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Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. There are two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, resulting in two cells each with half the original number of chromosome pairs. Crossing over can also occur, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate to produce four gametes each with a single set of chromosomes derived from the original cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variability through independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over.
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Meiosis Reduction Division
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
THE PUZZLE OF X CHROMOSOME "alice test"
Females have two X chromosomes and males have one, so it was initially thought that females would produce double the amount of proteins encoded by the X chromosome compared to males. However, measurements show that females and males produce equal amounts. This is due to a process called dosage compensation that equalizes X chromosome gene expression between the sexes. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development, forming a Barr body. This inactivation is permanent and ensures that only one X chromosome remains active in females, matching males who have only one X chromosome.
X chromosome inactivation ambaye, s. & mujahed, h.
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms and genetic consequences of X-chromosome inactivation. It describes how females equalize X-linked gene expression through randomly inactivating one of the two X chromosomes in their cells. The inactivation process is initiated by the XIST gene, which codes for a non-coding RNA that coats the inactive X and recruits chromatin modifiers to silence it. This results in cellular mosaicism in females and protects them from X-linked mutations while equalizing dosage between males and females.
X inactivation in mammals
XCI is a dosage-compensation mechanism that evolved to equalize expression levels of x-linked genes in female (2x) and male (1x) by transcriptional silencing of one x-chromosome in female mammalian cells.
XIC
It is responsible for initiating X inactivation in cis: an X-chromosome fragment that carries a Xic can become
inactivated, whereas one in which the Xic is missing cannot.
The Xic is also involved in ‘counting’, whereby only a single X is kept active per two sets of autosomes in a cell, and all other Xic-carrying chromosomes are inactivated.
The cytogenetic study in hematological malignancies
The document discusses cytogenetics, which involves testing samples of tissue, blood, or bone marrow to look for chromosomal abnormalities including broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Cytogenetic analysis identifies chromosomal changes that may be associated with genetic diseases, cancers, or other conditions. The process of cytogenetic testing involves cell culture, harvesting cells during mitosis, preparing chromosome slides, staining and banding chromosomes, and analyzing the karyotype to identify any abnormalities. Cytogenetics plays a key role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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The document discusses genetics topics including multiple alleles, sex chromosomes, sex-linked traits, human genetic disorders, and karyotypes. It provides examples of genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia caused by a mutation that provides resistance to malaria. It also discusses disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) where an amino acid builds up and causes mental retardation without treatment. Finally, it addresses sex-linked genetic disorders like colorblindness.
Human y chromosome
The human Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome, containing only about 58 million base pairs and 86 genes compared to the X chromosome's 1,500 genes. Over time, most of the Y chromosome has stopped recombining with the X during meiosis, leaving only small regions at the ends that still recombine. As a result, the Y chromosome has lost over 1,300 genes and is degrading, with the potential to lose all function in 10 million years if the rate of gene loss continues. The small size and inability to recombine makes the Y chromosome highly prone to accumulating mutations and "junk DNA" with no way to remove harmful sequences.
Inheritance
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and occur in pairs inside the cell nucleus. They are inherited such that offspring receive one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother's egg and one set of 23 chromosomes from their father's sperm. An individual's gender is determined by their sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. DNA carries the genetic instructions for cells and is organized into genes that code for proteins.
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Meiosis Reduction Division
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells with half the original number of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
THE PUZZLE OF X CHROMOSOME "alice test"
Females have two X chromosomes and males have one, so it was initially thought that females would produce double the amount of proteins encoded by the X chromosome compared to males. However, measurements show that females and males produce equal amounts. This is due to a process called dosage compensation that equalizes X chromosome gene expression between the sexes. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development, forming a Barr body. This inactivation is permanent and ensures that only one X chromosome remains active in females, matching males who have only one X chromosome.
X chromosome inactivation ambaye, s. & mujahed, h.
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms and genetic consequences of X-chromosome inactivation. It describes how females equalize X-linked gene expression through randomly inactivating one of the two X chromosomes in their cells. The inactivation process is initiated by the XIST gene, which codes for a non-coding RNA that coats the inactive X and recruits chromatin modifiers to silence it. This results in cellular mosaicism in females and protects them from X-linked mutations while equalizing dosage between males and females.
X inactivation in mammals
XCI is a dosage-compensation mechanism that evolved to equalize expression levels of x-linked genes in female (2x) and male (1x) by transcriptional silencing of one x-chromosome in female mammalian cells.
