Biodiversity
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This document discusses biodiversity and its impacts on the environment. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including three main types: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The document outlines several important roles of biodiversity, such as providing food and medicine. However, biodiversity faces threats like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Preserving biodiversity requires actions like creating wildlife reserves and breeding programs. The document also defines the environment and its components, noting that all living things depend on the environment for survival. Environmental challenges include issues like population growth, poverty, and pollution.
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Biodiversity and its conservation
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is significant as it provides resources and ecosystem services that are important for human life and economies. The conservation of biodiversity aims to preserve species and habitats and use biological resources sustainably. Approaches to conservation include both in-situ methods within natural habitats like national parks and sanctuaries, and ex-situ methods outside of natural habitats in facilities like seed banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. The document provides details on various in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods and their objectives.
Ecosystem services
The document discusses ecosystem services and provides several examples. It defines ecosystem services as benefits that people derive from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified four categories of services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Examples of services from various ecosystems are given, including forests, wetlands, rivers, reservoirs, and marine systems. The document emphasizes that many ecosystem services are often undervalued in decision making despite their importance to human well-being.
Natural resources
This document discusses natural resources with a focus on water resources. It defines natural resources and classifies them as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources like solar and wind energy can be replenished, while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are being depleted. Water is discussed as a precious renewable resource, but growing demand, climate change, and aquifer depletion are causing increasing water stress. The document advocates for water conservation techniques like rainwater harvesting to help replenish groundwater supplies and reduce flooding.
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This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It notes that scientists have identified over 1.4 million species so far, but many more remain unknown. Biodiversity provides many benefits to humans, such as food, medicine, and ecosystem services. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and other human impacts. The document discusses strategies for conserving biodiversity, including protecting habitats through systems of protected areas (in situ conservation) and off-site conservation methods like seed banks and zoos (ex situ conservation).
Environmental science basics, scope and importance
Environment may be consider as our surroundings which includes everything around us, i.e. the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment.
The abiotic environment consists of air, water and soil, while the biotic environment includes all the living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) that we regularly come in contact.
Environment – Basic Concepts:
The environment is composed of four basic components:
i. Atmosphere
ii. Hydrosphere
iii. Lithosphere
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Biodiversity and its Conservation methods
The document provides information about biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The document then discusses approaches to conserving biodiversity, including both in-situ conservation methods like protected areas as well as ex-situ conservation methods like seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for human life and the need to balance development with conservation through sustainable practices and policies.
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Biodiversity and its conservation
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is significant as it provides resources and ecosystem services that are important for human life and economies. The conservation of biodiversity aims to preserve species and habitats and use biological resources sustainably. Approaches to conservation include both in-situ methods within natural habitats like national parks and sanctuaries, and ex-situ methods outside of natural habitats in facilities like seed banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. The document provides details on various in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods and their objectives.
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Environment may be consider as our surroundings which includes everything around us, i.e. the non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment.
The abiotic environment consists of air, water and soil, while the biotic environment includes all the living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) that we regularly come in contact.
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The environment is composed of four basic components:
i. Atmosphere
ii. Hydrosphere
iii. Lithosphere
iii. Biosphere.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methods
The document provides information about biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that biodiversity is being lost due to factors like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The document then discusses approaches to conserving biodiversity, including both in-situ conservation methods like protected areas as well as ex-situ conservation methods like seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos. Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of biodiversity for human life and the need to balance development with conservation through sustainable practices and policies.
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BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
Food Chain and Webs
A food chain shows how energy passes from producers like plants through consumers like herbivores and carnivores to decomposers. Producers make their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers cannot make their own food and include herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat other animals, and omnivores that eat both. Decomposers break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil. A food web connects multiple overlapping food chains to more accurately depict feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
Environent and its components
The document defines environment as the natural and non-living surroundings that directly or indirectly influence the growth and development of an organism. It provides several definitions of environment, including the ISO definition of an organization's surroundings including air, water, land, natural resources, living things, and human interactions. The document also discusses the origins of the word "environment" and classifies the components of the environment as physical, biological, cultural, biotic vs abiotic, and lists the main components as the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere.
