating personal identification was by the
fingerprint process.
DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in 1985 by
Alec Jeffrey at University of Leicester in England,
while working on the sequences within myoglobin gene.
What is DNA Fingerprinting ?
It is a technique, by which an individual can
be identified at molecular level. With the
advancement of science and technology
STR analysis has become very popular in
forensic laboratories. Scientists have
chosen repeating sequences in the DNA,
which are present in all individuals on
different chromosomes, and are known to
vary from individual to individual except in
identical twins. These are used as genetic
markers to identify the Individual.

6. DNA fingerprinting technology
has made it possible to identify
the source of biological samples
found at scenes of crime. This
will resolve disputes of maternity
/paternity, identification of
mutilated remains, identification of rape/ murder,
identification of missing child, exchange of babies in
hospital wards, forensic wildlife, protection of farmers
rights and biodiversity. This remarkable technology
provides exclusion as well as positive identification with
virtually 100% precision.
Biological Material Used for DNA
fingerprinting
Blood Hair Saliva
Semen
Body tissue cells
DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to
the outside of a condom during sexual intercourse.
DNA fingerprinting technology

7. Stage Of DNA Fingerprinting
• Cells broken down to release DNA
• DNA strands cut into fragments
• Fragments separated
• Pattern of fragments analysed

8. DNA fingerprinting: Methods
A common procedure for DNA
fingerprinting is restriction
fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP). In this method,DNA is
extracted from a sample
and cut into segments using
special restriction enzymes.
RFLP focuses on contain
sequences of repeated DNA bases, which vary
widely from person to person. The segments are separated
using a laboratory technique called electrophoresis, which
sorts the fragments by length. The segments are
radioactively tagged to produce a visual pattern known as an
autoradiograph, or DNA fingerprint, on X-ray film. A
newer method known as short tandem repeats (STR)
analyzes DNA segments for the number of repeats at 13
specific DNA sites. The chance of misidentification in this
procedure is one in several billion. Yet another
process, polymerase chain reaction , is used to produce multiple
copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little
as 50 molecules), enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a
single hair. Once a sufficient sample has been produced, the
pattern of the alleles (see genetics ) from a limited number of
genes is compared with the pattern from the reference sample.
A nonmatch is conclusive, but the technique provides less
certainty when a match occurs.

9. DNA fingerprinting: Applications
DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following
scenarios:
Establishment of paternity and Maternity
Establishment of the parentage for child swapping
cases
Establish the identity of the rapist in rape cases
Identification of mutilated remains In murder,
bomb blast, air crashes etc.
Wild life identification, and
Seed authentication.

10. Conclusion
In conclusion, while evidences can
be tampered with and witnesses can turn hostile, DNA
will never lie. It will indeed, unravel the truth even
several decades after a crime has been committed.
Such are the powers of DNA Fingerprinting.