XIC
It is responsible for initiating X inactivation in cis: an X-chromosome fragment that carries a Xic can become
inactivated, whereas one in which the Xic is missing cannot.
The Xic is also involved in ‘counting’, whereby only a single X is kept active per two sets of autosomes in a cell, and all other Xic-carrying chromosomes are inactivated.
The cytogenetic study in hematological malignancies
The document discusses cytogenetics, which involves testing samples of tissue, blood, or bone marrow to look for chromosomal abnormalities including broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Cytogenetic analysis identifies chromosomal changes that may be associated with genetic diseases, cancers, or other conditions. The process of cytogenetic testing involves cell culture, harvesting cells during mitosis, preparing chromosome slides, staining and banding chromosomes, and analyzing the karyotype to identify any abnormalities. Cytogenetics plays a key role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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The document discusses genetics topics including multiple alleles, sex chromosomes, sex-linked traits, human genetic disorders, and karyotypes. It provides examples of genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia caused by a mutation that provides resistance to malaria. It also discusses disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) where an amino acid builds up and causes mental retardation without treatment. Finally, it addresses sex-linked genetic disorders like colorblindness.
Human y chromosome
The human Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome, containing only about 58 million base pairs and 86 genes compared to the X chromosome's 1,500 genes. Over time, most of the Y chromosome has stopped recombining with the X during meiosis, leaving only small regions at the ends that still recombine. As a result, the Y chromosome has lost over 1,300 genes and is degrading, with the potential to lose all function in 10 million years if the rate of gene loss continues. The small size and inability to recombine makes the Y chromosome highly prone to accumulating mutations and "junk DNA" with no way to remove harmful sequences.
Inheritance
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and occur in pairs inside the cell nucleus. They are inherited such that offspring receive one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother's egg and one set of 23 chromosomes from their father's sperm. An individual's gender is determined by their sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. DNA carries the genetic instructions for cells and is organized into genes that code for proteins.
Chromosomal abnormalities
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Chromosomal abeeration
1. Chromosomal abnormalities are categorized as either numerical (change in number) or structural (change in structure).
2. Numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy (extra or missing single chromosomes) and euploidy (change in entire set).
3. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which alter chromosome structure through breaks and fusions.
4. Common aneuploidies in humans include Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Common structural changes and their effects are described.
Chromosomal aberration
This document discusses chromosomal aberrations, which are mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure or number. It describes two main types: structural aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions or duplications; and numerical aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome number like trisomies or monosomies. Several specific chromosomal disorders are also outlined, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The document provides information on the causes and symptoms of various chromosomal aberrations.
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities can be either numerical, involving an abnormal number of chromosomes, or structural, involving changes in a chromosome's structure. Numerical abnormalities include conditions like Down syndrome which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, and insertions which alter chromosomes by removing, adding, or rearranging genetic material. Chromosomal anomalies can be inherited from a parent or occur de novo, and can affect an individual's cells mosaicly or in all cells.
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The document provides information about meiosis and gametogenesis:
1) It explains the stages of meiosis including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I etc. and discusses genetic recombination through crossing over.
2) It discusses sex determination and gives examples of sex chromosome abnormalities.
3) It compares spermatogenesis and oogenesis, noting their differences in producing haploid gametes.
chromosomes variation
Chromosome structure variations can arise from breaks that are rejoined randomly. This can result in deletions, duplications, inversions, rings, or translocations of chromosomal segments. Problems include breaking critical genes or improper disjunction during meiosis leading to aneuploidy and non-viable gametes. Specific issues depend on the type of structural variation, such as pericentric inversions causing both duplications and deletions after recombination. Translocations can also lead to aneuploid gametes if alternate versus adjacent segregation occurs during meiosis I.
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chromosomal aberrations
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This document discusses Lyonization and how X-inactivation changes with aging in women. Specifically:
1) Lyonization is the random inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes in female cells. This process is well understood for X-linked diseases but less so for age-related health changes that have an epigenetic component.
2) As women age, environmental factors can influence X-skew, where one X chromosome is preferentially inactivated over the other. This changes the mosaic of gene expression and impacts health in a way that is unique to each individual.
3) Studying how X-skew changes with aging may provide better insights into women's health issues than twin studies, as
Sex chromosome translocation
Sex chromosome translocations occur when a sex chromosome engages in translocation with an autosome or another sex chromosome.
In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell through a process called X-inactivation. This ensures females have a single functional X chromosome, like males. For females with an X-autosome translocation, the two parts of the translocated X chromosome together must provide the equivalent of a whole X chromosome, with the other normal X being inactivated.