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity, its importance, threats, and conservation. It discusses key topics such as what biodiversity is, why it is important both intrinsically and for human well-being through ecosystem services, major threats like habitat loss and climate change, biodiversity hotspots, and methods of conservation including protecting habitats in situ and ex situ conservation. The overall message is that biodiversity is essential to life on Earth but facing severe threats, so conservation efforts are needed to protect species and ecosystems.
Biodiversity
This document defines and discusses biodiversity. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It then discusses the types of biodiversity and provides examples. The document also covers the benefits of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and methods of conservation, including in situ and ex situ approaches. It concludes by stating the importance of conserving biodiversity for human survival and the need for cooperative conservation efforts across entire landscapes.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within biospheres. It increases ecosystem stability and health. There are three components of biodiversity: genetic diversity within populations, species diversity between different types of organisms in a community, and ecosystem diversity between different habitat types. Maintaining biodiversity has direct economic benefits for humans through food, medicine, and other resources, as well as indirect benefits by supporting ecosystem services like oxygen production and water cycling. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to threats like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
Value of biodiversity
This document presents an overview of the value of biodiversity. It discusses several types of value: consumptive use value where local communities directly utilize species for needs like food and materials; productive use value where biotechnology and industry use genetic resources from biodiversity; social value where traditional societies preserved biodiversity as part of their livelihood and culture; ethical and moral values in protecting all life as most beliefs see all species as having a right to exist; aesthetic value in biodiversity's beauty and contribution to knowledge; and option value in keeping future possibilities open by preserving species and genetic diversity that may have future uses. The document emphasizes that biodiversity preservation is essential for environmental services, economic development, and humanity's long-term survival.
Biodiversity
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It provides an overview of key topics related to biodiversity such as the three types of biodiversity (diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes), where biodiversity is most concentrated globally, major threats driving loss of biodiversity, and international conventions aimed at protecting biodiversity.
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This document provides definitions and concepts related to environmental studies. It discusses:
1) Basic definitions of key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental science.
2) The objectives and guiding principles of environmental studies according to UNESCO, including creating awareness, imparting knowledge, developing concern for the environment, and attaining harmony with nature.
3) The main components of the environment - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also describes the layers of the atmosphere.
4) The relationship between humans and the environment, and how increased human impacts like pollution, deforestation, and industrialization are placing stress on the environment's ability to sustain life.
Environment components
The document defines environment and describes its various components. It provides details on the composition and layers of the atmosphere, structure of the lithosphere including the core, mantle and crust, as well as information on the hydrosphere and biotic components of forests and wildlife that make up the biosphere.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms and complex ecological relationships between organisms or groups of organisms and their environment.
Biodiversity includes plants from grasses to giant trees, and animals from insects to mammals.
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This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including the five characteristics of a population: geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It provides examples and explanations of each characteristic. Geographic distribution describes the area inhabited by a population. Density is the number of individuals per unit area. Dispersion describes the spatial distribution of individuals as either clumped, even, or random. Growth rate measures changes in population size over time. Age structure diagrams show population breakdown by age and sex.
Biodiversity concept, types & its values
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including all species of plants, animals and microorganisms, as well as the genetic variation within each species and the ecosystems in which they live. It then discusses different types of biodiversity, including genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. The document also outlines several values of biodiversity, such as consumptive use value, productive use value, social value, ethical/moral value, aesthetic value, and option value. Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological processes, human health, agriculture and industry.
Environmental acts and regulations
The document summarizes key Indian environmental acts, rules and regulations. It discusses the establishment of an independent department of environment in 1980 to promote environmental awareness. It outlines fundamental rights and duties in the Indian Constitution relating to environmental protection. Major acts discussed include the Water Act of 1974, Air Act of 1981, and Environment Protection Act of 1986, which established central and state pollution control boards. The acts aim to prevent and control pollution, and enforce penalties for violations.
Biodiversity and its conservation
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and its conservation. It discusses the following key points:
1. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms within an ecosystem and notes that biodiversity is important for ecosystem health.
2. It describes three types of biodiversity: genetic diversity within species, species diversity within communities, and ecosystem diversity of different habitats.
3. It outlines the significance of biodiversity, including providing ecosystem services, resources, economic benefits, and supporting other species.
4. It discusses threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and ways to conserve biodiversity, including both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods.
Biodiversity Conservation
This document discusses biodiversity conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. There are three main types of biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is found in tropical regions. India has two biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity provides many benefits and is essential for ecosystem services, but it faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 1992 to promote biodiversity conservation. Efforts are needed to conserve biodiversity through protected areas and ex situ conservation methods to ensure human welfare.
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within and across landscapes. It discusses how biodiversity has evolved over 3.5 billion years and increased rapidly during the Cambrian explosion. While species diversity in the oceans has increased logistically, diversity on land has grown exponentially. The document also outlines different types of biodiversity like taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity, and genetic diversity. It notes that most terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and that an estimated 8.7 million species exist on Earth. The document concludes by discussing threats to biodiversity like habitat destruction and climate change, as well as conservation
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This document discusses environmental ethics, including its key features and different approaches. It provides definitions and discusses the following main points:
1. Environmental ethics aims to provide ethical justification for environmental protection and considers extending ethics to include non-human entities. It is interdisciplinary and global in scope.
2. The modern construction of environmental ethics emerged in response to environmental crises in the 1960s-1970s.
3. There are different schools of environmental ethics that take varying approaches such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism.
4. Aldo Leopold's land ethic argues that the appropriate unit for moral concern is the ecosystem and its integrity and stability
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Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is the variety and differences among living organisms from all sources ,including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem sand the ecological complexes of which they area part.
It contains following details:
Biodiversity
Levels or types of Biodiversity
Values of Biodiversity
Hotspots of Biodiversity
Criteria of Determining Hotspots
Threats to Biodiversity
Conservation of Biodiversity
In situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Importance of Biodiversity
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A food chain shows how energy passes from producers like plants through consumers like herbivores and carnivores to decomposers. Producers make their own food through photosynthesis. Consumers cannot make their own food and include herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat other animals, and omnivores that eat both. Decomposers break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the soil. A food web connects multiple overlapping food chains to more accurately depict feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
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The document defines environment as the natural and non-living surroundings that directly or indirectly influence the growth and development of an organism. It provides several definitions of environment, including the ISO definition of an organization's surroundings including air, water, land, natural resources, living things, and human interactions. The document also discusses the origins of the word "environment" and classifies the components of the environment as physical, biological, cultural, biotic vs abiotic, and lists the main components as the hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere.
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity, its importance, threats, and conservation. It discusses key topics such as what biodiversity is, why it is important both intrinsically and for human well-being through ecosystem services, major threats like habitat loss and climate change, biodiversity hotspots, and methods of conservation including protecting habitats in situ and ex situ conservation. The overall message is that biodiversity is essential to life on Earth but facing severe threats, so conservation efforts are needed to protect species and ecosystems.
Biodiversity
This document defines and discusses biodiversity. It begins by defining biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It then discusses the types of biodiversity and provides examples. The document also covers the benefits of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and methods of conservation, including in situ and ex situ approaches. It concludes by stating the importance of conserving biodiversity for human survival and the need for cooperative conservation efforts across entire landscapes.
Environmental acts
The document outlines major environmental legislations and acts in India, including the Water Act, Air Act, Environment Act, and Hazardous Wastes Rules. It also describes standards for emissions, effluents, and ambient air quality set by the Central Pollution Control Board. The acts establish pollution control boards, regulate industrial pollution and waste disposal, and provide a framework for protecting water, air, and the environment.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within biospheres. It increases ecosystem stability and health. There are three components of biodiversity: genetic diversity within populations, species diversity between different types of organisms in a community, and ecosystem diversity between different habitat types. Maintaining biodiversity has direct economic benefits for humans through food, medicine, and other resources, as well as indirect benefits by supporting ecosystem services like oxygen production and water cycling. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to threats like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
Value of biodiversity
This document presents an overview of the value of biodiversity. It discusses several types of value: consumptive use value where local communities directly utilize species for needs like food and materials; productive use value where biotechnology and industry use genetic resources from biodiversity; social value where traditional societies preserved biodiversity as part of their livelihood and culture; ethical and moral values in protecting all life as most beliefs see all species as having a right to exist; aesthetic value in biodiversity's beauty and contribution to knowledge; and option value in keeping future possibilities open by preserving species and genetic diversity that may have future uses. The document emphasizes that biodiversity preservation is essential for environmental services, economic development, and humanity's long-term survival.