Males and females inheriting a derivative chromosome with a translocated X segment containing an X-inactivation center have a less severe phenotype, as the X segment can be preferentially inactivated to minimize functional
Structural changes in chromosomes
Chromosomal aberrations arise from structural changes or alterations in chromosome number. There are two main types of chromosomal aberrations: structural aberrations which involve changes in chromosome structure, and numerical aberrations which involve changes in chromosome number. Common types of structural aberrations discussed in the document include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Deletions involve the loss of a chromosome segment, duplications the addition of an extra segment, inversions reverse the orientation of a segment, and translocations involve segments moving to new chromosomes. These structural changes can have varying genetic effects depending on the location and size of the alteration.
The sex chromosomes and their abnormalities
The document summarizes key aspects of sex chromosomes and their abnormalities:
1) X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females by silencing one X chromosome in females. Structural abnormalities on the X chromosome usually lead to inactivation of the abnormal X to minimize clinical impact.
2) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines testis development. Abnormalities in SRY or downstream genes can cause sex reversal.
3) Deletions of the Y chromosome are associated with spermatogenic failure and infertility in some men. The DAZ gene family may be important for sperm production.
4) Genes escaping X inactivation, particularly on Xp, can have greater effects
Karyotypes
A karyotype is a picture that shows all the chromosomes in a cell. By looking at a karyotype, one can determine a person's gender. Females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). One can also determine if a cell is human by checking if it contains 46 total chromosomes, with 44 autosomal and 2 sex chromosomes.
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- Numerical chromosomal aberrations occur when there are extra or missing chromosomes compared to the normal number, resulting in conditions like aneuploidy. Common aneuploidies include trisomy (extra chromosome), monosomy (missing chromosome), and tetrasomy (four of a chromosome).
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This document discusses cytoplasmic inheritance, which is a form of non-Mendelian inheritance where traits are controlled by genetic material located in cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, rather than in the cell nucleus. It defines cytoplasmic inheritance and provides several examples, including maternal inheritance in the four o'clock plant where offspring leaf color is determined by the chloroplast DNA inherited from the female parent. The document also discusses organelle DNA and genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as different types of extra-nuclear inheritance like maternal, paternal, and biparental inheritance of organelle genes.
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2. Numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy (extra or missing single chromosomes) and euploidy (change in entire set).
3. Structural abnormalities include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations which alter chromosome structure through breaks and fusions.
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This document discusses chromosomal aberrations, which are mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure or number. It describes two main types: structural aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome structure like deletions or duplications; and numerical aberrations, which involve changes in chromosome number like trisomies or monosomies. Several specific chromosomal disorders are also outlined, such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The document provides information on the causes and symptoms of various chromosomal aberrations.
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The document provides information about meiosis and gametogenesis:
1) It explains the stages of meiosis including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I etc. and discusses genetic recombination through crossing over.
2) It discusses sex determination and gives examples of sex chromosome abnormalities.
3) It compares spermatogenesis and oogenesis, noting their differences in producing haploid gametes.
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Sex chromosome translocations occur when a sex chromosome engages in translocation with an autosome or another sex chromosome.
In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell through a process called X-inactivation. This ensures females have a single functional X chromosome, like males. For females with an X-autosome translocation, the two parts of the translocated X chromosome together must provide the equivalent of a whole X chromosome, with the other normal X being inactivated.
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The document summarizes key aspects of sex chromosomes and their abnormalities:
1) X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females by silencing one X chromosome in females. Structural abnormalities on the X chromosome usually lead to inactivation of the abnormal X to minimize clinical impact.
2) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome determines testis development. Abnormalities in SRY or downstream genes can cause sex reversal.
3) Deletions of the Y chromosome are associated with spermatogenic failure and infertility in some men. The DAZ gene family may be important for sperm production.
4) Genes escaping X inactivation, particularly on Xp, can have greater effects
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- How gene mapping using linkage and crossover frequencies can determine the relative locations of genes on chromosomes.
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- Numerical chromosomal aberrations occur when there are extra or missing chromosomes compared to the normal number, resulting in conditions like aneuploidy. Common aneuploidies include trisomy (extra chromosome), monosomy (missing chromosome), and tetrasomy (four of a chromosome).