Biodiversity
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It provides an overview of key topics related to biodiversity such as the three types of biodiversity (diversity of species, ecosystems, and genes), where biodiversity is most concentrated globally, major threats driving loss of biodiversity, and international conventions aimed at protecting biodiversity.
environmental science and ecosystem
This document provides an overview of environmental science and ecosystems. It defines environmental science as the study of how humans interact with their environment, including both natural and human-made components. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater, and marine environments. For each ecosystem, it outlines the key biotic components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic components. Overall, the document introduces some of the fundamental concepts of environmental science and ecology.
Introduction to environment,ecology and ecosystem
This document provides definitions and concepts related to environmental studies. It discusses:
1) Basic definitions of key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental science.
2) The objectives and guiding principles of environmental studies according to UNESCO, including creating awareness, imparting knowledge, developing concern for the environment, and attaining harmony with nature.
3) The main components of the environment - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also describes the layers of the atmosphere.
4) The relationship between humans and the environment, and how increased human impacts like pollution, deforestation, and industrialization are placing stress on the environment's ability to sustain life.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms and complex ecological relationships between organisms or groups of organisms and their environment.
Biodiversity includes plants from grasses to giant trees, and animals from insects to mammals.
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Biodiversity concept, types & its values
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including all species of plants, animals and microorganisms, as well as the genetic variation within each species and the ecosystems in which they live. It then discusses different types of biodiversity, including genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. The document also outlines several values of biodiversity, such as consumptive use value, productive use value, social value, ethical/moral value, aesthetic value, and option value. Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecological processes, human health, agriculture and industry.
Environmental acts and regulations
The document summarizes key Indian environmental acts, rules and regulations. It discusses the establishment of an independent department of environment in 1980 to promote environmental awareness. It outlines fundamental rights and duties in the Indian Constitution relating to environmental protection. Major acts discussed include the Water Act of 1974, Air Act of 1981, and Environment Protection Act of 1986, which established central and state pollution control boards. The acts aim to prevent and control pollution, and enforce penalties for violations.
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This document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life on Earth. It describes the three types of biodiversity - genetic, species, and ecological - and explains their importance. Biodiversity is important for sustaining life as every species plays a role in ecosystems. It also has economic importance as it provides resources like food, materials for products, and tourism. Conserving biodiversity is important for maintaining ecological stability and preserving cultures and spiritual heritage.
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It can be measured by wealth, which is the number of species in an ecosystem, and relative abundance, which is the number of individuals of each species. Biodiversity is threatened by human activities like deforestation and hunting, as well as climate change, which can cause species to go extinct if unable to adapt. These threats can be reduced through both indirect means like limiting pollution and direct actions such as protecting natural areas to secure biodiversity.
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The document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The three main types of biodiversity are genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Most biodiversity is located in tropical regions. Threats include habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas, restoration, environmental education, and international agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found within an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. There are three main types of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecological. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining life on Earth as every species plays a role in the ecosystem. Loss of biodiversity reduces ecological stability and economic and ethical importance. An ecosystem is a self-regulating community of interacting living and non-living components that exchange energy and matter.
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This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. The three main types of biodiversity are species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. Most biodiversity is located in tropical regions and biodiversity hotspots like India's Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats. Biodiversity provides many benefits but is threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts include protected areas, restoration, environmental education, and international agreements.
Biodiversity and conservation
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THE PPTS COVERS GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF Biodiversity, Threats to Biodiversity AND STEPS TO Conserving Biodiversity
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms and ecosystems on Earth. It includes genetic diversity within species, species diversity within ecosystems, and ecosystem diversity across landscapes. Many species are becoming endangered or extinct due to human activities like habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation. Conservation efforts include protecting species in their natural habitats via methods like national parks (in situ conservation), and protecting species outside their natural habitats in zoos or seed banks (ex situ conservation). Both approaches are needed to preserve Earth's biodiversity for future generations.
Unit-4-Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystems.pptx
This document provides information about the course "Environmental Sciences" at B. Tech. First Year. It includes the course code, credits, distribution of marks between assessments, grading system, and unit topics. Specifically:
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Bio diversity
This document defines biodiversity and discusses its types, values, distribution, and importance for balancing nature. It outlines threats like habitat loss and overexploitation, as well as conservation efforts. Key points include that biodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, and provides values like consumption, production, social/cultural, and ecosystem services. Most biodiversity is in tropical regions. Anthropogenic threats endanger many species, but conventions aim to promote conservation.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of organisms in a given area and includes genetic diversity within and between species as well as ecosystem diversity. While about 1.7 million species are currently known to science, the actual number is estimated to be over 10 million. Biodiversity is important for ecosystem stability and sustainability as species are interconnected through food webs and the loss of one species can impact others. It also provides benefits like medicines, industrial and agricultural materials, and is valued for ethical, aesthetic, and recreational reasons.
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Biodiversity & Its Conservation by Shreyansh Ambastha
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Unit-4-Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystems.pptx
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Biochar is a solid material made from pyrolysis of biomass that can be added to soils. It improves soil fertility and quality by holding carbon long-term, boosting food security, and reducing emissions. Biochar also benefits agriculture by improving productivity and being a valuable resource, while research is still needed on its effects in different environments and systems. Overall, biochar has significant environmental and agricultural benefits when properly deployed.
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The document describes the synthesis of biochar from various agricultural waste materials like corn waste, pineapple leaves, rice straw, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse. The biochar is synthesized by pyrolyzing the agricultural waste at different temperatures (300-700°C), heating rates (5-15°C/min), and times (1-2 hours). The synthesized biochars are then characterized through various physicochemical analyses to understand their properties. The biochars are then used to develop biodegradable and agri-biodegradable mulch films which are tested for their functionalities in soil-plant systems to analyze properties like soil temperature, moisture, nutrient levels, enzyme activities, and impact on plant
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This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
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With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Biodiversity
- 1. Presented By: M.Imran (AGL-15-44) B.Sc (Hons) Agriculture muhammadimransamtia@gmail.com Presented To: Dr. Abdul Sattar Topic: Biodiversity and Its Impacts on Environment
- 2. Context What is Biodiversity Types of Biodiversity Importance of Biodiversity Threats of Biodiversity Preservation of Biodiversity Environment Types and Components of Environment Importance and Challenges of Environment
- 3. What is Biodiversity…? The word biodiversity is combination of two words; “Bio’’ means Life and “Diversity’’ means Variety. It refers to the variety of life on earth. The existence of many different kinds of plants and animals in an Environment.
- 4. Types of Biodiversity There are three types of biodiversity Species Diversity Genetic Diversity Ecosystem diversity
- 5. 1. Species Diversity It refers to the variety of different living things. Species Diversity has two components 1. Species Richness: It refers to the simple count of species. 2. Species Eveness: It quantifies how the abundance of species. e.g. Felis tigris and Felis domestica
- 6. 2. Genetic Diversity It refers to the variation between individual. It arises by mutation in genes and chromosomes. It provide the recipe for population and species. e.g. 5,000 recorded vareites of Mango. 88,000 recorded varieties of Oryza sativa
- 7. 3. Ecosystem Diversity It is the variation within a region or the variation in ecosystem over the whole planet. Variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Ecosystem diversity is the large scale of biodiversity within ecosystem.
- 8. Importance of biodiversity Humans are dependent on biodiversity for their sustenance , health, well being and life enjoyment. Food; Provide us a large and varied food source. Health; Humans derives many of its medicine from biodiversity. Biodiversity play an important role in maintenance of ecosystem such as protection of water resources, pollution breakdown and climate stability. Inspiration and Recreation Escape
- 9. Threats to Biodiversity Habitat loss Pollution Climate change Desertification Unsustainable use of natural resources Population growth and over consumption
- 10. Preservation of biodiversity Natural Heritage Trust Wild life reserves- e.g. National parks Fauna and flora guarantee act Endangered species program Education Quarantine Breeding programs
- 11. Environment The term environment is derived from a French word ‘environa’ means to surround. It means a surrounding in which organism lived OR Sum total of all surroundings of a living organisms including natural force and other living things which provide condition for development and growth.
- 13. Types of Environment There are two types as, Micro-environment; It refers to imigiate locality or local surrounding of organisms. Macro-environment; It refers to all the physical and biotic condition that surrounds the organism.
- 14. Components of Environment There are four components of environment Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere
- 15. Role of environment Environment is very essential in every aspect of life. All the living beings are depend upon the environment. All the components required for survival of living organisms are gained by environment air, water ,soil etc. Plants and animal depend on environment.
- 16. Environmental challenges Population of varieties Poverty Agriculture growth Air and water pollution Production of genetic diversity
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