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Extranuclear inheritance
This document discusses cytoplasmic inheritance, which is a form of non-Mendelian inheritance where traits are controlled by genetic material located in cell organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, rather than in the cell nucleus. It defines cytoplasmic inheritance and provides several examples, including maternal inheritance in the four o'clock plant where offspring leaf color is determined by the chloroplast DNA inherited from the female parent. The document also discusses organelle DNA and genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as different types of extra-nuclear inheritance like maternal, paternal, and biparental inheritance of organelle genes.
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HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
HUMAN CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS AND KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS.
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1. The document provides instructions for drawing diagrams to illustrate the stages of meiosis.
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Meiosis
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of cell division, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate randomly, reducing the chromosome number. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, separating sister chromatids without DNA replication to produce four haploid daughter cells, such as sperm or egg cells, each with a unique combination of chromosomes for sexual reproduction.
meiosis B.pptx
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each containing a single set of chromosomes. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.
meiosis-ppt.2014-Copy (1).ppt
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. It involves two cell divisions, resulting in four daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures that when fertilization occurs, the zygote will have the full number of chromosomes. Genetic variation arises during meiosis due to independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over.
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of experiments. Mendel worked by carefully observing and recording traits in successive generations of plants. Knowledge about DNA and chromosomes came later.
This lab will apply genetic laws to human inheritance using Punnett squares.
Recall that DNA is wound tightly into chromosomes. Cells with only one set of chromosomes, such as sex cells, are
haploid
. When two haploid cells fuse during fertilization, a diploid zygote with two full sets of chromosomes is formed. Most cells of a mature individual are diploid.
Homologous chromosomes
have the same genes, but they might have different versions (
alleles
) of those genes.
Diploid
cells have two alleles for each gene. These alleles might be identical (gene A) or different (gene B). Each gene’s
locus
is its location on a chromosome.
Human traits come through dominant or recessive inheritance. For example, the cystic fibrosis traits carried by a dominant allele are always expressed, even if the recessive gene is present (FF or Ff). The recessive is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present (ff).
Mother: Healthy carrier
F
f
Father: Healthy carrier
F
FF
Healthy non-carrier
Ff
Healthy carrier
f
Ff
Healthy carrier
FF
Affected
Human gender is carried on the X and Y chromosomes. Females are XX and males are XY. Heredity traits such as color blindness, which is the inability to distinguish among some colors, are carried on the X chromosome (X
c
). The presence of one normal X
C
will allow normal vision.
In this next set of exercises, you will determine the genotypes of the parents by considering the inheritance patterns of traits in their children. The following is a table of the phenotypes of the family members:
Phenotype
Alleles
Parents
Mother
Not color blind
Freckles
Type B blood
X
c
X
C
Ff
I
B
i
Father
Color blind
No freckles
Type A blood
X
c
Y
Ff
I
A
i
Children
Abby
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
X
c
Ff or ff
Brady
Not color blind
No freckles
X
C
Y
ff
Carly
Not color blind
No freckles
X
c
X
C
ff
Dennis
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
Y
Ff or ff
Exercise 1: Color Blindness
Using the alleles XC (not color blind) and Xc (color blind), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punnett square. Drag and drop the child with the correct phenotype to the box within the Punnett square that has the corresponding genotype that would occur from the fusion of egg and sperm as indicated by your placement of the gametes.
Exercise 2: Freckles
Freckles are groups of cells on the skin that produce the pigment melanin, often in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The gene for freckles is inherited in a dominant/recessive pattern. A person carrying even a single copy of the dominant allele (F) will have freckles. A person who is homozygous recessive (ff) will have no freckles.
Using the alleles F (freckles) and f (no freckles), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punne.
Meiosis
This document provides an overview of meiosis, including its key stages and purposes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. It allows for genetic variation through processes like independent assortment and crossing over. Errors in meiosis can result in chromosome number or structure abnormalities, some of which cause genetic disorders like Down syndrome. The stages of meiosis, including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I, reduce the chromosome number, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
Chromosomes fertilization
The document discusses fertilization and meiosis. It explains that fertilization occurs when male and female gametes combine, forming a zygote. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes, ensuring zygotes have the normal number. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, then chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid gametes. This contributes to genetic variation.
5.2
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) starting with one diploid cell and resulting in four haploid cells. This ensures offspring inherit a mix of traits from both parents and allows for genetic variation between offspring. Meiosis occurs in the testes and ovaries, where homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis I and sister chromatids separate in Meiosis II.
Cell division
Human cells contain either 46 chromosomes (somatic cells) or 23 chromosomes (gamete cells). Somatic cells are formed through mitosis and contain homologous chromosome pairs, while gamete cells are formed through meiosis which reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Meiosis involves the production of haploid gametes through nuclear division from a parent cell containing 46 chromosomes.
Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
Answer the following questions:
1. Given the following matings, what are the predicted genotypes and genotypic ratios of the offspring?
a) Aa X aa
b) Aa X Aa
c) AA X Aa
2. Wet ear wax (W) is dominant over dry ear wax (w)
a) A 3:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
b) A 1:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
3. A woman is heterozygous for two genes. How many different types of gametes can she produce, and in what proportions?
4. The following diagram shows a hypothetical diploid cell:
The recessing allele for albinism is represented by a, and d represents the recessive allele for deafness. The normal alleles are represented by A and D, respectively.
a) According to the principle of segregation, what is segregating in these cells?
b) According to Mendel’s principle of independent assortment, what is independently assorting in these cells?
c) How many chromatids are in this cell?
d) Write a genotype of the individual from which this cell was taken.
e) What is the phenotype of this individual?
f) What stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is represented by this cell?
g) After meiosis is complete, how many chromatids and chromosomes will be present in one of the four progeny cells?
5. Draw the following simple pedigree. A man and a woman have three children: a daughter, then two sons. The daughter marries and has monozygotic twin girls (identical twins). The youngest son in generation II is affected with albinism. (Use proper pedigree symbols; draw, scan and add picture to document; do not submit picture independently).
6. A man with blood type A and a women with blood type B have three children. A daughter with AB and two sons, one with type B and one with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the parents?
...
Meiosis glencoe
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids. This ensures genetic variation between gametes and allows for genetic recombination during fertilization.
A wild-type chromosome has the following segments A B C middot D E F.pdf
A wild-type chromosome has the following segments: A B C middot D E F G H I An individual
is heterozygous for the following chromosome mutation: A B C middot D H I How would the
mutated and wild-type chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis? D E F G H of the wild-type
chromosome will form a deletion loop. E F G of the wild-type chromosome will form a deletion
loop. D E F G H of the wild-type chromosome will form an Inversion loop. E F G of the wild-
type chromosome will form an inversion loop. Red-green color blindness is a human x-linked
recessive disorder. A young man with a 47, XXY karyotype (Klinefelter syndrome) is color
Wind. His 46, XY brother also is color blind. Both parents have normal color vision. Where did
the no disjunction that gave rise to the young man with Klinefelter syndrome take place? Assume
that no crossing over took place In prophase I of meiosis. Mother - meiosis I Mother - meiosis II
Father - meiosis I Father - meiosis II Both parents Functional epidermal lies bull nose (JEB) Is a
severe skin disorder that results in blisters over the entire body. The disorder is caused by
autosomal recessive mutations at any one of three loci that help to encode lamina 5, a major
component In the dermal-epidermal basement membrane. Leena Pulicine and colleagues
described a male newborn who was born with JEB and died at 2 months of age (L. Pulkkinen et
al. 1997. American Journal of Human Genetics 61:611-619); the child had healthy unrelated
parents. Chromosome analysis revealed that the infant had 46 normal-appearing chromosomes.
Analysis of DNA showed that his mother was heterozygous for a JEB-causing allele at the
LAMB3 locus, which is on chromosome 1. The father had two normal alleles at this locus. DNA
fingerprinting demonstrated that the male assumed to be the father had, In fact, conceived the
child. Assuming that no new mutations occurred in this family, what might best explain the
presence of an autosomal recessive disease in the child when the mother is heterozygous and the
father Is homozygous normal? The infant inherited both copies of chromosome 1 from the
mother, which is an example of unit parental disomic. The infant is monatomic for chromosome
1, which he received from his mother but did not receive a chromosome 1 from his father.
Epitasis masked the disease phenotype in the father, but complementation of the parental alleles
gave rise to a child with functional epidermal lies bull nose. The infant has tiresome 1, where he
inherited two recessive alleles from his mother. A translocation between chromosome 1 and
chromosome 22 generated a recessive phenotype. Plasmid DNA, like bacterial DNA: is circular.
is single stranded. comes in homologous pairs. All of the above. None of the above.
Solution
10. Answer is B. EFG of the wild type will form a deletion loop. Because EFG in one
chromosome has no matching pair in other chromosome. So EFG loop will be formed and it will
be removed.
13. Answer is A. Plasmid DNA like bacte.
HETEROTHALLISM & PARASEXUALITY IN FUNGI.
Blakeslee discovered heterothallism in Mucor fungi in 1904. He observed that some isolates could reproduce sexually (forming zygospores), while others required contact with a different isolate to do so. This led to the definitions of homothallism (self-fertile) and heterothallism (requires opposite mating type). Heterothallism can be physiological (same thallus) or morphological (separate thalli). Parasexuality allows genetic recombination in fungi through heterokaryon formation and mitotic crossing over rather than meiosis.
Chromosomal Disorders.pptx
Chromosome disorders can be either numerical or structural. Numerical disorders involve an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as trisomies where there is an extra chromosome, usually arising from non-disjunction during meiosis. Common trisomies are Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13). Structural disorders involve abnormalities in chromosome structure like translocations, inversions, deletions, isochromosomes, and ring chromosomes. Mosaicism can also occur when more than one cell line is present from a single zygote.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a two-step cell division process that produces four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell, for sexual reproduction. Meiosis I reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid through homologous chromosome separation. Meiosis II then separates sister chromatids to produce four haploid cells with unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. This genetic diversity ensures no two siblings are genetically identical.
Biology Variation 2
There are two main ways heritable variations can arise: independent assortment of genes during meiosis and fertilization, which introduces new combinations of parental genes, and spontaneous gene and chromosome mutations. Independent assortment occurs when parental chromosomes separate during meiosis and recombine in new configurations during fertilization. Gene mutations happen due to errors in DNA replication, while chromosome mutations result from changes like gains or losses of chromosomes. Both types of mutations can lead to new traits.
Mitosis, meiosis and inheritance
Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, while meiosis ensures the chromosome number remains the same between generations by reducing the number in reproductive cells. Walter Flemming described mitosis and chromosomes in 1882, while Theodor Boveri described meiosis in 1914, though they did not connect these observations to Mendel's inheritance concepts. Later, Walter Sutton proposed chromosomes were the carriers of inheritance passed through meiosis and gamete formation. Thomas Morgan's experiments on fruit flies demonstrated traits were linked to specific chromosomes, proving chromosomes physically carry hereditary information in the form of genes.
Similar to biologia7 (20)
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
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Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
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A wild-type chromosome has the following segments A B C middot D E F.pdf
A wild-type chromosome has the following segments A B C middot D E F.pdf
Recently uploaded
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
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be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
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原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
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biologia7
- 2. 44 XY 44 XX 44 XY 22 X 22 X22 Y 44 XX SPERMS OVULES SEX DETERMINISM IN HUMANS HETEROGAMETIC SEX HOMOGAMETIC SEX
- 4. Variability causes in Meiosis 1.Homologous Chromosomes Separation during ANAPHASE I.
- 6. A A A A B B b b C C C C D D D D E E e e F G F F F G g g
- 8. Variability causes in Meiosis 2. Crossing over RECOMBINATION OF GENES
- 9. Random Crossing over between homologous chromosomes, as a result........
- 10. Imagine that Recombination takes place only in one pair of Chromosomes. From the mother cell after Meiosis would appear four types of ovules.
- 12. MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS: A GENERAL VISION MEIOSIS II
- 13. 23 from father 23 from mother.
- 14. A B C D1 E F3 G2 H9 A B C D1 E F3 G2 H9 I J K L M N1 O1 P Q I J K L M N1 O1 P Q A b C D2 E F1 G2 H9 A b C D2 E F1 G2 H9 i J k L2 m N1 O3 P q i J k L2 m N1 O3 P q They take genes for the same Traits but can take different versions. Observe the Example.
- 16. Crossing over and Recombination
- 18. The main events in Meiosis 2. Random Crossing over between homologous chromosomes 1.Homologous Chromosomes Separate during ANAPHASE I
- 19. 1 2 34 5 6
- 21. d) Anaphase I
- 22. PROPHASE II
- 23. i) Anaphase II
- 24. Variability causes in Meiosis 1. Crossing over 3.Separation of sister Chromatides during ANAPHASE II 2.Homologous Chromosomes Separation during ANAPHASE I
- 27. 1. Crossing over Exchange of Genetic Material between Homologous Chromosomes
- 29. A1 A2 A1 A2 A3 A4 A3 A4 ANAPHASE II 3.Separation of sister Chromatides during ANAPHASE II
- 30. A B A A B B C C C C REPLICATION S H O M O L O G O U S
- 31. C C C C SYNAPSIS
- 32. C C C C SYNAPSIS
- 33. C C C C SYNAPSIS
- 34. CCCCCC